Terahertz-dependent identification of simulated hole shapes in oil gas reservoirs

Detecting holes in oil–gas reservoirs is vital to the evaluation of reservoir potential. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of identifying general micro-hole shapes, including triangular, circular, and square shapes, in oil–gas reservoirs by adopting terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS). We evaluate the THz absorption responses of punched silicon(Si) wafers having micro-holes with sizes of 20 μm–500 μm. Principal component analysis(PCA) is used to establish a model between THz absorbance and hole shapes. The positions of samples in three-dimensional spaces for three principal components are used to determine the differences among diverse hole shapes and the homogeneity of similar shapes. In addition, a new Si wafer with the unknown hole shapes, including triangular, circular, and square, can be qualitatively identified by combining THz-TDS and PCA. Therefore, the combination of THz-TDS with mathematical statistical methods can serve as an effective approach to the rapid identification of micro-hole shapes in oil–gas reservoirs.

SOLUTION OF DIFFERENT HOLES SHAPE BORDERS OF FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITE PLATES BY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Accurate boundary conditions of composite material plates with different holes are founded to settle boundary condition problems of complex holes by conformal mapping method upon the nonhomogeneous anisotropic elastic and complex function theory. And then the two stress functions required were founded on Cauchy integral by boundary conditions. The final stress distributions of opening structure and the analytical solution on composite material plate with rectangle hole and wing manholes were achieved. The influences on hole-edge stress concentration factors are discussed under different loads and fiber direction cases, and then contrast calculates are carried through FEM.

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD'S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.

Thermoelectric field for a coated hole of arbitrary shape in a nonlinearly coupled thermoelectric material

We study the thermoelectric field for an electrically and thermally insulated coated hole of arbitrary shape embedded in an infinite nonlinearly coupled thermoelectric material subject to uniform remote electric current density and uniform remote energy flux.A conformal mapping function for the coating and matrix is introduced,which simultaneously maps the hole boundary and the coating-matrix interface onto two concentric circles in the image plane.Using analytic continuation,we derive a general solution in terms of two auxiliary functions.The general solution satisfies the insulating conditions along the hole boundary and all of the continuity conditions across the perfect coating-matrix interface.Once the two auxiliary functions have been obtained in the elementary-form,the four original analytic functions in the coating and matrix characterizing the thermoelectric fields are completely and explicitly determined.The design of a neutral coated circular hole that does not disturb the prescribed thermoelectric field in the thermoelectric matrix is achieved when the relative thickness parameter and the two mismatch parameters satisfy a simple condition.Finally,the neutrality of a coated circular thermoelectric inhomogeneity is also accomplished.

Data mining optimization of laidback fan-shaped hole to improve film cooling performance

To improve the cooling performance, shape optimization of a laidback fan-shaped film cooling hole was performed. Three geometric parameters, including hole length, lateral expansion angle and forward expansion angle, were selected as the design parameters. Numerical model of the film cooling system was established, validated, and used to generate 32 groups of training samples. Least square support vector machine(LS-SVM) was applied for surrogate model, and the optimal design parameters were determined by a kind of chaotic optimization algorithm. As hole length, lateral expansion angle and forward expansion angle are 90 mm, 20° and 5°, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness can reach its maximum value in the design space. LS-SVM coupled with chaotic optimization algorithm is a promising scheme for the optimization of shaped film cooling holes.

Analysis of Film Cooling Effectiveness on Shaped Hole and Antivortex Hole

Film cooling is introduction of a secondary fluid （coolant or injected fluid） at one or more discrete locations along a surface exposed to a high temperature environment to protect that surface not only in the immediate region of injection but also downstream region. This paper numerically investigated the film cooling effectiveness on two types of hole geometries which are cut-shaped hole and antivortex hole. The 3D computational geometries are modeled with a single 30 deg angled hole on a flat surface. The different blowing ratios of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,5 and k-Epsilon turbulence model are used in this study. A two dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness in the downstream region of the cooling hole is performed. A comparison of spanwise averaged effectiveness is also performed in the field starts from center point of hole to X/D=-30.

