Development of Fixture Layout Optimization for Thin-Walled Parts:A Review

An increasing number of researchers have researched fixture layout optimization for thin-walled part assembly during the past decades.However,few papers systematically review these researches.By analyzing existing literature,this paper summarizes the process of fixture layout optimization and the methods applied.The process of optimization is made up of optimization objective setting,assembly variation/deformation modeling,and fixture layout optimization.This paper makes a review of the fixture layout for thin-walled parts according to these three steps.First,two different kinds of optimization objectives are introduced.Researchers usually consider in-plane variations or out-of-plane deformations when designing objectives.Then,modeling methods for assembly variation and deformation are divided into two categories:Mechanism-based and data-based methods.Several common methods are discussed respectively.After that,optimization algorithms are reviewed systematically.There are two kinds of optimization algorithms:Traditional nonlinear programming and heuristic algorithms.Finally,discussions on the current situation are provided.The research direction of fixture layout optimization in the future is discussed from three aspects:Objective setting,improving modeling accuracy and optimization algorithms.Also,a new research point for fixture layout optimization is discussed.This paper systematically reviews the research on fixture layout optimization for thin-walled parts,and provides a reference for future research in this field.

Optimization of material removal strategy in milling of thin-walled parts

The optimal material removal strategy can improve a geometric accuracy and surface quality of thin-walled parts such as turbine blades and blisks in high-speed ball end milling.The dominant conception in the material removal represents the persistence of the workpiece cutting stiffness in operation to advance the machining accuracy and machining efficiency.On the basis of theoretical models of cutting stiffness and deformation,finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the virtual displacements of the thin-walled part under given virtual loads at the nodes of the discrete surface.With the reference of deformation distribution of the thin-walled part,the milling material removal strategy is optimized to make the best of bracing ability of still uncut material.This material removal method is summarized as the lower stiffness region removed firstly and the higher stiffness region removed next.Analytical and experimental results show the availability,which has been verified by the blade machining test in this work,for thin-walled parts to reduce cutting deformation and meliorate machining quality.

Initial residual stress experiment and simulation of thin-walled parts for layer removal method

Thin-walled parts have low stiffness characteristic. Initial residual stress of thin-walled blanks is an important influence factor on machining stability. The present work is to verify the feasibility of an initial residual stress measurement of layer removal method. According to initial residual stress experiment for casting ZL205 A aluminum alloy tapered thin-walled blank by a common method,namely hole-drilling method,three finite element models with initial residual stress are established to simulate the layer removal method in ABAQUS and ANSYS software. By analyzing the results of simulation and experiments,the cutting residual stress inlayer removal process has a significant effect on measurement results. Reducing cutting residual stress is helpful to improve accuracy of layer removal method.

The Numerical Simulation on Hollow Part's Precise Sizing Process With Cross-wedge Rolling

The hollow parts formed with cross-wedge rolling (CWR) have a wide application in many fields, such as architecture and automobile, etc. But the finished configuration of part’s cross section was always ellipse and it was hard to make it satisfied with traditional forming process. This paper proposed a FEM model of hollow workpiece of CWR in the sizing process, and simulated the deformation condition using the ANSYS program. Three kinds of parts with different wall thickness were calculated. Some stress and strain fields of the deformed hollow parts at various conditions are gained. The influence of wall thickness on the distribution of stress and strain was analyzed. The paper also found two phenomena, which never have been seen at traditional experiment, and author tried to give some explanations. The ANSYS program provided the relationship between the tolerance of the deformed workpiece and the deforming parameter. It is helpful to design the sizing dies of a new precise forming process of hollow parts on the CWR. The new process that designed through the information of FEM improved the accuracy of hollow parts on CWR. It proved the validity and practicability of numerical simulation.

Deformation Analysis and Fixture Design of Thin-walled Cylinder in Drilling Process Based on TRIZ Theory

Thin-walled cylindrical workpiece is easy to deform during machining and clamping processes due to the insufficient rigidi.Moreover,it’s also difficult to ensure the perpendicularity of flange holes during drilling process.In this paper,the element birth and death technique is used to obtain the axial deformation of the hole through finite element simulation.The measured value of the perpendicularity of the hole was compared with the simulated value to verify then the rationality of the simulation model.To reduce the perpendicularity error of the hole in the drilling process,the theory of inventive principle solution(TRIZ)was used to analyze the drilling process of thin-walled cylinder,and the corresponding fixture was developed to adjust the supporting surface height adaptively.Three different fixture supporting layout schemes were used for numerical simulation of drilling process,and the maximum,average and standard deviation of the axial deformation of the flange holes and their maximum hole perpendicularity errors were comparatively analyzed,and the optimal arrangement was optimized.The results show that the proposed deformation control strategy can effectively improve the drilling deformation of thin-walled cylindrical workpiece,thereby significantly improving the machining quality of the parts.

