The Effect of Self-Investment on Hoarding Tendency of Chinese College Students:Role of Psychological Connections

Because of factors such as energy and time one invests in an object,the stronger the connection,value,and reluc-tance to lose said object individual will have.Hoarding behavior arises when individuals incorporate a strong attachment with themselves to an object.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of self-investment on hoarding tendency and the roles of possession-self link and liking level in this connection.A hypothetical model of the relationship between self-investment,possession-self link,liking level,and hoarding tendency was tested.A convenience sampling method was used to survey 450 college students in Yunnan Province on either a paper-based or online self-report scale.The data were collected using self-investment,possession-self link,and liking level questionnaires,as well as the Saving Inventory Revised.Results showed positive relationship between the study variables,ranging from 0.37 to 0.87.College students’self-investment had a direct positive pre-dictive effect on hoarding tendency;self-investment,in turn,indirectly predicted hoarding tendency through the mediating effect of possession-self link;and individual liking level of items had a moderating effect for self-invest-ment on the possession-self link.This study shows how self-investment affects the hoarding tendency of college students,and the results of this study also help demonstrate the value of self-investment and possession-self link in optimizing students’hoarding tendency and thus promoting good psychological status.

An Overview of the Connection between Hoarding Disorder and Substance Use Disorder

This essay explores the connections between Hoarding Disorder and Substance Use Disorder,two distinct mental health conditions with clear diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5.Hoarding Disorder,marked by excessive possession accumulation and difficulties in letting go,affects 2-6%of the global population,leading to severe consequences.Potential causes include genetic predisposition,neural issues,and traumatic experience.Substance Use Disorder is influenced by more societal factors.Both disorders share a comorbidity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD).Network analysis shows a strong direct relationship between Hoarding Disorder and ADHD,while social influences increase ADHD prevalence in Substance Use Disorder individuals.Moreover,both disorders benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT).Exposure and Ritual Prevention effectively address hoarding symptoms,while CBT for Substance Use Disorder focuses on the interplay between thoughts,emotions,and actions.Despite being classified as a mental illness in DSM-5,Hoarding Disorder receives less attention than Substance Use Disorder.This essay aims to raise awareness of Hoarding Disorder by highlighting its commonalities with Substance Use Disorder in terms of causes,comorbidities,and treatment approaches.

Panic buying? Food hoarding during the pandemic period with city lockdown

Food hoarding is prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.To investigate the mechanism of urban consumers’food hoarding behaviors,we categorize hoarding motives into rational and irrational ones.Using random online survey samples from three cities in China,we employ the multivariate probit model to investigate the rational and irrational motives on food hoarding behavior.Our results confirmed the existence of both rational and irrational food hoarding,and also found factors attributing to the different buying behaviors.The amount of food at hand and the expectation on the infection possibility of COVID-19 are two major factors affecting rational hoarding.Bad mood and herd psychology are factors contributing to panic buying.This study provides an empirical evidence to support intervention policies aiming at mitigating panic buying behavior.

Thermal Analysis of High Power LED on Heat Sink

Thermal management of LED junction temperature is one of the fundamental technologies for LED lamp to ensure basic specifications in many aspects. Analysed is the high power LED's distribution on heat sink. Using mathematical statistical methods, a formula is conlcuded to calculate the size of heat sink under LED safe working temperature, which provides a method to researchers and LED lamp manufacturers.

Rodent-mediated plant community competition:what happens to the seeds after entering the adjacent stands?

Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated.Forest community junction is an area where the competition between plant communities is most prominent and animal activity is more frequent.At present,little is known about how scatter-hoarding animals might assist competitions by adjacent plant communities.Thus,for 3 years(2015–2017),we tracked the fate of 2880 tagged seeds(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,Pinus tabuliformis,and P.armandii seed)placed near an edge where the forest composition changes from a pine forest to an oak forest in northwestern China.Results:We found that the seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.In contrast to Pinus seeds,acorns that entered pine forests were characterized by higher caching rates and longer dispersal distances.Pinus seeds had the highest probability of being predated(85%)by rodents,and eleven Q.aliena var.acuteserrata seedlings were established in pine forests,although none survived in the later stages.In addition,rodents exhibited obvious selectivity in terms of the microhabitats for the seed caching sites.Conclusions:Seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.The predation pressure by rodents on the seeds of Pinus species limited the germination of seeds and seedling establishment in oak forests.The different seed fates after their bidirectional dispersal could affect the differences in natural regeneration between pine and oak forests,and they might increase the recruitment rates for oak at the edge of an adjacent community.Rodent-mediated seed dispersal could potential unintentionally affect the competition between plant communities.

