Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown wa...Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.展开更多
Rubble mound breakwater, one of the protection structures, has been widely used in coastal and port engineering. Block stones were first used as its armor layer, and its use was limited to shallow sea areas where ther...Rubble mound breakwater, one of the protection structures, has been widely used in coastal and port engineering. Block stones were first used as its armor layer, and its use was limited to shallow sea areas where there is no large waves. Since the specially-shaped armor unit was developed, the rubble mound breakwater has become the main sort of the protection structures, which can be used in deep water zones where storm sometimes occurs. Owing to severe and complex surrounding conditions, the rubble mound breakwater failure sometimes occurs, thus the study on the causes of failure is of great importance. In the present study some breakwater failures at home and abroad are illustrated and the causes of failure are investigated from the point of view of design, test, construction and maintenance.展开更多
In this paper, the effect of waves on erosion of the sandy bottom before mound breakwaters is studied. The sandy bottom basically presents two erosion patterns, between which there is a transitional state, under the a...In this paper, the effect of waves on erosion of the sandy bottom before mound breakwaters is studied. The sandy bottom basically presents two erosion patterns, between which there is a transitional state, under the action of partially standing waves. The two erosion patterns can be determined by dimensionless parameter Us, defined in this paper. The erosion locations, depths and lengths can be estimated by a series of equations presented in the text. Irregular waves are employed in the test besides regular waves, and the effect of the irregular waves can be estimated by the element of equivalent waves, such as T1/3, H1/3.展开更多
In this paper, the mechanism of the interaction between the breast wall of mound breakwater and waves is expounded, then some new views and the law of variation of horizontal and vertical wave pressure over the breast...In this paper, the mechanism of the interaction between the breast wall of mound breakwater and waves is expounded, then some new views and the law of variation of horizontal and vertical wave pressure over the breast wall are put forward. The results of this study have been adopted in the Specifications of Fishery Harbour Breakwater by the Ministry of Agricultures.展开更多
Through hydraulic model experiment and site investigation, this paper has derived a calculation formula of dry-laid stone armour layer thickness of rubble mound breakwaters for fishery harbours. The influences of the ...Through hydraulic model experiment and site investigation, this paper has derived a calculation formula of dry-laid stone armour layer thickness of rubble mound breakwaters for fishery harbours. The influences of the friction force between stone blocks and the variations of wave length or period and water depth are considered in the formula. The calculated results of several existing structures are in good agreement with field data. This formula is more practical than those ever published both at home and abroad, and has been adoptted by the technical standards of aquatic projects published by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It is applicable for the calculation of dry-laid stone armour layer of breakwater for small- or medium-size harbours.展开更多
-The construction of breakwaters in China in more than 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China is reviewed. The construction of two main types of breakwater, upright breakwaters and rubble mo...-The construction of breakwaters in China in more than 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China is reviewed. The construction of two main types of breakwater, upright breakwaters and rubble mound breakwaters, and the way in which they are built are expounded. Recommendations to improve the technology for future breakwater construction are presented.展开更多
The breakwaters have experienced many changes during their construction history.These changes have been considered to improve their performance,depending on their environmental conditions and applications.Numerical mo...The breakwaters have experienced many changes during their construction history.These changes have been considered to improve their performance,depending on their environmental conditions and applications.Numerical modelling was conducted using FLOW-3 D software.In this study,the wave overtopping from composite berm breakwater as new conceptual structure and the pressure imposed on the composite berm breakwater are considered and investigated.The results show a decrease of 84.01,70.88 and 61.42 percent of the wave overtopping in the composite berm breakwater,in comparison to the rubble mound breakwater,horizontally caisson breakwater and caisson breakwater,respectively.Also,the pressure applied to the composite berm breakwater with the pressure applied to the horizontally caisson breakwater was compared and evaluated.Composite berm breakwater compared with horizontally caisson breakwater in P1,the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 52.09%,in P2 the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 63.07%,in P3 decreased by 76.09%and in Pu,this pressure reduced by53.92%.For the composite berm breakwater,the impact of three types of berms,homogenous berm(Type 1),a berm consisting of armor-filter(Type 2)and multi-layer berm(Type 3)with the aim of optimizing the hydraulic responses and wave interaction on the caisson of the breakwater was examined and evaluated.In total,Type 3 will be recommended with a significant reduction in the overtopping values and maximum pressure.展开更多
Through numerical modeling, a kind of simplified calculating method for standing wave pressure on vertical face breakwater have been put forward. Not only the formulas proposed in this paper are simple in form and ver...Through numerical modeling, a kind of simplified calculating method for standing wave pressure on vertical face breakwater have been put forward. Not only the formulas proposed in this paper are simple in form and very easy in use, but also they possess continuity on the full range of standing wave. And more, the precision requiremennts of calculation can be satisfied to a certain extent in engineering practice.展开更多
To maintain the calmness of the harbor,rubble mound breakwaters are one of the practical measures to protect sailing and mooring waters.This paper investigates the effect of relocated rubble mound breakwaters on tranq...To maintain the calmness of the harbor,rubble mound breakwaters are one of the practical measures to protect sailing and mooring waters.This paper investigates the effect of relocated rubble mound breakwaters on tranquillity in Busan yacht range and the impact of bridge piers at the entrance of the yacht range based on physical hydraulic modeling using multi-directional random waves.It is obtained that the sufficient tranquillity can be due to securely moored yachts,owing to newly relocated rubble mound breakwaters away from piers.The experimental results also showed the distribution of the energy difference’dependence on various wave directions.The experimental findings are valuable for the design of Busan yacht marina,and are of reference to other port projects.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China–Shandong Joint Fund(No.U1706226)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171284).
