Research Progress of Osteoporosis Based on the Theory of"Homology of Liver and Kidney"

Osteoporosis is a systemic chronic metabolic bone disease,mainly in the elderly and postmenopausal women.At present,most of the clinical treatment is western medicine,but the curative effect is not very significant.In the treatment of osteoporosis,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is mainly based on the overall concept of TCM.This article briefly analyzes osteoporosis from the theory of"liver and kidney homology,"discusses the research on osteoporosis in TCM,and hopes to provide reference for the clinical treatment and research of osteoporosis.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Related Infertility Based on the Theory of“Liver and Kidney Homology”

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is an endocrine disorder caused by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian(HPO)axis dysfunction.In the field of gynecology and reproduction,PCOS has emerged as both a research hot spot and a challenging area of study.According to Chinese medicine,this disease is related to kidney deficiency,phlegm and dampness obstruction,blood stasis and interconnection,Chong pulse impassability,the lack of Ren pulse,and the loss of uterine nourishment,all of which affect the normal development and maturation of eggs as well as the duration at which menstrual blood stores.In this paper,based on the theoretical basis of“liver collects blood,regulates the flow of qi,and is the master of drainage,”we explore the rationality of the treatment of this disease from the perspective of“liver and kidney have the same origin”and the development of PCOS-related infertility in relation to dysfunctional internal organs.We also explore the feasibility of treatment from the perspective of“liver and kidney homology,”expand the ideas for treatment,as well as develop and innovate the application of organ identification in PCOS in relation to infertility.

Oxidative Stress, Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Kidney of Female Rats Exposed to Low Doses of Deltamethrin (DM):A Molecular Assessment

Objective To evaluate histopathological alterations of the liver and kidney of female rats exposed to low doses of DM and its potential genotoxic activity. Methods Female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control （3 groups, 6 rats in each） and treatment groups （3 groups, 6 rats in each）. They were subjected to subcutaneous injections of DM （at doses of 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mg/kg bw/d） after 30, 45, and 60 d, respectively. Results Significant alterations were recorded in liver parenchyma induced by hepatic vacuolization, fragmented chromatin in nuclei, dilatation of sinusoids and congestions. Lesions within proximal and distal tubules were observed in the kidneys. Tissue congestions and severe alterations within glomeruli were visible. DM as a pyrethroid insecticide induced significant increase （P〈_O.05） of plasma MDA concentrations after 45 d. A significant increase （P_〈0.05） in plasma ALT （after 45 and 60 d） and AST （after 60 d） concentrations was recorded as compared to controls. During the whole experimental period the toxic agent provoked significant DNA damages （P〈0.05）, especially in the dominance of classes 3 and 4 of obtained comet. Conclusion DM even at a very low dose displays harmful effects by disrupting hepatic and renal function and causing DNA damages in puberscent female rats. Low doses of DM are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Influences of Chloropazine, Nimodipine and Their Combination on the Toxic Effects of Cadmium in Liver and Kidney of Mice

The influences of the calmodulin antagonist chlorpromazine (CPZ), and calcium channel blocker nimodipine (NIMO) and their combination on cadmium (Cd) poisoning of mice were studied. A seties of biochemical parameters including urinary enzyme activities, blood and urine Cd levels, metallothionein (MT) contents in liver and kidney, hepatic ultrastructure and Ca2+ -Mg2+ AT-Pase activity in erythrocyte membrane were determined. Animal models for Cd poisoning were established by peritoneal injection of 1/5 LD50 CdCl2. The experimental groups were protected by administration of CPZ, NIMO and CPZ and NIMO in combination l h before the injection of CdCl2. Five days later, samples were collected for analysis. The data showed that Crs could protect kidney tissue against Cd-induced damage, as the urinary γ-glutamyl traspepti dase (γ- GT ) and N- acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were reduced significantly. There was neither evidence of the protective effect of NIMO on kidney tissue nor an indication of a synergistic effecf of Crs and NIMO.Both CPZ and NIMO showed a considerable protective effect against the deerease in Ca2+ -Mg2+ AT-Pase activity, and a synergistic action was observed. Cd content in blood was reduced significanily by CPZ or the combination of CPZ and NIMO, but elevated by NIMO. Both CPZ and NIMO consideraby increased MT contents in livers and kidneys and ameliorated damaged to the hepatic ultrastructures caused by Cd. The results indicated that these inhibitors could protect mice against the toxic effects of Cd in liver and kidney tissues, while CPZ was more efficient than NIMO. The combination of CPZ and NIMO exerted a synergistic action. The protective action of these two drugs might be relevent to the function of MT.