Seed caching and cache pilferage by three rodent species in a temperate forest in the Xiaoxinganling Mountains

Although differences in food-hoarding tactics both reflect a behavioral response to cache pilferage among rodent species and may help explain their coexistence,differentiation in cache pilfering abilities among sympatric rodents with different hoarding strategies is seldom addressed.We carried out semi-natural enclosure experiments to investigate seed hoarding tactics among three sympatric rodent species(Tamias sibiricus,Apodemus peninsulae and Clethrionomys rufocanus)and the relationship of their pilfering abilities at the inter-and intraspecific levels.Our results showed that T.sibiricus exhibited a relatively stronger pilfering ability than A.peninsulae and C.rufocanus,as indicated by its higher recovery rate of artificial caches.Meanwhile A.peninsulae showed a medium pilfering ability and C.rufocanus displayed the lowest ability.We also noted that both cache size and cache depth significantly affected cache recovery in all three species.T.sibiricus scatter-hoarded more seeds than it larder-hoarded,A.peninsulae larder-hoarded more than scatter-hoarded,and C.rufocanus acted as a pure larder-hoarder.In T.sibiricus,individuals with lower pilfering abilities tended to scatter hoard seeds,indicating an intraspecific variation in hoarding propensity.Collectively,these results indicated that sympatric rodent species seem to deploy different food hoarding tactics that allow their coexistence in the temperate forests,suggesting a strong connection between hoarding strategy and pilfering ability.

Seed caching and cache pilferage by three rodent species in a temperate forest in the Xiaoxinganling Mountains

Although differences in food-hoarding tactics both reflect a behavioral response to cache pilferage among rodent species and may help explain their coexistence, differentiation in cache pilfering abilities among sympatric rodents with different hoarding strategies is seldom addressed. We carried out semi-natural enclosure experiments to investigate seed hoarding tactics among three sympatric rodent species (Tamias sibiricus, Apodemus peninsulae and Clethrionomys rufocanus) and the relationship of their pilfering abilities at the inter- and intraspecific levels. Our results showed that T. sibiricus exhibited a relatively stronger pilfering ability than A. peninsulae and C. rufocanus, as indicated by its higher recovery rate of artificial caches. Meanwhile A. peninsulae showed a medium pilfering ability and C. rufocanus displayed the lowest ability. We also noted that both cache size and cache depth significantly affected cache recovery in all three species. T. sibiricus scatter-hoarded more seeds than it larder-hoarded, A. peninsulae larder-hoarded more than scatter-hoarded, and C. rufocanus acted as a pure larder-hoarder. In T. sibiricus, individuals with lower pilfering abilities tended to scatter hoard seeds, indicating an intraspecific variation in hoarding propensity. Collectively, these results indicated that sympatric rodent species seem to deploy different food hoarding tactics that allow their coexistence in the temperate forests, suggesting a strong connection between hoarding strategy and pilfering ability.

HOARDING BEHAVIOR OF EURASIAN NUTCRACKER ANDITS ROLE IN THE DISPERSAL OF KOREAN PINE

The studiy was carried out in Autunm from 1993 to 1995 in Liangshui Natural Reserve in NE China. After eating some seeds, Nuterackers fly over 1 km or more to some area with seeds in its sublingual pouch and cache the seeds in the ground for future use. Each cache contains 1-7 seeds commonly. Caching habitats are in accord with seedlings sites. The quantities of caching seeds are very large. Caching depth is adaptable for seed germination. The Eurasian Nutcrackers have an important effect on seeds dispersal of Korean pine.