文摘Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.
文摘Rubble mound breakwater, one of the protection structures, has been widely used in coastal and port engineering. Block stones were first used as its armor layer, and its use was limited to shallow sea areas where there is no large waves. Since the specially-shaped armor unit was developed, the rubble mound breakwater has become the main sort of the protection structures, which can be used in deep water zones where storm sometimes occurs. Owing to severe and complex surrounding conditions, the rubble mound breakwater failure sometimes occurs, thus the study on the causes of failure is of great importance. In the present study some breakwater failures at home and abroad are illustrated and the causes of failure are investigated from the point of view of design, test, construction and maintenance.
文摘In this paper, the effect of waves on erosion of the sandy bottom before mound breakwaters is studied. The sandy bottom basically presents two erosion patterns, between which there is a transitional state, under the action of partially standing waves. The two erosion patterns can be determined by dimensionless parameter Us, defined in this paper. The erosion locations, depths and lengths can be estimated by a series of equations presented in the text. Irregular waves are employed in the test besides regular waves, and the effect of the irregular waves can be estimated by the element of equivalent waves, such as T1/3, H1/3.
文摘In this paper, the mechanism of the interaction between the breast wall of mound breakwater and waves is expounded, then some new views and the law of variation of horizontal and vertical wave pressure over the breast wall are put forward. The results of this study have been adopted in the Specifications of Fishery Harbour Breakwater by the Ministry of Agricultures.
文摘Through hydraulic model experiment and site investigation, this paper has derived a calculation formula of dry-laid stone armour layer thickness of rubble mound breakwaters for fishery harbours. The influences of the friction force between stone blocks and the variations of wave length or period and water depth are considered in the formula. The calculated results of several existing structures are in good agreement with field data. This formula is more practical than those ever published both at home and abroad, and has been adoptted by the technical standards of aquatic projects published by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It is applicable for the calculation of dry-laid stone armour layer of breakwater for small- or medium-size harbours.
文摘-The construction of breakwaters in China in more than 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China is reviewed. The construction of two main types of breakwater, upright breakwaters and rubble mound breakwaters, and the way in which they are built are expounded. Recommendations to improve the technology for future breakwater construction are presented.
文摘The breakwaters have experienced many changes during their construction history.These changes have been considered to improve their performance,depending on their environmental conditions and applications.Numerical modelling was conducted using FLOW-3 D software.In this study,the wave overtopping from composite berm breakwater as new conceptual structure and the pressure imposed on the composite berm breakwater are considered and investigated.The results show a decrease of 84.01,70.88 and 61.42 percent of the wave overtopping in the composite berm breakwater,in comparison to the rubble mound breakwater,horizontally caisson breakwater and caisson breakwater,respectively.Also,the pressure applied to the composite berm breakwater with the pressure applied to the horizontally caisson breakwater was compared and evaluated.Composite berm breakwater compared with horizontally caisson breakwater in P1,the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 52.09%,in P2 the amount of the obtained pressure decreased by 63.07%,in P3 decreased by 76.09%and in Pu,this pressure reduced by53.92%.For the composite berm breakwater,the impact of three types of berms,homogenous berm(Type 1),a berm consisting of armor-filter(Type 2)and multi-layer berm(Type 3)with the aim of optimizing the hydraulic responses and wave interaction on the caisson of the breakwater was examined and evaluated.In total,Type 3 will be recommended with a significant reduction in the overtopping values and maximum pressure.
文摘Through numerical modeling, a kind of simplified calculating method for standing wave pressure on vertical face breakwater have been put forward. Not only the formulas proposed in this paper are simple in form and very easy in use, but also they possess continuity on the full range of standing wave. And more, the precision requiremennts of calculation can be satisfied to a certain extent in engineering practice.
基金supported for two years by Pusan National University Research Grant BK21 PLUS.
文摘To maintain the calmness of the harbor,rubble mound breakwaters are one of the practical measures to protect sailing and mooring waters.This paper investigates the effect of relocated rubble mound breakwaters on tranquillity in Busan yacht range and the impact of bridge piers at the entrance of the yacht range based on physical hydraulic modeling using multi-directional random waves.It is obtained that the sufficient tranquillity can be due to securely moored yachts,owing to newly relocated rubble mound breakwaters away from piers.The experimental results also showed the distribution of the energy difference’dependence on various wave directions.The experimental findings are valuable for the design of Busan yacht marina,and are of reference to other port projects.
