Epitome of Research on the History of Science and Technology in China:A Review of the Book Series History of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China in Comparison with Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China

The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND MODERN SCIENCES

Using examples in biology and mathematics, the mutual reinforcement correlation between the history of science and modern sciences in respect to the method of thinking is expounded in this article. The great value of historical materials to modem sciences is explained by citing instances in astronomy, earth sciences and engineering. The importance of the study of the external history of science (i.e. the sociological history of science) to personnel training and policy formulation is stressed. This article also seeks to make clear that the history of science itself is a modern discipline, which has just taken shape in the world during the 20th century, and that the discipline demands prompt development in China in view of its even later start.

Seven Decades of China's Fiscal Modernization

After its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China'started to modernize its fiscal system-an essential part of its broader modernization drive.Its unified and wellfunctioning fiscal system supported the stability of the nascent government,and helped stabilize the economy and restore public order after then.In the era of the planned economy,public finance in the country was put at the service of economic plans while striving to reach a fiscal equilibrium,which was of great significance at that time.Economic equilibrium,including fiscal,credit and material equilibrium,was perceived as a manifestation of macroeconomic stability.Problems encountered during the era of the planned economy led to the launch of a reform and opening-up program-a brilliant chapter in modern Chinese history.The Third Plenum of the 11th CPC Central Committee marks a brand-new era of reform and opening-up.In this transformative period,China’s fiscal system was initially decentralized to keep abreast of its“planned commodity economy.”After the goal of socialist market economic reform was announced in 1992,China’s fiscal reforms embarked on a fast track.As China'strived to build a public finance system compatible with a socialist market economic system,fiscal reforms took place and fiscal policy played a more important role in macroeconomic regulation.The Third Plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee held in November 2013 set the goal of the reform to establish a modern fiscal system.Afterwards,China deepened its fiscal reforms,focusing on budget management,taxation and reform of central-local fiscal relations.

Diabetes:A Transcultural History of a Disease Concept in the Late Qing and Republican China

In the past few years,the medical knowledge transfer in a West-East direction has attracted increased scholarly attention from European and American historians,whereas studies on such“knowledge travels”conducted in the East Asian context focus mainly on political and socio-cultural concepts.To provide an alternative perspective on the travel of Western medicine to Chinese soil,a case study on“diabetes”is conducted,under the theoretical framework of“transcultural conceptual history.”This article systematically analyzes the standardization,popularization,politicization,and derivatization of“diabetes,”calling for further attention to transcultural histories of medical concepts in modern China.

A Historical Overview of China's Upgrading of Its Industrial Structure

This paper investigates the history of upgrade of industrial structure in human society from a combined perspective of economic and philosophical history encompassing primitive society,ancient society and recent and modern society.As far as recent and modern society is concerned,this paper divides the upgrade into two basic aspects:the shifting dominant position of primary,secondary and tertiary industries,and that of laborintensive,capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries.Moreover,this paper has examined the history of upgrade of industrial structure in China since 1949 and identified that the upgrade of China's industrial structure demonstrates not only the characteristics of middle and late stages of industrialization but characteristics of modernization as well.According to the general pattern of upgrade of industrial structure in recent and modern society and China's reality,great efforts must be made to improve China's indigenous innovation capacity,expedite agriculture modernization,increase competitiveness and qualitative development of manufacturing sector,and vigorously promote service sector(especially producers services),environmental protection industry,culture industry and maritime industry.

Science of Music in the Education System of Uzbekistan

Perceiving musicology as a combination of scientific and academic disciplines, and considering the history and the way of its development, the author pays more attention to the problem of understanding the evolution of music and musical science. Music education is presented in the relationship of the two main areas： science and education. There is evidence of a gradual expansion and changes in the content and methods of the science of music. The 21st century rapidly and dynamically entered in our lives in terms of the development of information communication, technological progress and unprecedented rise of scientific thought. Social upheavals of this period of history, a powerful wave of liberation movements have caused an unprecedented intensification of national creative forces committed to the development, expansion of contacts, attached to the other cultures. To date, the science of music has evolved so much on what grew out of it and separated into clearly separate spheres with their problems, trends, directions： music theory, music history, ethnomusicology, musical philosophy, and also music source studying. And it should be noted that each of these areas has its embodiment in materialized form of faculties, departments in the conservatory. Development of new standards, new plans, programs, new courses is a related process of development of these sciences in general.

Constructing China’s Human Rights Science:Cause,Cognition,and Paradigm

“China’s Human Rights Science”is undoubtedly a brand-new concept.Just as China has its own philosophy,literature,history,law,political science,and sociology,it should also have its own human rights science.China’s Human Rights Science refers to the cognitive science of human rights in China.Developing its disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system,and constructing an independent Chinese human rights knowledge system,are essential requirements for promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese modernization and creating a new form of human civilization.China’s Human Rights Science originated in China,grew in China,and deepened through China’s human rights practices.China’s Human Rights Science adhere to the universality of human rights principles and possess distinctive characteristics.It works as the knowledge-based organization,academic refinement,and theoretical expression of the path of human rights development that conforms to the trend of the times and suits China’s national conditions,as pursued by the Communist Party of China in leading the people.China’s Human Rights Science can enrich and develop the theory of human rights civilization,and should become a global public product of human rights.

