The Wu Xing Theory and Homeostatic Interaction of Organs

In this paper the making of homeostatic models of the bioenergetic informational acupunctural human’s system of the “Pentacube” and the “Hexagon” according to the Wu Xing rules and energy shifts dynamics is considering. The making of the meridional homeostatic model of the bioenergetic informational acupunctural human’s system based on the existing knowledges about the human body meridians is considering. Preference to choice of the homeostatic functional models of the human body organs energies interaction is substantiated. The meridional control submodel of homeostatic system is defined and constructed. The description of control submodel, perspectives of application and development are represented.

Cortical stimulation for treatment of neurological disorders of hyperexcitability: a role of homeostatic plasticity

Hyperexcitability of neural network is a key neurophysiological mechanism in several neurological disorders including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and tinnitus. Although standard paradigm of pharmacological management of them is to suppress this hyperexcitability, such as having been exemplified by the use of certain antiepileptic drugs, their frequent refractoriness to drug treatment suggests likely different pathophysiological mechanism. Because the pathogenesis in these disorders exhibits a transition from an initial activity loss after injury or sensory deprivation to subsequent hyperexcitability and paroxysmal discharges, this process can be regarded as a process of functional compensation similar to homeostatic plasticity regulation, in which a set level of activity in neural network is maintained after injury-induced activity loss through enhanced network excitability. Enhancing brain activity, such as cortical stimulation that is found to be effective in relieving symptoms of these disorders, may reduce such hyperexcitability through homeostatic plasticity mechanism. Here we review current evidence of homeostatic plasticity in the mechanism of acquired epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and tinnitus and the effects and mechanism of cortical stimulation. Establishing a role of homeostatic plasticity in these disorders may provide a theoretical basis on their pathogenesis as well as guide the development and application of therapeutic approaches through electrically or pharmacologically stimulating brain activity for treating these disorders.

Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a homeostatic regulator of synaptic function in the central nervous system

Membrane depolarization induces the release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator（t PA） from the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons.Once in the synaptic cleft this t PA promotes the exocytosis and subsequent endocytic retrieval of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles,and regulates the postsynaptic response to the presynaptic release of glutamate.Indeed,t PA has a bidirectional effect on the composition of the postsynaptic density（PSD） that does not require plasmin generation or the presynaptic release of glutamate,but varies according to the baseline level of neuronal activity.Hence,in inactive neurons t PA induces phosphorylation and accumulation in the PSD of the Ca^（2＋）/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα（pCa MKIIα）,followed by pCa MKIIα-induced phosphorylation and synaptic recruitment of Glu R1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid（AMPA） receptors.In contrast,in active neurons with increased levels of pCa MKIIα in the PSD t PA induces pCa MKIIα and p Glu R1 dephosphorylation and their subsequent removal from the PSD.These effects require active synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate（NMDA） receptors and cyclin-dependent kinase 5（Cdk5）-induced phosphorylation of the protein phosphatase 1（PP1） at T320.These data indicate that t PA is a homeostatic regulator of the postsynaptic response of cerebral cortical neurons to the presynaptic release of glutamate via bidirectional regulation of the pCa MKIIα/PP1 switch in the PSD.

Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Estimated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Progressive insulin resistance (IR) is an important pathophysiologic mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is commonly used as a parameter of the severity of insulin resistance. Aims: To determine indices of insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to September 2018 at Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was performed with 41 GDM and equal number of pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) diagnosed on basis of WHO criterion-2013 during 24 - 40 weeks of gestation. Serum glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method and fasting serum insulin was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Equations of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) were used to calculate insulin indices like-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S). Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: A total of eighty-two (82) subjects [41 women with GDM (age: 28.29 ± 3.79 years, BMI: 27.16 ± 4.13 kg/m2) and 41 women with NGT (age: 26.22 ± 5.13 years, BMI: 25.27 ± 3.01 kg/m2)] were included in this study. It was observed that GDM women were significantly older (p = 0.041) and had significantly higher BMI (p = 0.020) than pregnant women with NGT. The GDM group had significantly higher IR as indicated by higher fasting insulin value [GDM vs. NGT;10.19 (7.71 - 13.34) vs. 6.88 (5.88 - 8.47) μIU/ml, median (IQR);p = 0.001] and HOMA-IR [GDM vs. NGT;2.31 (1.73 - 3.15) vs. 1.42 (1.15 - 1.76), median (IQR);p < 0.001], poor β-cell secretory capacity [GDM vs. NGT;HOMA-B: 112.63 (83.52 - 143.93) vs. 128.60 (108.77 - 157.58), median (IQR);p = 0.04] and low insulin sensitivity [GDM vs. NGT;HOMA-%S: 43.29 (31.77 - 57.98) vs. 70.42 (56.86 - 86.59), median (IQR);p < 0.001]. Conclusions: GDM is associated with both insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion.