3D analysis of functionally graded material plates with complex shapes and various holes

In this paper, the basic formulae for the semi-analytical graded FEM on FGM members are derived. Since FGM parameters vary along three space coordinates, the parameters can be integrated in mechanical equations. Therefore with the parameters of a given FGM plate, problems of FGM plate under various conditions can be solved. The approach uses 1D discretization to obtain 3D solutions, which is proven to be an effective numerical method for the mechanical analyses of FGM structures. Examples of FGM plates with complex shapes and various holes are presented.

Hybrid RANS-LES of Shaped Hole Film Cooling on an Adiabatic Flat Plate at Low Reynolds Number

Hybrid RANS-LES methods offer a means of reducing computational cost and setup time to simulate transitional flows. Several methods are evaluated in ANSYS CFX, including Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), Shielded Detached Eddy Simulation (SDES), Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation (SBES), and Zonal Large Eddy Simulation (ZLES), along with a no-model laminar simulation. Each is used to simulate an adiabatic flat plate film cooling experiment of a shaped hole at low Reynolds number. Adiabatic effectiveness is calculated for Blowing Ratio (BR) = 1.5 and Density Ratio (DR) = 1.5. The ZLES method and laminar simulation most accurately match experimental lateral-average adiabatic effectiveness along the streamwise direction from the trailing edge of the hole to 35 hole diameters downstream of the hole (X/D = 0 to X/D = 35), with RMS deviations of 5.1% and 4.2%, and maximum deviations of 8% and 11%, respectively. The accuracy of these models is attributed to the resolution of turbulent structures in not only the mixing region but in the upstream boundary layer as well, where the other methods utilize RANS and do not switch to LES.

离心式高速玉米精量排种器T形槽型孔设计与试验

针对离心式高速玉米精量排种器双粒种子并排填充导致重播严重的问题,该研究提出利用型孔槽对称凸台结构降低玉米种子并排填充概率的方法,设计了一种T形槽型孔。通过构建充种阶段玉米种子的力学模型,并结合玉米种子的形状特征确定了T形槽型孔基本结构参数。借助EDEM离散元仿真软件,以型孔槽前端长度、型孔槽后端面倾斜角以及型孔槽底部倾斜角为因素,以合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转回归组合仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明:在作业速度18 km/h条件下,型孔槽前端长度为9.31 mm,型孔槽后端面倾斜角为43.37°与型孔槽底部倾斜角为70.5°时,排种质量最优,排种合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数分别为94.03%、1.72%与4.25%。台架验证试验结果表明:作业速度为15 km/h时,T形槽型孔的合格指数最高为95.16%,在此作业速度下,排种器的重播指数为1.42%,漏播指数为3.42%,满足高速精量播种要求;作业速度在12~21 km/h内时,T形槽型孔的平均合格指数为94.77%,相较于矩形槽型孔提升了3.13个百分点,相较于蹄型槽型孔提升了1.80个百分点,T形槽型孔的平均重播指数为2.06%,相较于矩形槽型孔降低了3.41个百分点,相较于蹄型槽型孔降低了2.49个百分点。该研究可为离心式高速玉米精量排种器优化提供参考。

孔洞形状对层状岩石力学特性影响的FDEM数值模拟研究

为揭示孔洞形状对层状岩石力学性质和破坏模式的影响,采用有限元-离散元耦合数值模拟方法(FDEM)开展系列数值模拟研究。首先,阐述FDEM模拟层状岩石的基本原理,然后,开展不同层理倾角完整试样的单轴压缩模拟,并与试验结果进行对比验证。最后,对含有圆形、椭圆形、三角形、矩形和方形孔洞的层状岩石试样(β为0°、30°、45°、60°和90°)进行单轴压缩模拟研究。研究结果表明:对于不同孔洞形状的试样,抗压强度和试样破坏程度随层理倾角的增大呈V字型变化趋势,且均在层理倾角为0°时抗压强度取得最大值,在90°时破坏程度最为严重;孔洞的存在严重削弱了试样的力学性能,且削弱幅度与孔洞形状密切相关,其中方形和圆形孔洞对抗压强度的削弱能力最弱。将含不同形状孔洞试样的破坏模式随层理倾角的变化主要分为穿层理面拉剪混合破坏(β=0°)、沿层理面与穿层理面混合拉剪破坏(β=30°)、沿层理面剪切破坏(β=45°和60°)和沿层理面拉剪劈裂破坏(β=90°)。