Validation of Symptom Dimensions and Sub-Type Responses in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition without a conclusivesubtype dimension. This study will focus on the meta-analysis of the clinical responses of OCD subtypes to cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), which might clarify this issue. Methods: We performed a systematic search and ameta-analysis for the studies of OCD subtypes and the response to CBT in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Webof Science, and Scopus databases. The selective criteria were the OCD without significant medical or psychiatricco-morbidities and pre-and post-treatment changes in scores of OCD dimension. In addition, different subtypesof OCD in symptom dimensions, such as symmetry, contamination, unacceptable thoughts, and hoarding, werecompared to find the most significant subtype using the treatment response parameters by CBT. After limitedselection, four studies and 479 OCD subjects were enrolled. The meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager5.4, and only significant results were reported. Results: Among the OCD subtypes, the meta-analysis favors thehoarding subtype with poorer responses to CBT than symmetry, contamination, and unacceptable thoughts.The meta-analysis results were negative mean differences, significant tests for overall effect, and limited heterogeneitiesin the random effects model. In addition, the results were more significant when the hoarding subtypewas compared with non-hoarding subtypes. Conclusion: The hoarding subtype might be the most significantrepresentative subtype of OCD symptom dimension under the impression of unfavorable clinical response toCBT. However, future studies with more treatment parameters will be warranted to confirm this finding.

Consumer Reaction to the Great East Japan Earthquake

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, the demand for bottled water increased sharply. In this paper, the authors analyze who purchased more bottled water after the earthquake using Quick Purchase Report data. The results are as follows： first, consumers who before the earthquake tended to purchase less bottled water tended to increase the volume purchased after the earthquake; second, the motives for purchasing bottled water after the earthquake differed between consumers in the Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan districts.

Hoarding behaviour in a person with dementia

Hoarding is defined as the acquisition and failure to discard a large number of possessions,resulting in significant cluttering and distress to themselves and others.When the severity of hoarding behaviour increases with age,the risk of vulnerability increases,especially in older people with dementia.This pathological comportment tends not to be identified until the patient is hospitalized and needs a home visit for safe discharge planning or when major concerns arise from family or the public.Diagnosing hoarding disorders from secondary conditions with hoarding behaviour can be challenging.A number of assessments and intervention strategies for hoarding can be implemented to improve the health and safety of these patients.A case of a patient with hoarding behaviour in a patient with dementia is described.

Disentangling the relative contributions of variables determining the divergence of hoarding strategies of rodents

Understanding the driving mechanism of the divergence of hoarding strategies of animals(i.e.,scatter-hoarding vs.larder-hoarding)is crucial to understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of plant-animal interactions.Zhang et al.(2022)compiled a global-scale dataset from the published literature including 183 species of seed-hoarding rodents,and concluded that phylogenetic conservatism,functional traits,and environmental factors counted for the hoarding behavior divergence of rodents.A more thought-provoking question may be asked:Do these variables contribute equally or not to explain the divergence of hoarding strategies?Here,we re-analyzed Zhang et al's(2022)dataset using partial Ralk calculation(Ives 2019)to parse out the relative contri-lik butions of these variables.

Asymmetric competition for seeds between two sympatric food hoarding rodents:implications for coexistence

Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet.However,the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric competitors is not fully clear.Chinese white-bellied rats(Niviventer confucianus,CWR)and Korean field mice(Apodemus peninsulae,KFM)are common asymmetric competitors in shrublands and forests west of Beijing city.They share similar diet(e.g.plant seeds)and activity(nocturnal),but differ in body size(CWR are bigger than KFM),food hoarding habit(CWR:mainly larder hoarding;KFM:both larder and scatter hoarding),and ability to protect cached food(CWR are more aggressive than KFM).Here,we tested seed competition in 15 CWR-KFM pairs over a 10-day period under semi-natural enclosure conditions to uncover the differences in food hoarding,cache pilferage,and food protection between the 2 rodents,and discuss the implication for coexistence.Prior to pilferage,CWR harvested and ate more seeds than KFM.CWR tended to larder hoard seeds,whereas KFM preferred to scatter hoard seeds.Following pilferage,CWR increased consumption,decreased intensity of hoarding,and pilfered more caches from KFM than they lost,while KFM increased consumption more than they hoarded,and they preferred to hoard seeds in low and medium competition areas.Accordingly,both of the 2 rodent species increased their total energy consumption and hoarding following pilferage.Both rodent species tended to harvest seeds from the source,rather than pilfer caches from each other to compensate for cache loss via pilferage.Compared to CWR,KFM consumed fewer seeds when considering seed number,but hoarded more seeds when considering the seeds’relative energy(energy of hoarded seeds/rodent body mass2/3)at the end of the trials.These results suggest that asymmetric competition for food exists between CWR and KFM,but differentiation in hoarding behavior could help the subordinate species(i.e.KFM)hoard more energy than the dominant species(i.e.CWR),and may contribute to their coexistence in the field.