Homeostatic regulation of brain functions by endocannabinoid signaling

Humans have been using Cannabis and its extracts for a few thousand years as a medicinal and recreational drug. How- ever, the chemical component in Cannabis sativa, △9-tet- rahydrocannabinol （△9-THC）, an exogenous cannabinoid, remained unknown until it was isolated and identified as the main psychoactive ingredient （Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964）.

Homeostatic Determinate Systems and Thermodynamics of Selforganization and Evolution of Material World

The paper considers new approaches to system analysis of natural phenomena in physics, chemistry and bi- ology. It lays the foundation of the homeostatic determinate systems theory that allows revealing the mecha- nism by which the basic principle of natural science, determinism, is being realized. Evolution of the mate- rial world is represented as inevitable and continuous growth of orderliness (negentropy) based on transition from one type of determinate systems to another. Increasing negentropy is shown to be closely associated with continuous accumulation of information, which determines the natural diversity in physics, chemistry and biology.

Dendritic spine density changes and homeostatic synaptic scaling:a meta-analysis of animal studies

Mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity promote compensatory changes of cellular excitability in response to chronic changes in the network activity.This type of plasticity is essential for the maintenance of brain circuits and is involved in the regulation of neural regeneration and the progress of neurodegenerative disorders.One of the most studied homeostatic processes is synaptic scaling,where global synaptic adjustments take place to restore the neuronal firing rate to a physiological range by the modulation of synaptic receptors,neurotransmitters,and morphology.However,despite the comprehensive literature on the electrophysiological properties of homeostatic scaling,less is known about the structural adjustments that occur in the synapses and dendritic tree.In this study,we performed a meta-analysis of articles investigating the effects of chronic network excitation(synaptic downscaling)or inhibition(synaptic upscaling)on the dendritic spine density of neurons.Our results indicate that spine density is consistently reduced after protocols that induce synaptic scaling,independent of the intervention type.Then,we discuss the implication of our findings to the current knowledge on the morphological changes induced by homeostatic plasticity.

Homeostatic cell cycle and the origin of autophagosomal vesicles

The autophagosomes were identified in the viable cycloheximide (CHX)-treated cells which had an incapacitated translational process and thus disabled synthesis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicular transporters. They were found devoid of the proteins transported from ER to cell organelles, were unable to fuse with ER, Golgi or mitochondria, and displayed affinity with lysosomes. The analysis of autophagosomes, derived from the CHX cell organelles, revealed that their lipid composition resemble that of the maternal organelle. Thus, the ER-derived autophagosomes were marked with the presence of phosphatidylinositol (PI), Golgi-derived vesicles contained sphingomyelin (SM) and glycosphingolipids (GLL), and the mitochondria-derived autophagosomes contained phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). The incubation of the vesicles with intact lysosomes afforded their and the lysosome membrane lipids degradation. The analysis of the products derived from incubation of lysosomes and autophagosomes with radiolabeled SM, in the presence and the absence of TritonX100, allowed us to conclude that during autophagosome degradation the lysosomal enzymes are not released to cytosol, and that only lysosomes contain the enzymes degrading membrane lipids. In summary, our findings allowed us to authenticate the vesicles generated in the CHX-treated cells as organelle-specific autophagosomes and to determine that complete cycle of cell restitution and debridement includes intralysosomal degradation of the lysosomal membrane engulfing the autophagosomes vesicles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Positive Correlation with Homeostatic Evolution of Human Being:Based on Medical Perspective

Adaptation is an eternal theme of biological evolution. The paper aims at exploring the conception of positive correlation between traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and human homeostatic evolution based on medical perspective. Discussions mainly involve TCM conforming to natural laws and natural evolution of life, spontaneous harmonization of yin and yang and operating system of human self-healing, modern human immunology and human endogenous immune function in TCM, self-homeostasis of human micro-ecological state and balance mechanism on regulating base in TCM, as well as adaptation--eternal theme of biological evolution and safeguarding adaptability--value of TCM. In perspective of medicine, theory and practice of TCM are in positive correlation with human homeostatic evolution, and what TCM tries to maintain is human intrinsic adaptive capability to disease and nature. Therefore, it is the core value of TCM, which is to be further studied, explored, realized and known to the world.