The Role of Pumpkin Extraction on the Liver and Kidney of Mice Previously Treated with Haloperidol during Lactation

The present study was initiated to investigate the effect ofhaloperidol on the histological structures of the liver and kidney of mice and their infants. Pumpkin was used to inhibit the toxic effects of this drug. Mothers, directly after delivery from the first day to the weaning age at the 21 day were divided into four groups： the first group （control）, the second group supplied with （1 mg haloperidol /kg/B.W./day）, the third group was supplied with （1 ml pumpkin extraction/kg/B.W./day）, the fourth group was supplied with （1 ml pumpkin/Kg/B.W.）. The histological examination of the haloperidol treated mothers revealed its bad condition in compare with the other groups where there was absence of natural architecture of the liver and complete disintegration of the renal tubules. Also, the same symptoms were recorded in the liver and kidney of the infants. An obvious improvement in the structures of liver and kidney in mothers and infants as well as the recovery of most tissues to their normal appearance after the treatment with the mixture of haloperidol and pumpkin in compare with the haloperidol-group and pumpkin-group also showed a normal structure as the control-group.

Estimation of Heavy Metal Levels in the Muscle, Gizzard, Liver and Kidney of Broiler, Layer and Local (Cockerel) Chickens Raised within Awka Metropolis and Its Environs, Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria

65 chickens (layer, broiler and cockerel) from different farms within Awka metropolis and its environs were purchased, processed and analyzed for the levels of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, V and Cu) in the internal organs (muscle, gizzard, liver and kidney) of the chickens using flame atomic absorption spectrometer after nitric/perchloric acid digestion. The ranges of mean concentrations of the metals in the internal organs of the chickens in mg/g were Pb;(0.046 - 0.478) As;(0.053 - 0.318), Cd;(0.027 - 0.649), Cr;(0.045 - 0.234), Hg;(0.052 - 0.740), Ni;(0.038 - 0.534), V;(0.037 - 0.053), and Cu;(0.146 - 0.445). About 10% - 40% of Pb, Cd and Hg exceeded the permissible level of 0.5 ppm set for these metals in the liver and kidney of the chickens. Anova analysis revealed significance of the heavy metals in the internal organs of the chickens at p < 0.05.

Effects of Noise Pollution on Functions of the Liver and Kidney of Rats

To study the effects of noise pollution on the functions of the liver and kidney of rats, a total of 40 male SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group and three experimental groups. The rats in the experimental groups were respectively stimulated with 38, 55 and 70 dB noise for 15 days, and the levels of blood components were determined by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The results showed that in compari-son with the control group, the level of the blood glucose in the experimental groups increased by 23.53%, 52.94% and 88.24%, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The levels of triglyceride in the blood rose by 20.83%, 38.54% and 79.68%, respectively, and the differences were also statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The level of globulin in the blood increased by 16.49%, 21.13% and 51.78%, and the level of albumin in the blood rose by 9.51 %, 12.67% and 17.89%, respectively. The level of total bilirubin in the blood increased by 27.04%, 41.63% and 73.67%, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The level of creatinine in the blood rose by 9.72%, 10.21% and 20.99%, respectively. The level of amylase in the blood reduced by 6.6%, 13.05% and 23.89%, respectively. The level of creatine kinase in the blood decreased by 19.81%, 27.37% and 36.81 %, respectively, and the level of urea in the blood reduced by 11.19%, 12.77% and 19.26%, respectively. The results revealed that noise pollution could significantly affect the levels of blood components and the functions of the liver and kidney of rats.