Information Science Research in China:The Past,Present and Future

Information science grows rapidly in nowadays china with the explosion of information.In order to let scholars have a holistic view about information science,this paper aims at a comprehensive review of the development track of information science in china from the history to the status quo and future trends.It can serve as a reference for researchers to carry out further research practice.

近代中国科学观发展轨迹探析——以清末民初science概念内涵的演化为中心

中国古代的"科学"一词意味着"科举之学"及"分科之学",明治维新前后日本学者率先用"科学"翻译science并赋予其近代意蕴。清末民初伴随着"西学东渐"的潮流,国人或取道日本,或留学欧美,在传播西方文化和科学知识的过程中借鉴日本的翻译方式以"科学"指称近代science,并使其内涵不断演化和发展,其基本轨迹可归结为由侧重阐述"学术分科"观念发展到重视揭示"公理公例"之学,而科学方法论的导入及探索成为贯穿其中的一条主线,从而推动了近代中国科学观渐趋丰富、全面,使之具备"学术分科"的形态、探求"公理公例"的主旨以及注重观察、实验和归纳的方法这三个主要方面。

A Study on History of Early Modern City Planning of Qingdao (1891-1949)

Once a traditional fishing village, Qingdao was developed into a city by the Qing Government to serve the need for coastal defense. The process was later accelerated due to the introduction of city planning by German colonizers. The city’s planning and urban construction was changed many times in early modern times, dominated by different administrative bodies and proceeding independently from other cities. After 58 years of planning and construction from 1891 to 1949, Qingdao has developed into a large city with integral style and seaport features. Based on an abundance of historical materials, this paper discusses the three major historical stages and seven development phases of Qingdao’s urban planning in the early modern times, as well as the planning content and characteristics of each stage.

A review of the theory of Library Science in China: 1956-2016

Contemporary Library Science in China has gone through 60 years’ tough development since 1956. This paper tries to disclose the journey and achievements of Chinese Library Science in the past 60 years based on the analysis of published journal articles. This paper analyzes contemporary Chinese Library Science in the context of Chinese Library Science history and the international Library Science environment. Examining the historical progress of the Library Science in China, this paper divides the history into 5 phases: late start, wandering phase, tough starting phase, rebuilding phase, breaking phase and shining phase.

职业教育强国建设:内涵要义、多重逻辑与推进路径

职业教育强国建设是扎根中国实际、顺应世界发展潮流、合乎人民利益诉求的中国式教育发展新模式,底蕴深厚、内涵丰富。职业教育强国建设立足于中国国情,彰显了职业教育发展的时代本色和中国特色,取得了阶段性的成果。新时代推进职业教育强国建设,要在把握培育现代化工匠强才、聚焦职业教育科创属性、建设中国特色职业教育体系和推进中国式现代化建设的内涵要义基础上,遵循职业教育强国建设的历史逻辑、理论逻辑、实践逻辑和话语逻辑,以立德树人、共同富裕、科教兴国为价值引领,从铺设职业教育提质育人的超越之道、绘制职业教育跨界融合的赋能蓝图、深化职业教育产教研相融的运行模式、建构中国职业教育的国际话语体系等方面着手,破解职业教育强国建设过程中的根本问题和重大问题。

20世纪以来中国目录学史书写回顾与展望——以通论性目录学史著作为中心的考察

[目的/意义]相较于中国目录学史的研究,学界对于中国目录学史研究史的梳理略显不够,通过梳理20世纪中国目录学史研究史,为新时代中国目录学史的研究与书写提供历史借鉴。[研究设计/方法]以20世纪以来出版的姚名达著《中国目录学史》、王重民著《中国目录学史论丛》、吕绍虞著《中国目录学史稿》、倪士毅著《中国古代目录学史》、乔好勤著《中国目录学史》、余庆蓉著《中国目录学思想史》以及柯平著《中国目录学史》7本通论性目录学史著作为研究对象,通过系统研读、分析与比较,借以梳理20世纪中国目录学史的书写路径。[结论/发现]20世纪以来中国目录学史书写呈现出如下特点:(1)历史学、图书馆学学者是中国目录学史书写的两大核心主体;(2)线性进化史观逐渐成为中国目录学史书写的主流史观;(3)书写的焦点由“以目录为中心”到“目录与人并重”。[创新/价值]在此基础上提出了未来中国目录学史书写展望:(1)明确“目录学史”的内涵;(2)明确“以西释中”还是“以中释中”;(3)明确中国目录学史的中心是“人”;(4)探索多体裁的中国目录学史书写形式;(5)拓展中国目录学史的关注视域。