Seed traits and taxonomic relationships determine the occurrence of mutualisms versus seed predation in a tropical forest rodent and seed dispersal system

Although many studies have been carried out on plant-animal mutualistic assemblages,the roles of function­al traits and taxonomy in determining both whether interactions involve mutualisms or predation and the struc­ture of such assemblages are unclear.We used semi-natural enclosures to quantitatively assess the interaction strengths between seeds of 8 sympatric tree species and 4 rodent species in a tropical forest in Xishuangban­na,Yunnan,Southwest China.We found 2 clusters of species in the seed-rodent network represented by 2 gen­era in the Fagaceae(Castanopsis,Lithocarpus).Compared to seeds of 3 Castanopsis species,seeds with heavy weight,hard coat or caloric content(including 3 Lithocarpus species)were eaten less and more frequently hoarded by rodents.In turn,hoarded seeds showed less predation and more mutualism with rodents.Our results suggest that seed traits significantly affected the hoarding behavior of rodents,and,consequently,the occurrence of mutualisms and predation as well as assemblage structure in the plant-animal seed dispersal system.Taxo­nomically-related species with similar seed traits as functional groups belong to the same substructures in the assemblage.Our results indicate that both seed traits and taxonomic relationships may simplify thinking about seed dispersal systems by helping to elucidate whether interactions are likely to be dominated by predation or mutualism.

Differentiation in seed hoarding among three sympatric rodent species in a warm temperate forest

Although seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied,differentiation in seed-hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated.Using semi-natural enclosures,we demonstrated that three sympatric rodent species showed clear differentiation in food selection,scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors and eating behaviors when offered seeds of four plant species from a warm temperate forest in northern China.The large field mouse Apodemus peninsulae preferred seeds of wild apricot(Prunus armeniaca)and Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis),whereas the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventor confucianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut and Liaodong oak,and the David’s rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut,wild apricot and Liaodong oak.All three rodents showed larder hoarding of seeds from all four plant species,but the large field mouse showed scatter hoarding of wild apricot,and the David’s rock squirrel showed scatter hoarding of Liaodong oak and wild walnut.Acorns of Liaodong oak,which have a soft seed hull,were more often eaten in situ,whereas wild walnuts,which have a hard seed hull and more tannin,were less hoarded by all rodent species.Differentiation in the scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors of sympatric rodent species suggests that sympatric rodents play different roles in the regeneration of different sympatric plant species.

Effects of insect infestation on rodent-mediated dispersal of Quercus aliena:results from field and enclosure experiments

Rodents influence plant establishment and regeneration by functioning as both seed predators and dispersers.However,these rodent-plant interactions can vary significantly due to various environmental conditions and the activity of other insect seed predators.Here,we use a combination of both field and enclosure(i.e.individual cage and semi-natural enclosure)experiments,to determine whether rodents can distinguish sound seeds from those infested with insects.We also demonstrate how such responses to insects are influenced by food abun-dance and other environmental factors.We presented rodents with 2 kinds of Quercus aliena seeds(sound and insect-infested seeds)in a subtropical forest in the Qinling Mountains,central China,from September to No-vember of 2011 to 2013.The results showed that rodents preferred to hoard and eat sound seeds than infested seeds in the field and semi-natural enclosure,while they preferred to eat infested seeds over sound seeds in the individual cages.In addition,both hoarding and eating decisions were influenced by food abundance.Rodents hoarded more sound seeds in years of high food abundance while they consumed more acorns in years of food shortage.Compared with field results,rodents reduced scatter-hoarding behavior in semi-natural enclosures and ate more insect-infested seeds in smaller individual cages.These results further confirm that rodents distinguish infested seeds from non-infested seeds but demonstrate that this behavior varies with conditions(i.e.environ-ment and food abundance).We suggest that such interactions will influence the dispersal and natural regenera-tion of seeds as well as predation rates on insect larvae.

