An Analysis of Homonymy and Polysemy

Vocabulary is very important for language learning,and it is an important part of human communication,thus mastering vocabu-lary is essential for language acquisition.To explore the similarities and differences of word meaning,to distinguish the differences be-tween polysemy and homonymy and to enlarge students' vocabulary,are the significant part of class teaching.It mainly discusses thehomonymy and polysemy from the definition,the principles of distinction and semantic ambiguity,further clarifying the differences be-tween the two as well as leaving some implications for the future application of learning.

A Provisional Species Checklist of the Oriental Orthogoninae (Coleoptera:Caraboidea)

A provisional species checklist of the Oriental subfamily Orthogoninae is provided. Orthogonius dupuisi Tian et Deuve, 2006 （from Indonesia） is treated as a junior homonym of O. dupuisi Basilewsky, 1948 （from Rhodesia）, and therefore O. dupuisianus n. nom. is proposed. Actenocus punctatus Tian et Deuve, 2006 is confirmed as a good species, rather than a junior synonym of Orthogonius crassicrus Chaudoir, 1871 proposed by Kirschenhofer （2010）.

Another Understanding of the Model of Genetic Code Theoretical Analysis

At present the model of the genetic code (the code of protein biosynthesis) proposed almost 50 years ago by M. Nirenberg and F. Crick has undergone severe erosion. Tactically, it is true that triplicity and the synonymous degeneracy are unmistakable. But the Nirenberg-Crick postulate about unambiguous coding of amino acids, i.e., the strategy raises reasonable doubt. The reasons to doubt showed up very early: it turned out that the triplet UUU codes both phenylalanine and leucine, which was inconsistent with the declaration of the unambiguity of the DNA-RNA encoding of amino acids in proteins. On the other hand, the ambiguity automatically stems from the Wobble Hypothesis by F. Crick relating to the wobbling of the third nucleotide in codons, (random, undetermined behavior), which means the 3’-5’ codon-anticodon pair is not involved in the encoding, and represents a “steric crutch”. In fact, amino acids are coded not by triplet, but by doublet of nucleotides in a triplet, according to “Two-out-of-Three” rule by Ulf Lagerkvist. From this perspective, the codon families split into two classes: 32 codon-synonym triplets and 32 codon triplets with undetermined coding functions, that is inherent to one of the 32 codons UUU. These “undetermined” codons have called homonyms. They are ambiguous as they potentially and simultaneously encode two different amino acids, or amino acid and the stop function. However, the ambiguity is overcome in real protein biosynthesis. This is due to the sign orientations of ribosomes within mRNA contexts. This is the way the semantics of the codon-homonyms occur, as an exact analogy of the consciousness work in the human languages, abounding with homonyms. This turn in the understanding of the protein code, as actual text formation, leads to a strong idea of the genome as a quasi-intelligent biocomputer structure of living cells. Ignoring this leads to erroneous and dangerous works of genetic engineering, the most important results are Synthia bacteria with synthetic genome and GM foods. Protein biosynthesis is a key, but not the only basic information function of chromosomes. There are other, no less important, holographic and quantum non-locality functions related to morphogenesis. In this plane, the work of the genome, as a quantum biocomputer, occurs on the wave level. Here the main function is regulatory quantum broadcasting of genetic-metabolic information on the intercellular, tissue and organism levels using a coherent photon DNA radiation and its nonlinear vibrational states (sound). DNA information presents itself in the form of dynamically polarized holograms as well as phantom DNA structures. In the interpretation of the quantum work of the genome almost everything is hypothetical. Nevertheless, we have created a laser technology, to some extent simulating “sign wave” states of the genome, and are able to transmit genetic and genetic-metabolic information. Manifestations of phantom DNA (fDNK), which we managed to detect in 1984 but published only in 1991 [Gariaev et al., 1991], are particularly interesting. Now we can produce fDNK with our laser techniques and materialize it as a material structure in the PCR system [Gariaev et al., 2014 (a) Gariaev et al., 2014 (b)], as it was done earlier, but in their own way, by the team of Nobel Prize laureate, Professor Luc Montagnier [Montagnier et al., 2012]. However, back in 2007 and 2009 we demonstrated far-distance quantum transmission of genetic information for pancreas regeneration in rats [Gariaev et al., 2007;Gariaev, 2009]. These data are the basis of Linguistic Wave Genetics (LWG). The practical use of LWG principles is potentially large. So far, we have made precedents of regeneration of teeth, pancreas, and retina with full restoration of vision, cured cystic fibrosis and Down Syndrome, and returned mobility to the paralyzed. LWG provides a method to program stem cells. LWG makes it possible to, in an environmentally friendly way selectively destroy pathogenic bacteria and viruses, insect pests and weeds in agriculture. LWG lays the foundations for quantum computing instead of digital.