Measurement of Liquid Diffusion Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions of Glycine, L-Alanine, L-Valine and L-Isoleucine by Holographic Interferometry

The diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions ofglycine, L-alanine, L-valine and L-isoleucine at 298.15 K were determined by holographic interferometry with accuracy and promptness while without disturbance. The density and viscosity of these solutions were also determined. According to original Gordon model, a model for correlating the diffusion coefficients of amino acids in aqueous solutions was developed and applied. The results showed that this model provided significant convenience in correlation of diffusion coefficients for amino acids system.

THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE SELF-VIBRATIONAL CHARACTERI-STICS OF THE 2050MM HOT-STRIP MILL HOUSING BY MEANS OF LASER HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

According to the theory of similarity, a three-dimensional simulation study on the self-vibrational characteristics of the 2050mm hot-strip finishing mill housing at Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex has been carried out. The analysis of the main vibrational modes of the first three orders has also been done by means of holographic interferometry. In addition, the authors have carried out the numerical analysis of finite elements in three dimensions. The comparison of the results of both analyses (simulation analysis and numerical analysis of finite element) shows that they are consistent.

Reconstruction of 3-D Temperature Field in Holographic Interferometry

The tomography technique is commonly used for the reconstruction of holographic interferometry. However, the current reconstruction method doesn’t consider the measurement errors which are non-avoidable in the measurement and will degrade the reconstruction quality. The factors affecting the reconstruction quality are analyzed and the distribution law of the reconstruction error with experimental errors is discussed. Finally, a method to improve the reconstruction quality—the Kalman filter method is presented.

Studies on the liquid-liquid interfacial mass transfer process using holographic interferometry

This paper aims at the interfacial phenomena of liquid-liquid mass transfer and its characteristic.By using the real-time holographic technique,the concen-tration distributions on the aqueous side were obtained according to holographic diagrams of mass transfer of ethanol through the interface of oil and water at different initial concentrations.Furthermore,the concentrations near the interface and the mass transfer coefficients were attained.A correlation of concentration near the interface to the concentration of the solute in the oil side was proposed.An approach of interfacial energy with solute concentration was established,and the calculated results are at good agreement with the experimental data.It is indicated that the liquid-liquid mass transfer process is approximately in accordance with two-film theory,the interfacial performance may be changed by the addition of the solute,and the interface of liquid-liquid is non-equilibrium thermodynamically during the mass transfer process.

Comparative research and its significance of deformation measurements by technologies of laser real-time holographic interferome-try and radar differential interferometry

The principles and applications of laser real-time holographic interferometry （LRTHI） and radar differential interferometry （RDI） technologies are described in this paper, respectively. By using LRTHI, we can observe the deformation of samples under pressure in the lab and study the anomaly characteristics relating to different strain fields in different fracture-developing areas; while by using RDI, we can observe the landform and surface deformation. The results of deformation observed before and after the Ms=7.9 Mani earthquake （Tibet） and Ms=6.2 Shangyi-Zhangbei earthquake in China are obtained. It is pointed out that LRTHI and RDi are similar, which study the characteristics of anomalous deformation field by fringe variations for both of them. Therefore, the observation of deformation field in the seismogenic process, especially in the period impending an earthquake by RDI, and the comparative study in the lab by LRTHI are of great significance.

Measuring the Object Deformation by Real Time Holographic Interferometry with Automatically Calculating Hologram

Used Ar + laser as a light source,BSO(Bi 12 SiO 20 ) crystal as a hologram recording material,CCD camera as a detector,and a holographic setup controlled by a computer,we have realized real time holographic interferometry in terms of 3-interfe-rogram method.The deformation of a plate is measured under a pressure.

Phase-shifting digital holography in image reconstruction

A phase-shifting digital holography scheme developed to investigate internal defects in artworks is described. Phase-shifting is utilized to obtain a clear reconstructed object wave from a rough surface texture. A reverse-transform algorithm is employed to reconstruct the object wave on its original position of unknown distance or the imaging position from the object wave information on the holographic plane. To get the clearest reconstruction the exact registration of the unknown distance is determined by applying the intensity sum as the auto-focusing function, The spatial resolution of the reconstruction image is also investigated for a variety of affecting factors. Laboratory results of reconstruction images under deformation are presented.

UNSTEADY INTERACTION OF SHOCK WAVE DIFFRACTING AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN AIR

The reflection and diffraction of a planar shock wave around a circular cylinder are a typical problem of the complex nonlinear shock wave phenomena in literature.It has long been studied experimentally,analytically as well as numerically.Takayama in 1987 obtained clear experimental pictures ofisopycnics in shock tube under the condi- tion that the impinging shock wave propagates as far as 3 diameters away from the cylinder.To know more complete- ly the whole unsteady process,it is desirable to get experimental results in a region which is more than 10 diameters away from the cylinder.This is what has been done in this paper by using the pulsed laser holographic interferometry for several shock Mach numbers of the impinging shock. Results for several moments are shown,giving more know- ledge about the whole unsteady flow field.This is useful for a reliable and complete understanding of the changing force acting on the cylinder,and provides interesting data to check the performance of many recently developed high resolution numerical methods for unsteady shock wave calculation.