Effects of rodent abundance and richness on cache pilfering

Scatterhoarding is a common behavioral strategy to conserve food during periods of scarcity,but this type of food storage is vulnerable to theft or pilferage.A variety of environmental factors and cache characteristics influence the rate of pilferage.Here we investigate 2 environmental factors,which heretofore have not received much attention:the abundance and species richness of scatterhoarding animals in the vicinity of scatterhoarded seeds.We measured the rate of cache pilferage at 7 sites that differed in the number and species composition of granivorous rodents in western Nevada using local native seeds and sunflower seeds.We found that there was no difference between the pilferage rate of native seeds and sunflower seeds,but that sites with different rodent abundances had different pilferage rates.Pilferage rates were proportional to the abundance of scatterhoarding rodents.Scatterhoarding rodents removed seeds at the rate of 1.3%/day/rodent individual.Species richness of scatterhoarding rodents was not correlated with rates of pilferage.These results suggest that density-dependent competition for scatterhoarded seeds is a strong determinant of pilferage rates.

Effects of thinning on scatter-hoarding by rodents in temperate forest

Deforestation and thinning are human activities that can destabilize the forest ecological system and,conse­quently,impact significantly on habitat and behavior of forest-dwelling animals.This hypothesis was tested in Yugong in the Mount Taihangshan area by comparing the tracks of tagged seeds of Armeniaca sibirica.in sites of unthinned and thinned forests.Our results showed that:(i)the diversity of vegetation and rodents drastical­ly reduced in sites with thinned forests,compared to unthinned sites;(ii)the amount of both removed and scat­ter-hoarded seeds significantly declined in sites with thinned forests,compared with the unthinned sites;(iii)there was no significant difference observed in the distance of seed dispersal between the thinned and unthinned areas;and(iv)the thinning did not show a significant change to the model of cache size.These results suggest­ed that the thinning of forests negatively influenced the species richness and food-hoarding behavior of rodents.In addition,the results indicated that the weakened scattered-hoarding might be disadvantageous to seedling re­cruitment and forest restoration.

The effects of seed detectability and seed traits on hoarding preference of two rodent species

Seed traits play an important role in affecting seed preference and hoarding behaviors of small rodents.Despite greatly affected by seed traits,seed detectability of competitors represents pilfering risks and may also modify seed hoarding preference of animals.However,whether seed traits and seed detectability show consistent effects on seed hoarding preference of animals remain largely unknown.Here,we explored how seed traits and seed detectability correlate with seed hoarding preference of Leopoldamys edwardsi and Apodemus chevrieri in a subtropical forest.Despite the effects of seed coat thickness and caloric value on hoarding preference of L.edwardsi,we detected no significant effects of other seed traits on hording preference of the 2 rodent species.There was no correlation between larder-hoarding preference and inter-or intra-specific seed detectability of L.edwardsi;however,seed detectability of L.edwardsi was negatively correlated with its own scatter-hoarding preference.Although scatter-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was not correlated with inter-and intra-specific seed detectability,larder-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was positively correlated with intra-specific seed detectability.Our study may provide evidence that intra-specific seed detectability rather than seed traits and inter-specific pilfering risks play an important role in modifying seed hoarding preference of rodents.

Seed traits and rodent community interact to determine seed fate:evidence from both enclosure and field experiments

Animal-mediated seed dispersal is an important ecological process in which a strong mutualism between animals and plants can arise.However,few studies have examined how a community of potential seed dispersers interacts with sympatric seed trees.We employed a series of experiments in the Qinling Mountains in both semi-natural enclosure and the field to assess the interactions among 3 sympatric rodent species and 3 Fagaceae tree seeds.Seed traits all showed similar tannin levels but markedly different physical traits and nutritional contents.We found that seeds with heavy weight,thick coat,and high nutritional contents were less likely to be eaten in situ but more often to be eaten after dispersal or hoarded by rodents.These results support both the handling time hypothesis and the high nutrition hypothesis.Surprisingly,we also found that rodents,maybe,preferred to consume seeds with low levels of crude fiber in situ,and to harvest and hoard those with high levels of crude fiber for later consumption.The sympatric rodent species,Cansumys canus,the largest rodent in our study,harvested and hoarded more Quercus variabilis seeds with high physical and nutritional traits,while Apodemus draco,the smallest rodent,harvested more Q.serrata seeds with low physical and nutritional traits,and Niviventer confucianus harvested and hoarded more Q.aliena seeds with medium physical and nutritional traits.Our study demonstrates that different seed traits play different roles in influencing the seed fate and the shaping of mutualism and predation interactions within a community of rodent species.