A Delayed HIV Infection Model with the Homeostatic Proliferation of CD4^(+)T Cells

In this paper,we investigate a delayed HIV infection model that considers the homeostatic prolif-eration of CD4^(+)T cells.The existence and stability of uninfected equilibrium and infected equilibria(smaller and larger ones)are studied by analyzing the characteristic equation of the system.The intracellular delay does not affect the stability of uninfected equilibrium,but it can change the stability of larger positive equilibrium and Hopf bifurcation appears inducing stable limit cycles.Furthermore,direction and stability of Hopf bifur-cation are well investigated by using the central manifold theorem and the normal form theory.The numerical simulation results show that the stability region of larger positive equilibrium becomes smaller as the increase of time delay.Moreover,when the maximum homeostatic growth rate is very small,the larger positive equilibrium is always stable.On the contrary,when the rate of supply of T cells is very small,the larger positive equilibrium is always unstable.

Clinical characteristics of acute non-varicose upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the effect of endoscopic hemostasis

BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)constitutes a prevalent emergency within Gastroenterology,encompassing 80%-90%of all gastrointestinal hemorrhage incidents.This condition is distinguished by its abrupt onset,swift progression,and notably elevated mortality rate.AIM To gather clinical data from patients with ANVUGIB at our hospital in order to elucidate the clinical characteristics specific to our institution and analyze the therapeutic effectiveness of endoscopic hemostasis.METHODS We retrospectively retrieved the records of 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB by endoscopy at our hospital between March 2021 and March 2023,utilizing our medical record system.Data pertaining to general patient information,etiological factors,disease outcomes,and other relevant variables were meticulously collected and analyzed.RESULTS Among the 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB,the male-to-female ratio was 2.91:1,with a higher prevalence among males.Notably,43.6%of patients presented with black stool as their primary complaint,while 27.4%had hematemesis as their initial symptom.Upon admission,17%of patients exhibited both hematemesis and black stool,while most ANVUGIB patients primarily complained of overt gastrointestinal bleeding.Urgent routine blood examinations at admission revealed that 75.8%of patients had anemia,with 63.4%experiencing moderate to severe anemia,and 1.5%having extremely severe anemia(hemoglobin<30 g/L).With regard to etiology,53.2%of patients experienced bleeding without a definitive trigger,24.2%had a history of using gastric mucosa-irritating medications,24.2%developed bleeding after alcohol consumption,2.8%attributed it to improper diet,1.7%to emotional excitement,and 2.3%to fatigue preceding the bleeding episode.Drug-induced ANVUGIB was more prevalent in the elderly than middle-aged and young individuals,while bleeding due to alcohol consumption showed the opposite trend.Additionally,diet-related bleeding was more common among the young age group compared to the middle-aged group.Gastrointestinal endoscopy identified peptic ulcers as the most frequent cause of ANVUGIB(73.3%),followed by gastrointestinal malignancies(10.9%),acute gastric mucous lesions(9.8%),and androgenic upper gastrointestinal bleeding(1.5%)among inpatients with ANVUGIB.Of the 532 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding,68 underwent endoscopic hemostasis,resulting in an endoscopic treatment rate of 12.8%,with a high immediate hemostasis success rate of 94.1%.

PD-1^(+)and TIM-3^(+)T cells widely express commonγ-chain cytokine receptors in multiple myeloma patients,and IL-2,IL-7,IL-15 stimulation up-regulates PD-1 and TIM-3 on T cells

Background:Immune checkpoint ligand-receptor interactions appear to be associated with multiple myeloma(MM)progression.Simultaneously,previous studies showed the possibility of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression on T cells upon stimulation with commonγ-chain family cytokines in vitro and during homeostatic proliferation.The aim of the present work was to study the impact of homeostatic proliferation on the expansion of certain T cell subsets upregulating PD-1 and TIM-3 checkpoint molecules.Methods:The expression of CD25,CD122,CD127 commonγ-chain cytokine receptors,phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-5(pSTAT5)and eomesodermin(EOMES)was comparatively assessed with flow cytometry in PD-1-and TIM-3-negative and positive T cells before the conditioning and during the first post-transplant month in peripheral blood samples of MM patients.Results:Substantial proportions of PD-1-and TIM-3-positive T lymphocytes expressed commonγ-chain cytokine receptors and pSTAT5.Frequencies of cytokine receptor expressing cells were significantly higher within TIM-3+T cells compared to PD-1+TIM-3−subsets.Considerable proportions of both PD-1-/TIM-3-negative and positive CD8+T cells express EOMES,while only moderate frequencies of CD4+PD-1+/TIM-3+T cells up-regulate this transcription factor.Besides,the surface presence of CD25 and intranuclear expression of EOMES in CD4+T cells were mutually exclusive regardless of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression.The stimulation with commonγ-chain cytokines up-regulates PD-1 and TIM-3 during the proliferation of initially PD-1/TIM-3-negative T cells but fails to expand initially PD-1+and TIM-3+T cell subsets in vitro.Conclusions:Both PD-1 and TIM-3 expressing T cells appear to be able to respond to homeostatic cytokine stimulation.Differences in commonγ-chain cytokine receptor expression between PD-1+and TIM-3+T cells may reflect functional dissimilarity of these cell subsets.Checkpoint blockade appears to alleviate lymphopenia-induced proliferation of PD-1+T cells but may raise the possibility of immune-mediated adverse events.