In vitro intracellular IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 producing T cells correlates with the occurrence of post-transplant opportunistic infection in liver and kidney recipients

AIM To validate intracellular cytokine production functional assay as means of cell-mediated immunity monitoring of post-transplant patients with opportunistic infection(OI).METHODS Intracellular cytokine-producing CD4^+ and CD8^+ T-cell monitoring was carried out in 30 liver transplant(LTr) and 31 kidney transplant(KTr) recipients from 2010 to 2012. Patients were assessed in our Department of Immunology at the Clinical University ‘Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB' in Murcia, Spain for one year following transplantation. FACS Canto Ⅱ flow cytometer was employed to quantify the intracellular production of IL-17, IFNγ and IL-10 cytokines on stimulated CD4^+CD69^+ and CD8^+CD69^+ T cells and BD FACS DIVA v.6 software was used to analysed the data. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 22.0.RESULTS LTr with OI had significantly lower % of CD8^+CD69^+IFNγ^+T cells at 60(7.95 ± 0.77 vs 26.25 ± 2.09, P < 0.001), 90(7.47 ± 1.05 vs 30.34 ± 3.52, P < 0.001) and 180(15.31 ± 3.24 vs 24.59 ± 3.28, P = 0.01) d posttransplantation. Higher % of CD4^+CD69^+IL-10^+ as well as CD4^+CD69^+IL-17^+ T cells were yet reported at 30(14.06 ± 1.65 vs 6.09 ± 0.53, P = 0.0007 and 4.23 ± 0.56 vs 0.81 ± 0.14, P = 0.005; respectively), 60(11.46 ± 1.42 vs 4.54 ± 0.91, P = 0.001 and 4.21 ± 0.59 vs 1.43 ± 0.42, P = 0.03; respectively) and 90 d(16.85 ± 1.60 vs 4.07 ± 0.63, P < 0.001 and 3.97 ± 0.43 vs 0.96 ± 0.17, P = 0.001). Yet, KTr with OI had significantly lower percentage of CD4^+CD69^+IFNγ^+ at 30(11.80 ± 1.59 vs 20.64 ± 3.26, P = 0.035), 60(11.19 ± 1.35 vs 15.85 ± 1.58, P = 0.02), 90(11.37 ± 1.42 vs 22.99 ± 4.12, P = 0.028) and 180(13.63 ± 2.21 vs 21.93 ± 3.88, P = 0.008) d post-transplantation as opposed to CD4^+CD69^+IL-10^+ and CD8^+CD69^+IL-10^+ T cells which percentages were higher at 30(25.21 ± 2.74 vs 8.54 ± 1.64, P < 0.001 and 22.37 ± 1.35 vs 17.18 ± 3.54, P = 0.032; respectively), 90(16.85 ± 1.60 vs 4.07 ± 0.63, P < 0.001 and 23.06 ± 2.89 vs 10.19 ± 1.98, P = 0.002) and 180(21.81 ± 1.72 vs 6.07 ± 0.98, P < 0.001 and 19.68 ± 2.27 vs 10.59 ± 3.17, P = 0.016) d posttransplantation. The au ROC curve model determined the most accurate cut-off values to stratify LTr and KTr at high risk of OI and Cox Regression model confirmed these biomarkers as the most significant risk factors to opportunistic infection.CONCLUSION Post-transplant percentages of T-cell subsets differed significantly amongst infected-and non-infected-LTr and-KTr and yet this imbalance was found to contribute towards a worst clinical outcome.

Theoretical Discussion on Treatment of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Based on Theory of Liver,Spleen and Kidney

Cubital tunnel syndrome is a disease in which ulnar nerve is compressed by its surrounding tissues,and its main clinical manifestations are pain,sensory disturbance and dyskinesia.Its incidence rate is the second highest among peripheral nerve entrapment diseases,and it is one of the common clinical diseases.The theory of liver,spleen and kidney can guide the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome with traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture.By discussing the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)pathogenesis and treatment principles of cubital tunnel syndrome,it provides modern medical theoretical support for TCM treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome.

