Epitome of Research on the History of Science and Technology in China:A Review of the Book Series History of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China in Comparison with Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China

The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.

Subjectivities of the Scientific Endeavor:Noting the Illusion of Objectivity in the History of Science and Medicine

The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND MODERN SCIENCES

Using examples in biology and mathematics, the mutual reinforcement correlation between the history of science and modern sciences in respect to the method of thinking is expounded in this article. The great value of historical materials to modem sciences is explained by citing instances in astronomy, earth sciences and engineering. The importance of the study of the external history of science (i.e. the sociological history of science) to personnel training and policy formulation is stressed. This article also seeks to make clear that the history of science itself is a modern discipline, which has just taken shape in the world during the 20th century, and that the discipline demands prompt development in China in view of its even later start.

Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

History of the Establishment and Development of X-Ray Analysis Methods in Russia--The USSR. First 20 Years

2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

Ceramic Art Reality in the Context of Technology History

The art of ceramics originates from the basic activities of human beings,and uses the tools,following the methods,and the visual production activities combined with aesthetics.Modern technology has spawned new ceramic decoration methods and provided new ideas for artistic creation.Ceramic art relies on ceramic crafts.As the most technical form of many art categories,it is the representative of the“Combination of Art and Crafts”of arts and crafts,and it is the perfect embodiment of“Beauty”in the space-time carrier.The history of Chinese ceramic glaze shows that the study of the history of ceramic technology should rely on the aesthetics of ceramics,and the problems related to the interpretation of modern ceramic art cannot be separated from the context of the history of ceramic technology.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Scientifical Researches and Applications Achieved in Romania in the Period of Tempus 1919-1929

At the end of 20th Century, the electric energy became a new indicator of world civilization. The era of electricity also put his mark on the Romanian alveolus of civilization. The paper deals with an analysis of the scientific researches and applications which express the results of works of eminent scientists and engineers in electro-techniques and related domains, in Romania, in the first decade of interwar period 1919-1929. The scientific activities developed in many domains of Science are sustained by the significant technical progress in Romania, in this short but relevant period of Tempus in which, in Europe and in other parts of Civitas Terra, was peace.

The formation and development of Mongolian Medicine before the 20th century

This paper investigates the development process of Mongolian medicine,By the 13th century,Mongols had accumulated primitive medical knowledge and discovered and mastered early health care methods in its long struggle against nature,beasts,and disease.The early 13th century to the first half of the 19th century,on the basis of rich medical knowledge and experience,Mongolian medicine absorbed the medical theories of Han,Tibetan and Hui nationalities,and improved continuously in medical practice.

Gravitational Deflection of Particles of Light by the Earth and by the Sun: A Reconstruction of the Calculations Done by Soldner in 1801

In 1801, the year of the discovery of Ceres, Johann Georg von Soldner calculated with classical means the gravitational deflection of a lightray grazing the surface of the Sun as 0.84”. According to General Relativity (GR) and using present-day data the deflection amounts to 1.75”. The formula for the deflection is derived with a classical method, with GR and as done by Soldner. The GR formula gives twice as large a deflection as the classical formula. It is shown that the formula of Soldner is equivalent to the classical one. Soldner’s numerical calculation of the classical deflection by the Earth comes out a factor 6.9 larger than using present-day data. This discrepancy is for a factor 6.25 due to a mistaken value for the velocity of the grazing lightray. This factor 6.25 can numerically be accounted for by assuming Soldner made a conceptual mistake related to the Axial Tilt of the Earth. The remaining discrepancy is due to the use of data less accurate than the present-day data. Soldner’s numerical calculation of the deflection by the Sun comes out correctly to the data of those days. In case of the Sun he did not give any further information regarding the data he used. A reconstruction reveals that for the surface gravity of the Sun he used a value close to the present-day value.

Computational History:Challenges and Opportunities of Formal Approaches

We propose a program for a computational analysis,based on large scale datasets,of deep conceptual and formal structures,representing the mechanisms of historical transformations in different domains ranging from biological to social,cultural,and knowledge systems.We conceptualize such systems as consisting of complex multi-layer networks.Structural properties of such networks may explain the spreading of innovations.Temporal relations between the dynamics of interacting networks may help to identify causalities.Complex systems may show path and context dependencies.We illustrate our approach by case studies from all those types of systems.

The research works of Coulomb and Amontons and generalized laws of friction

The paper is devoted to the contributions of Coulomb and Amontons to the physics of friction from the viewpoint of current discussions and attempts to formulate generalized laws of friction.

Creating technical heritage object replicas in a virtual environment

The paper presents innovative informatics methods for creating virtual technical heritage replicas, which are of significant scientific and practical importance not only to researchers but to the public in general. By performing 3D modeling and animation of aircrafts, spaceships, architectural-engineering buildings, and other technical objects, the process of teaming is achieved while promoting the preservation of the replicas for future generations. Modem approaches based on the wide usage of computer technologies attract a greater number of young people to explore the history of science and technology and renew their interest in the field of mechanical engineering.