药物性肝损伤发生机制的研究进展

药物性肝损伤(drug induced liver injury,DILI)是全球范围内常见的药品不良反应,也是临床实践中一直尚未解决的问题,其发病率和致死率逐年升高。DILI的发生可能是多种因素共同作用的结果,至今尚未完全阐明。本研究通过查阅相关文献对药物性肝损伤机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为其临床科学预防、诊断和治疗提供参考。

摩腹法结合揿针对焦虑性失眠大鼠下丘脑睡眠内稳态系统腹外侧视前核的影响

【目的】观察摩腹法结合揿针对焦虑性失眠大鼠睡眠内稳态系统的影响。【方法】将40只大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、摩腹组、揿针组和摩腹加揿针组,每组8只。除正常组,其余各组大鼠采用多因素复合刺激法复制焦虑性失眠模型。相应干预后,Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆水平,旷场实验检测焦虑应激程度,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察下丘脑腹外侧视前核(VLPO)神经元病理变化,免疫组织化学法、实时定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)法、Western Blot法检测VLPO脑区N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚基NR1、NR2B和钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)的蛋白及mRNA表达。【结果】与正常组比较,模型组大鼠日间焦虑症状加重,睡眠潜伏期延长、持续时间缩短(P<0.01),水迷宫定向航行实验平均游泳总路程和平均逃避潜伏期增加(P<0.01),空间探索实验穿越隐藏平台的次数和目标象限滞留时间减少(P<0.01),旷场实验运动距离、中央格跨越格数与中央格滞留时间均显著减少(P<0.01),修饰频次与直立次数无统计学差异(P>0.05),VLPO脑区神经元出现病理损伤,NR1、CaMKⅡ蛋白及mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.01),NR2B蛋白及mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,摩腹组、揿针组和摩腹加揿针组大鼠水迷宫实验学习记忆水平与旷场实验焦虑应激程度得到明显恢复(P<0.05或P<0.01),VLPO脑区神经元损伤改善,NR1、CaMKⅡ蛋白及mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),NR2B蛋白及mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);摩腹加揿针组上述各指标改善效果均优于摩腹组或揿针组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。【结论】摩腹法结合揿针可对焦虑性失眠大鼠起到促眠和抗焦虑的疗效,其相关机制可能与调控VLPO脑区NR1/NR2B之间的动态平衡及上调CaMKⅡ表达水平,改善VLPO脑区神经元功能,进而恢复下丘脑睡眠内稳态系统调节作用有关。

稳态医学观视角下恶性肿瘤的认识与治疗

稳态医学观是刘成源教授基于传统中医理论和现代科学提出的基础性理论观点,该观点将生命体的生理病理活动统归为人体稳态的变化,而治疗则是通过外界干预手段使人体稳态恢复正常的过程。稳态医学观为中医西医融合提供了可行的理论支点,亦可指导中医西医在实际层面的结合,文章拟从临床常见危重疾病恶性肿瘤出发,系统阐述稳态医学观的内涵与实际应用。