Possibility to break through limitation of measurement range in dual-wavelength digital holography

By using the beat frequency technique,the dual-wavelength digital holography(DWDH)can greatly increase the measurement range of the system.However,the beat frequency technique has a limitation in measurement range.The measurement range is not larger than a synthetic wavelength.Here,to break through this limitation,we propose a novel DWDH method based on the constrained underdetermined equations,which consists of three parts:(i)prove that the constrained underdetermined equation has a unique integer solution,(ii)design an algorithm to search for the unique integer solution,(iii)introduce a third wavelength into the DWDH system,and design a corresponding algorithm to enhance the anti-noise performance of DWDH.As far as we know,it is the first time that we have discovered that the problem of DWDH can belong in a problem of contained underdetermined equations,and it is also the first time that we have given the mathematical proof for breaking through the limitation of the measurement range.A series of results is shown to test the theory and the corresponding algorithms.More importantly,since the principle of proposed DWDH is based on basic mathematical principles,it can be further extended to various fields,such as dual-wavelength microwave imaging and dual-wavelength coherent diffraction imaging.

Heat and Mass Transfer by Natural Convection during Transpiration trough a Porous Plate

Cooling by evaporation through transpiring porous walls is expanding in various industrial applications such as air conditioning. It is also used to cool water in a clay jug. This process deserves to be studied, understood and valued. This paper deals with the transpiration phenomenon through a saturated porous plate coupled with heat and mass transfer by natural convection. Conservation Equations (mass, momentum, energy and concentration), associated with adequate boundary conditions, have been numerically solved using an implicit finite difference iterative method. The numerical model has been validated by experimental measurements from holographic interferometry. The used method to obtain temperature and concentration profiles was explained. They are evaluated from the refractive index of moisture air in the boundary layer. The main numerical results presented are: Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, temperature, humidity, and velocity profiles within the boundary layer as well as the different heat fluxes exchanged between the plate and the surrounding environment. Besides, the present model allows showing the important effect of the equivalent thermal conductivity and the surface emissivity on temperature and heats flux.

Material optimization for low scattering noise duringnonvolatile holographic recording indoubly doped LiNbO_3 crystals

Scattering noises in four kinds of lithium niobate crystals with the same double doping system, which are LiNbO3:Fe:Mn, LiNbO3:Ce:Mn, LiNbO3:Ce:Cu, and LiNbO3:Fe:Cu, are observed and compared experimentally. The results show that nonvolatile holographic recording can effectively suppress scattering noise, which mainly depends on recombination coefficients of both the shallower centers and the deeper centers. The small recombination coefficients of the shallower centers and the large recombination coefficients of the deeper centers benefit the amplification of the signal gratings and the suppression of the noise gratings. In addition, the initial seed scattering also impacts the recorded scattering noise, and the little seed scattering results in low scattering noise. The theoretical simulations are performed for confirmation. Among the four kinds of doubly doped crystals, in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu the performances of nonvolatile recording are the best with low scattering noise and high diffraction efficiency.

Calculation on diffraction aperture of cube corner retroreflector

On the basis of optical property of cube corner retroreflector （CCR）, a new perception and calculation approach for diffraction aperture of CCR in two different forms is presented. The relationship between diffraction apertures and incident light with six different combinations of reflection order and incident angle is established. Far-field diffraction patterns of CCR under various incident conditions are also provided.

A symmetry concept and significance of fringe patterns as a direct diagnostic tool in artwork conservation

Previous collaborative studies have shown the main fringe patterns and their typical classification with regard to defects.Nevertheless,the complexity of the results prevents defect detection automation based on a fringe pattern classification table.The use of fringe patterns for the structural diagnosis of artwork is important for conveying crucial detailed information and dense data sources that are unmatched compared to those obtained using other conventional or modern techniques.Hologram interferometry fringe patterns uniquely reveal existing and potential structural conditions independent of object shape,surface complexity,material inhomogeneity,multilayered and mixed media structures,without requiring contact and interaction with the precious surface.Thus,introducing a concept that from one hand allows fringe patterns to be considered as a powerful standalone physical tool for direct structural condition evaluation with a focus on artwork conservators'need for structural diagnosis while sets a conceptual basis for defect detection automation is crucial.The aim intensifies when the particularities of ethics and safety in the field of art conservation are considered.There are ways to obtain the advantages of fringe patterns even when specialized software and advanced analysis algorithms fail to convey usable information.Interactively treating the features of fringe patterns through step-wise reasoning provides direct diagnosis while formulates the knowledge basis to automate defect isolation and identification procedures for machine learning and artificial intelligence(AI)development.The transfer of understanding of the significance of fringe patterns through logical steps to an AI system is this work's ultimate technical aim.Research on topic is ongoing.

An enhanced method for fast generation of hologram sub-lines

Sub-lines are one-dimensional diffraction patterns representing the light beams emerging from horizontal planes of an object image. Past research has demonstrated that the sub-lines can be encapsulated as a multi-bank filtering process, and implemented with a field programmable gate array （FPGA） device. As the complexity of the filters is high, their length and the number of input pins have to be reduced substantially, hence leading to degradation on the reconstructed images. We propose an enhanced method to overcome the problem by binarizing the filters＇ coefficients, and half-toning the pixel intensities of the object image. Experimental evaluation reveals that our method results in reconstructed images are superior to that obtained with the parent method.

Thermal Deformation Measurement and Stress Analysis of PQFP Assembly during Power Cycling

The three dimensional displacements fields in a surface mounted plastic quad flat pack (PQFP) assembly are measured during power cycling using a combination of holographic interferometry and high sensitivity moire interferometry. Detailed in plane and out of plane whole field displacement data of the top and bottom ends of the gull wing leads and their distributions along the edge of PQFP are provided. The maximum deformations of the gull wing leads occur at the four corners of the PQFP. The experimental results are used as displacement boundary condition in a linear elastic analysis of the thermal stresses of the corner lead and its solder joint using a 3 D finite element method (FEM). The highest stresses occur in the area connecting the lead and the solder joint. The results should be useful in the evaluation of thermal fatigue damage of surface mount assemblies.