中国共产党领导百年农业现代化的历程、特征与经验

农业现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分,是建设中国特色社会主义强国的关键支撑。中国共产党自成立以来,便领导全国人民进行了漫长而曲折的现代化建设探索,并取得了中国特色农业现代化实践的历史性的成就。本研究基于对党领导下我国百年农业现代化历史进程的梳理,系统归纳其在目标指向、施策逻辑和实现路径上的演进特征,并从“目标遵循、思想底色、关键推力、基本方法、路径策略、价值旨归”等六个维度,总结出以坚持“人民至上、自信自立、守正创新、问题导向、系统推进、胸怀天下”等为核心的基本经验,旨在为新时代中国式农业现代化的持续深入推进提供价值参考。

促进中国式现代化的发展法学理论创新

旨在解决发展问题、促进全面发展的发展法学学科,与中国式现代化发展战略存在高度耦合,提供了研究中国式现代化的新视角。中国式现代化的新发展战略与发展法学的理论创新存在双向互动关系:一方面,中国式现代化的新发展战略,构造了发展法学的新背景,要求从系统主义维度进一步创新发展法学理论;另一方面,系统主义发展法学理论在方法论、制度体系、理论体系三个维度的递进式创新,有助于促进与保障中国式现代化的实现。具体而言,在方法论创新方面,发展法学作为一门系统科学,应融入系统论方法以及结构—功能分析方法,进行以中国发展问题为中心的新综合研究,指导制度体系和理论体系的创新;在制度体系创新方面,系统发展法学理论应从促进全面发展出发,通过合理配置发展权利、义务与责任,创新促进中国式现代化的包容型制度体系;在理论体系创新方面,系统发展法学理论应从发生论、本体论、价值论、规范论、运行论、范畴论方面进一步创新,在发展研究领域建构中国自主的法学知识体系,为世界法学理论之进步与世界共同发展之实践,贡献中国方案。

“中国目录学史研究”的主要内容与框架

中国目录学在经历了漫长的知识积累与经验总结后,借19世纪末至20世纪初近代学术转型之机,在充分继承传统目录学历史财富基础上,吸收西方目录学思想,完成了学科体系的理论化、系统化建构。本课题旨在对先秦至公元2000年中国目录学的历史发展进行全景式梳理,从“中国目录学史研究资料整理”及“中国目录学史研究”两个维度,按照“提出问题→梳理史料→分析史料→解决问题”的研究思路开展研究:首先,提出中国目录学史重要理论问题,搭建中国目录学史研究框架;其次,全面展开中国目录学史研究资料收集,编撰《中国目录学年表新编》;最后,根据中国目录学史的历史分期,分阶段开展中国目录学史的研究与写作。

美国现代中国文学史书写的美学范式与谱系

自20世纪60年代至今,美国的现代中国文学史书写思想多元,成就斐然。其书写路径最具代表性的是夏志清的新批评美学、许芥昱的政治美学以及王德威的后现代主义美学。不同时期美学范式的变迁反映了中美关系变迁、西方文学理论思潮冲击以及汉学史的内在流变等诸多因素。内外因素交织的历史语境生成了文学性历史与历史性文学的辩证以及解构主义思路。通过考察三位华裔学者不同的美学范式与交叉谱系,可以更好地揭示美国的现代中国文学史书写的整体脉络,为国内文学史研究提供互鉴与交流的跨文化阐释思路。

当代比较图书馆学的脉络与进路

文章分1949年到70年代末、20世纪80年代到世纪末、新世纪以来等三个阶段,从翻译工作、基础理论研究、应用研究等方面,对新中国成立以来比较图书馆学的发展脉络进行了梳理,认为比较图书馆学的发展进入难得的历史机遇期,当下比较图书馆学遭遇的问题和困境,是整个图书馆学基础理论研究状况的一个表征,对此提出加强比较图书馆学基础理论研究、完善研究方法体系、推进应用研究、夯实研究资料基础、重视学科教育与人才培养、建设学术交流平台等建议。

科学文化数字化与乡村振兴

科学文化数字化能够深化科普工作,大大提升记录、保存、展示文化的效能,起到“见人、见物、见生活”的作用,并能展现文化活态,让受众身临其境。数字中国建设中的科学文化数字化,使科学文化进一步发挥好科普的工具性和价值性作用,通过科学文化数字化与乡村振兴耦合,可以推动数字时代的产业振兴,完善社区治理,推动农业农村现代化走向更为广阔的未来。

中国目录学史研究

中国目录学史研究聚焦中国目录学的标志事件、代表人物、经典著作和核心思想,全面呈现其整体发展历程,总结经验与不足,探讨规律与原因,阐发影响与意义。该研究是展示目录学学科形象并提供学科认同,补足中国思想和学术史研究系谱,繁荣中国哲学社会科学的时代课题。文章回顾相关研究成果,阐述国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国目录学史研究”的主要内容,包括中国目录学史研究的基础理论、中国目录学发展内外部要素及其联系、古今目录学传承衔接、中西目录学对比融通等重要问题;另外,文章还介绍了课题的总体框架、研究方法和预期目标。