Relative Varying Dynamics Based Whole Cutting Process Optimization for Thin‑walled Parts

Thin-walled parts are typically difficult-to-cut components due to the complex dynamics in cutting process.The dynamics is variant for part during machining,but invariant for machine tool.The variation of the relative dynamics results in the difference of cutting stage division and cutting parameter selection.This paper develops a novel method for whole cutting process optimization based on the relative varying dynamic characteristic of machining system.A new strategy to distinguish cutting stages depending on the dominated dynamics during machining process is proposed,and a thickness-dependent model to predict the dynamics of part is developed.Optimal cutting parameters change with stages,which can be divided by the critical thickness of part.Based on the dynamics comparison between machine tool and thickness-varying part,the critical thicknesses are predicted by an iterative algorithm.The proposed method is validated by the machining of three benchmarks.Good agreements have been obtained between prediction and experimental results in terms of stages identification,meanwhile,the optimized parameters perform well during the whole cutting process.

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace,national defense,energy and precision physical experiments.However,the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools.In this paper,an elliptical vibration cutting(EVC)with active cutting edge shift(ACES)based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultraprecision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool.Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge,the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed.Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted.The evolutions of the surface roughness,surface topography,and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed.The reasonable parameters of ultraprecision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined.It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography.The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge,so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed.A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter φ240 mm,height 122 mm,and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method,and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2μm and Ra less than 50 nm,respectively.

基于固有应变法的中空薄壁铝合金结构件焊接变形及残余应力预测

为提升中空薄壁铝合金结构件焊接变形与残余应力预测精度。基于固有应变法与焊接热输入参数对焊接等效载荷开展求解,利用有限元仿真方式从变形及应力的角度出发,分别对焊接变形及残余应力进行分析,并通过焊接试验进行验证。结果表明:焊缝左右两侧的边缘区域是产生焊接残余应力的主要位置,横向、纵向残余应力分别为275 MPa、181 MPa,结构件上蒙板呈马鞍形分布,焊接所导致的最大变形分布在上蒙板左右两侧,左右两侧仿真最大值分别0.299 mm、0.274 mm,左右两侧试验最大值分别0.37 mm、0.34 mm,试验变形值略大于仿真变形值,两侧变形预测误差率分别为19.1%、19.4%。研究结果可为类似中空薄壁铝合金结构件焊接变形及残余应力预测提供一定参考依据。

地下室SBS卷材的关键部位施工及控制措施

SBS卷材的防水施工一直以来都是建筑项目地下室施工的重难点。为提升地下室防水效果,结合潍坊市白浪河片区南苑康城金沙苑二期项目实际情况,分析了SBS卷材防水施工的难点和新技术的应用要求,并提出SBS卷材防水施工关键细节部位的应用要点及相应的控制措施。案例工程采用满粘法开展地下室关键部位SBS卷材防水施工,未出现集中性气泡及空鼓问题,未发生任何渗漏水问题,外观质量良好,防水效果显著,值得在类似工程中推广应用。

薄壁镂空隔墙零件的加工工艺探索

隔墙零件作为微波组件的重要结构件,具有薄壁、镂空、高精度的特点。传统的加工工艺路线是先数铣加工隔墙台阶,再采用线切割加工隔墙内外形。该工艺方法由于对零件变形控制不足,线切割加工效率低,在批量生产时加工精度与加工效率无法满足要求。以某典型隔墙零件为例,研究探索出了一套隔墙零件的高效加工工艺方案。该方案通过合理设计工装,采用退火整平工艺,选用合理的切削参数分步数铣加工,使隔墙成品率大幅提升,加工周期大幅缩短。该工艺方案对其他弱刚性薄壁类、框架类零件的加工具有一定的借鉴意义。