An analysis of Liver and Kidney pathogenesis and treatment based on the theory of interpromotion and restraint of the five elements

The interpromotion and restraint of the five elements is the self-regulation mechanism of the five elements system under normal conditions.For the human viscera,by comparing the images,deducing and classifying the attributes of things,the human viscera are connected with the five elements,and it is concluded that the Liver belongs to Wood and the Kidney belongs to Water.According to the law of mutual generation and restriction between the five elements,the pathogenic causes,pathogenesis and relationship with other viscera of the Liver and Kidney can be known,so as to establish corresponding treatment methods,such as"Nourishing Water and protecting Wood"(providing Kidney for the growth of Liver method),"Golden Water symbiosis"(generation between the Lung and Kidney),"Cultivating soil and generating gold"(warming the Kidney and benefited Spleen method),Supporting lung to suppress Liver,purging heart Fire to nourish renal Water method,etc.It is of referential significance for the treatment of Liver and Kidney diseases in the diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.

MRI-determined fat content of human liver,pancreas and kidney

AIM:To assess and correlate the lipid content of various organs in obese subjects and in persons with a normal body weight.METHODS:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a previously validated gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging method with Dixon's two point technique were used in this study to quantify fat in liver,pancreas as well as kidney.RESULTS:In 36 volunteers with body mass index(BMI) ranging from 20.0 to 42.9 kg/m2,the median fat content of liver,pancreas and kidney was 2.3%(interquartile range:0.2%-7.8%),2.7%(1.0%-6.5%) and 0.7%(0.1%-1.4%),respectively.BMI and subcutaneous fat correlated significantly with liver and pancreas fat content.We show for the first time the significant correlation of liver and pancreas fat content in healthy controls(r = 0.43,P < 0.01).These observations are related to body weight as measured by BMI and the amount of subcutaneous fat.Kidney fat content is very low and correlates with none of the other fat depots.CONCLUSION:Renal lipid accumulation,unlike the coupled accumulations of fat in liver and pancreas,is not observed in obese subjects.Unlike suggestions made in previous studies,renal lipid accumulation appears not to be involved in the pathogenesis of renal disease in humans.

A successful case of combined liver and kidney transplantation for autosomal dominant polycystic liver and kidney disease

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Clinical trial with traditional Chinese medicine intervention ''tonifying the kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment'' for chronic hepatitis B-associated liver failure

AIM:To study the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)intervention"tonifying the kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment"("TTK")for treating liver failure due to chronic hepatitis B.METHODS:We designed the study as a randomized controlled clinical trial.Registration number of Chinese Clinical Trial Registry is Chi CTR-TRC-12002961.A total of 144 patients with liver failure due to infection with chronic hepatitis B virus were enrolled in this randomized controlled clinical study.Participants were randomly assigned to the following three groups:(1)a modern medicine control group(MMC group,36patients);(2)a"tonifying qi and detoxification"("TQD")group(72 patients);and(3)a"tonifying the kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting stem cells and their microenvironment"("TTK")group(36patients).Patients in the MMC group received general internal medicine treatment;patients in the"TQD"group were given a TCM formula"tonifying qi and detoxification"and general internal medicine treatment;patients in the"TTK"group were given a TCM formula of"TTK"and general internal medicine treatment.All participants were treated for 8 wk and then followed at 48 wk following their final treatment.The primaryefficacy end point was the patient fatality rate in each group.Measurements of various virological and biochemical indicators served as secondary endpoints.The one-way analysis of variance and the t-test were used to compare patient outcomes in the different treatment groups.RESULTS:At the 48-wk post-treatment time point,the patient fatality rates in the MMC,"TQD",and"TTK"groups were 51.61%,35.38%,and 16.67%,respectively,and the differences between groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in the levels of hepatitis B virus DNA or prothrombin activity among the three groups(P>0.05).Patients in the"TTK"group had significantly higher levels of serum total bilirubin compared to MMC subjects(339.40μmol/L±270.09μmol/L vs 176.13μmol/L±185.70μmol/L,P=0.014).Serum albumin levels were significantly increased in both the"TQD"group and"TTK"group as compared with the MMC group(31.30 g/L±4.77g/L,30.72 g/L±2.89 g/L vs 28.57 g/L±4.56 g/L,P<0.05).There were no significant differences in levels of alanine transaminase among the three groups(P>0.05).Safety data showed that there was one case of stomachache in the"TQD"group and one case of gastrointestinal side effect in the"TTK"group.CONCLUSION:Treatment with"TTK"improved the survival rates of patients with liver failure due to chronic hepatitis B.Additionally,liver tissue was regenerated and liver function was restored.