精氨酸在口⁃肠菌群中的代谢及其稳态调控作用的研究进展

菌群失衡会导致微环境失调,引发龋病、炎症性肠病、肥胖和糖尿病等局部或全身性疾病。菌群失衡主要表现为代谢过程及产物的紊乱,精氨酸在宿主和菌群的多种代谢过程中发挥重要作用。本文拟从精氨酸在口⁃肠菌群中的代谢及其稳态调控作用入手,探讨其在菌群失衡相关疾病中的潜在治疗价值。干预或调控宿主微生物的组成或功能有望恢复宿主和微生物的稳态,精氨酸具有极高的临床应用潜能。精氨酸参与调控变异链球菌和血链球菌的相对丰度,有望降低龋病的发病风险。精氨酸代谢参与调控厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的相对丰度,在炎症性肠病以及肥胖的改善中可以发挥重要作用。精氨酸及其代谢产物多胺在酮症酸中毒倾向性糖尿病的治疗中也有良好的治疗前景。虽然精氨酸在口腔疾病、肠道疾病及代谢相关疾病的治疗中发挥了重要作用,但其是否发挥直接作用仍未明确,其具体作用机制也需进一步阐明。此外,目前尚无研究证实其临床应用的最适浓度,掌握合适的精氨酸剂量以精确调控菌群的组成,避免其产生副作用也是未来进一步研究的方向。

莱菔素的生物活性及其稳态化技术研究进展

为了促进莱菔素的基础研究和综合开发利用,本文综述了莱菔素的生物活性,并对其稳态化技术进行总结。莱菔素化学名称4-甲基亚磺酰基-3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯,是由黑芥子酶酶解硫代葡萄糖苷类化合物生成的产物。莱菔素具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗癌、抗突变等多种生物活性。虽然莱菔素具有很高的应用潜力和市场前景,但是稳定性较差,易受环境因素影响,因此限制了其在食品及医药领域的广泛应用。研究发现,在莱菔素的保存及加工过程中,可以通过降低内部含水量或是将其包埋来提高莱菔素的稳定性。本文为莱菔素功能性产品开发提供参考。

生态恢复对马尾松叶片化学计量及氮磷转移的影响

为了解生态恢复对侵蚀红壤恢复的马尾松林叶片碳氮磷化学计量及氮磷养分转移的影响,在福建省长汀县河田镇典型侵蚀红壤区选取恢复13、30、33a的马尾松林为研究对象,并以未治理侵蚀地(CK1)和次生林(CK2)分别作为恢复前和恢复后的对照,通过测定马尾松叶片的碳、氮、磷含量,计算其计量比,内稳性指数和氮磷转移率,分析了侵蚀红壤生长的马尾松养分限制与养分转移的关系。结果表明:在侵蚀红壤恢复过程中,马尾松1年龄叶片C、N、P含量及1年龄叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P变化较小,这与马尾松较高的内稳性有关(N和P内稳性指数分别为7.57和3.89)。所有实验地马尾松1年龄叶片N∶P处于11.0—13.4之间,表明马尾松的生长受N、P共同限制,其中马尾松叶片N转移率显著低于P转移率,这与生态恢复过程中马尾松养分利用效率、生长需求以及土壤养分供应状况有关。1年龄叶片C∶N、C∶P分别与马尾松N、P转移率成负相关关系,当马尾松叶片C∶N、C∶P较低时,表明N、P利用效率较低,叶片衰老时更多的N和P被转移利用;反之,则N、P利用效率较高,转移率低。同时,C∶N、C∶P分别与树高、胸径成显著负相关关系,即马尾松生长对N、P的需求同样会影响化学计量比的变化,从而影响养分转移。虽然侵蚀地生态恢复过程中土壤N、P含量增加,但仍较贫瘠,不足以满足马尾松的生长,马尾松养分转移率较高,因此,为了提高侵蚀地恢复的马尾松林的生产力,建议下一步恢复措施中适当施加N肥和P肥。该研究将侵蚀红壤不同生态恢复年限的马尾松叶片C、N、P化学计量及养分转移结合,有助于全面、系统地揭示生态恢复过程马尾松林的养分循环,对指导侵蚀红壤恢复和提高马尾松生产力具有重要意义。

甘南亚高寒草甸金露梅叶片氮磷化学计量学动态

通过甘南地区金露梅的研究,以营养元素的不同水平供给为外部驱动因素,有无繁殖过程为内部因素,比较分析了金露梅叶片氮磷化学计量学的变化特征.研究结果表明:施肥显著影响了叶片的w(N)和w(P),施肥后叶片的w(N)依次为17.8,18.9,20.1,22.6mg/g,w(P)依次为1.92,2.05,2.19,2.58mg/g,但施肥对w(N):w(P)的影响不显著.繁殖显著降低了叶片的w(N)和w(N):w(P),而对w(P)影响不显著.外部和内部因素对金露梅叶片的化学计量学的影响不相同.不同的施肥水平显著影响金露梅叶片的w(N)和w(P),而对w(N):w(P)影响不显著.证明繁殖过程导致了氮的大量消耗和w(N):w(P)的显著降低.金露梅在内外因素的影响下分别表现了w(N):w(P)的趋同和分异.

多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

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