深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压机理与应用

为解决悬顶导致的煤柱及邻近巷道高应力和大变形问题,结合工作面顶板地质条件,提出深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压专项方案,采用数值模拟及现场试验对卸压效果开展综合研究。研究结果表明,煤层顶板在切顶后垂直应力减幅为21.62%,预裂切顶措施可显著降低煤柱及邻近巷道围岩应力水平。试验发现,炮孔内轴向贯穿裂缝明显,可实现采空区顶板及时垮落。顶底板在切顶后累计位移量减幅达59.27%,巷道两帮及顶底板移近变形得到有效控制,煤柱垂直应力增量显著降低。实践证明,采用深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压效果显著,可大幅提高作业效率,为类似矿压防治工程提供借鉴。

异形孔电解加工流场仿真分析

针对航空发动机零部件中的花瓣状异形孔电解加工难题,文中建立了异形孔工件三维模型并抽取流道模型,对其进行流场仿真和优化。结合电场仿真计算,通过电流密度分布预测工件阳极型面的溶解差异,完成了阴极成型边界的修正。通过流场和电场分析,优化了通液孔的数量、大小和布局,以及阴极外形曲线,完成阴极结构设计。仿真结果表明:设置加工参数电解液入口压力为0.6 MPa,出口压力为0.1 MPa时,工件表面的电解液流速、压力以及加工区域工件边界的电流密度均具有良好的均匀性。

热处理对石墨烯调控3D打印多孔钛组织与性能的影响

传统的多孔钛制备工艺存在缺陷,导致多孔钛材料的结构和性能难以重复和再现。本研究对选择性激光熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)成形的多孔纯钛与多孔石墨烯-钛(Gr-Ti)经500℃,30 min退火处理后,多孔纯钛与多孔Gr-Ti复合材料的物相均与SLM成型的多孔钛保持一致。多孔纯钛的组织由条纹状α’相转变为等轴α相,同时晶粒的各向异性消失;添加石墨烯后的多孔钛由条纹状α’相转变为等轴α相,生成的碳化钛弥散分布于钛基体中,且由于退火温度较低,基体中仍保留有石墨烯。热处理后多孔纯钛与多孔Gr-Ti显微维氏硬度均降低,多孔Gr-Ti热处理后抗压强度提高到345 MPa,比热处理前多孔钛的强度提升9.2%。热处理后多孔Gr-Ti材料耐腐蚀性能降低。

桨毂中央件大尺寸异形孔电解加工机床研制

针对直升机桨毂中央件大尺寸异形孔零件的加工需求,开展了电解加工机床的研制,从主体结构、防护结构、集成电解液系统和加工电源的设计等方面展开,最后通过加工试验对机床的设计可靠性进行了验证。结果表明,对钛合金Ti1023进行大尺寸异形孔电解加工,制件的轮廓尺寸与表面质量都能达到预期要求。

矿石大块率控制技术及应用

为了降低矿石大块率,设计更合理、更加符合眼前山的中深孔爆破参数,结合眼前矿山实际,分析眼前山中深孔爆破大块率产生的主要原因进行分析,提出使用扇形孔延时爆破的方式降低大块率;并用间隔装药的方式,提高炸药的利用效率,从而减少大块的产生。采用扇形孔延时爆破的方式,同时改善装药结构,能有效的降低大块率,减少中深孔爆破大块的产生。在实践中取得了良好的效果,降低了金属矿大块率的问题。

成都金沙遗址出土圆角方孔形铜器研究

通过对金沙遗址祭祀区出土的15件圆角方孔形铜器的形制特征、合金成分和金相组织的分析,认为圆角方孔形铜器的用途应为祭祀中的礼仪用器,其形制与合金成分具有一定的相关性,锡铅比越小,矩形度越大。金沙遗址出土的圆角方孔形铜器与三星堆文化有着密切的联系,本文研究的15件圆角方孔形铜器应为三星堆文化与十二桥文化过渡时期的产物。