Μanagement of patients with hepatitis B and C before and after liver and kidney transplantation

New nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs) with high genetic barrier to hepatitis B virus(HBV) resistance(such as entecavir, tenofovir) have improved the prognosis of patients with HBV decompensated cirrhosis and have prevented HBV recurrence after liver transplantation(LT). NAs are considered the most proper approach for HBV infection in patients under renal replacement therapy but their doses should be adjusted according to the patient's creatinine clearance. In addition, physi-cians should be aware of the potential nephrotoxicity. However, patients with chronic hepatitis C and decom-pensated cirrhosis can receive only one therapeutic option before LT, as well as for Hepatitis C virus(HCV) recurrence after LT, which is the combination of sub-cutaneous Peg-IFN and ribavirin. Generally, therapy for HCV after renal transplantation should be avoided. Although the optimal antiviral therapy for HCV infec-tion has not been established, attention has turned to a new, oral direct acting antiviral treatment which marks a promising strategy in prognosis and in amelioration of these diseases.

Novel methionyl-tRNA synthetase gene variants/phenotypes in interstitial lung and liver disease: A case report and review of literature

Interstitial lung and liver disease(ILLD) is caused by biallelic mutations in the methionyl-tRNA synthetase(MARS) gene. To date, no genetic changes other than missense variants were reported in the literature. Here, we report a five-month old female infant with typical ILLD(failure to thrive, developmental delay, jaundice, diffuse interstitial lung disease, hepatomegaly with severe steatosis, anemia, and thrombocytosis) showing novel phenotypes such as kidney stones, acetabular dysplasia, prolonged fever, and extreme leukocytosis. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel truncating variant(c.2158 C>T/p.Gln720 Stop) together with a novel tri-nucleotide insertion(c.893_894 insTCG that caused the insertion of an arginine at amino acid position 299) in the MARS gene.

Pre-and intraoperative predictors of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)after liver transplantation(LT)is a frequent and multifactorial event related to increased morbidity and mortality.Risk factors for AKI after LT still need to be clarified.AIM To identify the predictors of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation.METHODS The frequency and pre-and intraoperative predictors of AKI within the first 7 d after LT were evaluated in adult liver transplant candidates in a single LT center in Croatia.AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes criteria.RESULTS Out of 205 patients(mean age 57±10 years;73.7%males,52.7%with alcoholrelated liver disease)93(45.36%)developed AKI,and the majority of them(58.06%)had stage 1.Only 5.38%of patients required renal replacement therapy after LT.The majority of patients(82.8%)developed AKI within the first two days after the procedure.Multivariate logistic regression identified pre-LT body mass index(OR=1.1,95%CI:1.05-1.24)and red blood cell transfusion(OR=1.66,95%CI:1.09-2.53)as independent predictors of early post-LT AKI occurrence.30-d survival after LT was significantly better for patients without AKI(P=0.01).CONCLUSION Early AKI after LT is a frequent event that negatively impacts short-term survival.The pathogenesis of AKI is multifactorial,but pre-LT BMI and intraoperative volume shifts are major contributors.

Cumulative positive fluid balance is a risk factor for acute kidney injury and requirement for renal replacement therapy after liver transplantation

AIM To analyze whether fluid overload is an independent risk factor of adverse outcomes after liver transplantation(LT).METHODS One hundred and twenty-one patients submitted to LT were retrospectively evaluated.Data regarding perioperative and postoperative variables previously associated with adverse outcomes after LT were reviewed.Cumulative fluid balance(FB) in the first 12 h and 4 d after surgery were compared with major adverse outcomes after LT.RESULTS Most of the patients were submitted to a liberal approach of fluid administration with a mean cumulative FBover 5 L and 10 L,respectively,in the first 12 h and 4 d after LT.Cumulative FB in 4 d was independently associated with occurrence of both AKI and requirement for renal replacement therapy(RRT)(OR = 2.3;95%CI:1.37-3.86,P = 0.02 and OR = 2.89;95%CI:1.52-5.49,P = 0.001 respectively).Other variables on multivariate analysis associated with AKI and RRT were,respectively,male sex and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System(APACHE II) levels and sepsis or septic shock.Mortality was shown to be independently related to AST and APACHE II levels(OR = 2.35;95%CI:1.1-5.05,P = 0.02 and 2.63;95%CI:1.0-6.87,P = 0.04 respectively),probably reflecting the degree of graft dysfunction and severity of early postoperative course of LT.No effect of FB on mortality after LT was disclosed.CONCLUSION Cumulative positive FB over 4 d after LT is independently associated with the development of AKI and the requirement of RRT.Survival was not independently related to FB,but to surrogate markers of graft dysfunction and severity of postoperative course of LT.