下穿重要结构物浅埋隧道爆破掘进振动控制技术研究

新建铁路湖州至杭州西至杭黄铁路连接线工程鹿山隧道紧邻高压输电铁塔,因工期紧,该段隧道需采取爆破掘进。为了确保铁塔的安全。通过减振技术的研究及攻关,采取了上下台阶三部开挖法、大间隔微差起爆、设置大中空孔螺旋掏槽眼、水压爆破、高质量特制炮泥等综合减振措施。确保了隧道快速爆破施工,低振动、安全通过邻近铁塔段。

空心件楔横轧参数对轧件壁厚变化的影响

通过对空心件楔横轧变形特点的分析，建立了空心件楔横轧的上限法模型，并利用该模型分析了空心件楔横轧工艺参数对轧件壁厚变化的影响，提出了研究空心件楔横轧壁厚变化预测的新方法，取得了一些重要结果。

空心件楔横轧旋转条件的分析

在实心件楔横轧旋转条件分析的基础上，分析了空心件楔横轧的旋转条件，从而推导出关键性的公式。旨在指导各种复杂空心件楔横轧工艺成形，提出保证轧制过程中轧件正常旋转、稳定成形的工艺措施。

大截面差空心件内高压成形研究

截面周长差较大的空心零件的内高压成形需要解决膨胀区的轴向补料问题和预成形问题,才能获得壁厚分布较为均匀的合格零件.以某轿车转向节臂零件的成形过程为例,对上述问题进行了试验研究.首先设计、试制了瓶形预制件,在预成形中利用'有益起皱'实现了大量的补料,获得了壁厚分布符合要求的预制件;然后在终成形前使零件截面具有合理的形状,再进行终成形,既保证了圆角部位的外形尺寸,又提高了壁厚均匀性.采用本文介绍的方法实现了截面周长差达70%的瓶形预制件的制备,从而获得了壁厚、外形尺寸均满足设计要求的转向节臂零件.

工作状态下孔形零件受热变形理论研究

阐述了研究工作状态下孔形零件受热变形的重要意义 ;分析了工作状态下孔形零件内部应力分布状态 ;且对孔形零件在工作情况下的热变形进行了理论推导。该理论是研究孔形零件热变形的理论基础 ,也是下一步进行最佳热配合研究的理论基础。

空心件带芯棒轧制与空心轧制成形过程的比较分析

对三辊楔横轧空心件带芯棒与空心轧制的复杂变形特性开展了实验研究,通过有限元仿真,比较分析了带芯棒与空心轧制时轧件的内部应力、应变场以及晶粒尺寸,分析表明,带芯棒轧制时不仅可以得到了等内径空心件,而且晶粒细化更能满足轴类零件的力学性能需要。

稳态非均匀温度场中孔型零件变形研究

当处于稳态非均匀温度场时,孔型零件热变形要考虑热应力产生的形变对其变形量的影响.用热弹性力学的方法推导了由热应力和自然膨胀所产生的孔型零件在稳态非均匀温度场中的热变形公式,实验结果也证实了公式的实用性.

形状因素对精密技术中零件热变形的影响

温度变化会引起机械零件几何尺寸的变化,传统热变形量计算公式是近似和线性的,在精度要求较低时适用,在高精度领域具有很大的局限性。经过多年的研究发现,温度变化时,零件任一尺寸的热变形不遵循传统的线性公式,而与零件形体其他几何尺寸有关,可表示为其他几何尺寸的非线性函数。利用晶体材料线膨胀系数与体积膨胀系数之间的关系,利用该关系建立圆柱轴类零件和孔型零件在稳态均匀温度场中的受热变形的数学模型,模型考虑形状因素对轴类零件和孔型零件热变形的影响。利用测量精度为±0.4μm热变形测量装置对不同圆柱轴类零件和孔型零件进行测量,试验结果显示,考虑形状因素的计算结果比传统公式计算结果更加接近试验值。

三边形圆弧截面空心零件旋压成形的数值模拟及试验研究

采用有限元分析软件MSC.MARC对三边形圆弧截面空心零件的旋压成形进行数值模拟,对其应力应变分布规律进行了研究,重点探讨了旋轮轴向进给比和毛坯厚径比对旋压成形质量的影响,分析了起皱、减薄、回弹现象产生的原因以及容易出现这些缺陷的部位.模拟及试验结果表明,口部(即成形过程中的坯料凸缘)、侧壁靠近圆角处大圆弧区和圆角区域小圆弧部位本别是三边形圆弧截面空心零件拉深旋压过程中易产生起皱、减薄和破裂的部位.