Influence of Soft Filler on Stress Concentration Factor of Elliptic Holes in a Rectangular Plate

Finite element models were established to analyze the influence of soft filler on stress concentration for a rectangular plate with an elliptic hole in the center. The influence was quantified by means of stress concentration factor (SCF). Seven shape factors of the elliptic hole and three levels of elasticity modulus of the soft filler were considered. The reduction coefficient and sensitivity index of SCF are the two indicators in evaluating the influence of soft filler. It was found that the reduction coefficient of SCF increases significantly as the shape factor and the elasticity modulus of the filler increase, indicating that soft filler can reduce the concentrated stress effectively, especially when the shape factor is great. Analysis for the sensitivity index of SCF indicates that SCF is more sensitive to materials with small elasticity modulus than to materials with large one.

水力冲孔孔洞形态特征及瓦斯抽采参数优化

目前,钻孔设计及评价时,多将水力冲孔孔洞形态等效为圆柱体,并以此作为确定有效抽采半径的重要依据之一。而孔洞形态受多因素的共同作用,故将其等效为圆柱体的科学性有待商榷。采用煤岩散体重力、摩擦力、水作用力、地应力等因素,引入并联立Bergmark-Roos方程与PKN模型,建立了描述孔洞形态的BR-PKN方程,并采用MATLAB再现了孔洞形态;为验证其准确性,在现场利用YZD18.5测井仪进行数据采集及分析,展绘了孔洞断面;利用COMSOL对等效类椭球体孔洞与圆柱体孔洞进行了模拟。结果表明:MATLAB展绘的孔洞形态为三轴均不相同的类椭球体;绘制的孔洞形态与MATLAB中的基本一致;类椭球体孔洞与圆柱体孔洞相比抽采半径、解吸表面积、有效抽采体积依次为93%、80%、117%,为钻孔布置提供了依据。

异形孔水包爆破围岩粉碎范围研究

隧道掘进中光面爆破的超欠挖、开挖轮廓线不光滑及爆破效率低是施工中最为关心的问题。针对异形孔水包爆破破岩机理的问题,基于岩石爆破损伤分区理论,拟合并推导出异形孔水包爆破的孔壁冲击力计算式及围岩粉碎区的计算式P_(d)=3028.4K_(d)^(-1.021)及围岩粉碎区的计算式R_(c)=(P/N[P_(r)])^(1/α)(r_(b)+l)。以重庆市黔江区正阳镇隧道为依托,以自制钻头为工具,通过异形孔水包爆破与常规爆破的对比试验以及岩石爆破损伤阈值的数值模拟,验证了计算式的可靠性。结果表明:前者公式拟合精度为R^(2)=0.996,后者围岩粉碎范围的理论值与实测值吻合;该爆破方式即使在复杂岩石节理中也能产生光滑的隧道开挖轮廓线;炸药径向不耦合系数K_(d)≤1.5内,炸药量的增加对围岩粉碎区的影响甚少,其主要对破裂区产生影响。

类岩材料非圆孔定向胀裂特征研究

采用自行设计的劈裂器,对含有非圆孔混凝土试样进行了胀裂试验,研究了不同孔洞形状试件破坏荷载特征、裂纹扩展规律及孔周应力分布情况。结果表明:与圆形孔洞试件相比,椭圆孔、矩形孔和菱形孔试件峰值荷载均显著降低,荷载减小比例为28.2%~70.3%;椭圆孔洞、矩形孔洞和菱形孔洞对裂纹的萌生均产生了导向作用,椭圆孔洞与菱形孔洞对裂纹的导向作用随着长短轴(对角线)比值的增大而增强,而矩形孔洞导向作用随边长比值的改变变化不显著;从裂纹导向效果来看,菱形孔洞优于椭圆孔洞,椭圆孔洞优于矩形孔洞;改变孔洞形状产生了明显的拉应力集中现象,椭圆孔洞长轴端点拉应力集中程度随着长短轴比值的增大而增大;矩形孔洞4个尖端拉应力集中程度随着边长比值的增大呈现出先减小再增大的规律;菱形孔洞拉应力集中程度随着对角线比值的增大表现出先增大再减小的变化趋势。