Experimental Podophyllotoxin (Bajiaolian) Poisoning:——Ⅱ. Effects on the Liver, Intestine, Kidney, Pancreas and Testis

Young male rats were orally intubated with podophyllotoxin: Group I, control animals, orally fed with vehicle only; Group Ⅱ, fed with an initial dose of 5 mg.kg-1 b.w., followed by a daily dose of 1.67 mg-kg-1 b.w. for 7d. Group III, fed with an initial dose of 15 mg.kg-1 b.w., followed by a daily dose of 5 mg.kg-1 b.w. for 7d. All animals were sacrificed 72 h after the last dosing.Histopathological examination revealed dose-related fatty change of the liver, atrophy andi degenerative changes of the intestinal epithelial linings and testicular seminiferous tubules. Depletion of the pancreatic acinar cell granules was also apparent in the Group III animals. No pathology, however, was observed in the kidneys. The present study demonstrated for the first time degenerative changes in the liver, intestine, testis, and pancreas of animals ingested podophyllotoxin. These pathological changes correlate well with the clinical signs/symptoms of abnormal liver function, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and reduced serum amylase in humans poisonded by podophyllum. Inhibition of protein synthesis and mitosis (disruption of microtubules) are believed to be the underlying mechanisms of these changes observed in the animals intoxicated by. podophyllotoxin.

Risk factors and prediction of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation:Logistic regression and artificial neural network approaches

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)has serious consequences on the prognosis of patients undergoing liver transplantation.Recently,artificial neural network(ANN)was reported to have better predictive ability than the classical logistic regression(LR)for this postoperative outcome.AIM To identify the risk factors of AKI after deceased-donor liver transplantation(DDLT)and compare the prediction performance of ANN with that of LR for this complication.METHODS Adult patients with no evidence of end-stage kidney dysfunction(KD)who underwent the first DDLT according to model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score allocation system was evaluated.AKI was defined according to the International Club of Ascites criteria,and potential predictors of postoperative AKI were identified by LR.The prediction performance of both ANN and LR was tested.RESULTS The incidence of AKI was 60.6%(n=88/145)and the following predictors were identified by LR:MELD score>25(odds ratio[OR]=1.999),preoperative kidney dysfunction(OR=1.279),extended criteria donors(OR=1.191),intraoperative arterial hypotension(OR=1.935),intraoperative massive blood transfusion(MBT)(OR=1.830),and postoperative serum lactate(SL)(OR=2.001).The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was best for ANN(0.81,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.75-0.83)than for LR(0.71,95%CI:0.67-0.76).The root-mean-square error and mean absolute error in the ANN model were 0.47 and 0.38,respectively.CONCLUSION The severity of liver disease,pre-existing kidney dysfunction,marginal grafts,hemodynamic instability,MBT,and SL are predictors of postoperative AKI,and ANN has better prediction performance than LR in this scenario.

Formation of Superoxide Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide Enhanced by Trinitrotoluene in Rat Liver, Brain, Kidney, and Testicle in Vitro and Monkey Liver in Vivo

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) increased the formation of adrenochrome from adrenaline and the formation of formaldehyde from methanol in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes in vitro as well as in monkey liver mitrochondria and microsomes in vivo. The effects were more prominent at higher TNT concentrations. These findings indicate that TNT enhances the production of superoxide radicals (O_2^-) and hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2). The production of O_2^- was more prominent in systems containing added TNT than in those containing added benzyl viologen. H_2O_2 production by mitochondria was more pronounced in the liver than in other organs, but its production by microsomes was more pronounced in the brain than in other organs. The results suggest that TNT undergoes cycling reduction which produces oxidative stress. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.