A Modified Principal Component Analysis Method for Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Debonding Recognition Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Signals

The safety and integrity requirements of aerospace composite structures necessitate real-time health monitoring throughout their service life.To this end,distributed optical fiber sensors utilizing back Rayleigh scattering have been extensively deployed in structural health monitoring due to their advantages,such as lightweight and ease of embedding.However,identifying the precise location of damage from the optical fiber signals remains a critical challenge.In this paper,a novel approach which namely Modified Sliding Window Principal Component Analysis(MSWPCA)was proposed to facilitate automatic damage identification and localization via distributed optical fiber sensors.The proposed method is able to extract signal characteristics interfered by measurement noise to improve the accuracy of damage detection.Specifically,we applied the MSWPCA method to monitor and analyze the debonding propagation process in honeycomb sandwich panel structures.Our findings demonstrate that the training model exhibits high precision in detecting the location and size of honeycomb debonding,thereby facilitating reliable and efficient online assessment of the structural health state.

Assessment of the ballistic response of honeycomb sandwich structures subjected to offset and normal impact

In the present study,experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to examine the behavior of sandwich panels with honeycomb cores.The high velocity impact tests were carried out using a compressed air gun.A sharp conical nosed projectile was impacted normally and with some offset distance(20 mm and 40 mm).The deformation,failure mode and energy dissipation characteristics were obtained for both kinds of loading.Moreover,the explicit solver was run in Abaqus to create the finite element model.The numerically obtained test results were compared with the experimental to check the accuracy of the modelling.The numerical result was further employed to obtain strain energy dissipation in each element by externally running user-defined code in Abaqus.Furthermore,the influence of inscribe circle diameter and cell wall and face sheet thickness on the energy dissipation,deformation and failure mode was examined.The result found that ballistic resistance and deformation were higher against offset impact compared to the normal impact loading.Sandwich panel impacted at 40 mm offset distance required 3 m/s and 1.9 m/s more velocity than 0 and 20 mm offset distance.Also,increasing the face sheet and wall thickness had a positive impact on the ballistic resistance in terms of a higher ballistic limit and energy absorption.However,inscribe circle diameter had a negative influence on the ballistic resistance.Also,the geometrical parameters of the sandwich structure had a significant influence on the energy dissipation in the different deformation directions.The energy dissipation in plastic work was highest for circumferential direction,regardless of impact condition followed by tangential,radial and axial directions.

Three-point bending of honeycomb sandwich beams with facesheet perforations

A novel square honeycomb-cored sandwich beam with perforated bottom facesheet is investigated under threepoint bending,both analytically and numerically.Perforated square holes in the bottom facesheet are characterized by the area ratio of the hole to intact facesheet（perforation ratio）.While for large-scale engineering applications like the decks of cargo vehicles and transportation ships,the perforations are needed to facilitate the fabrication process（e.g.,laser welding）as well as service maintenance,it is demonstrated that these perforations,when properly designed,can also enhance the resistance of the sandwich to bending.For illustration,fair comparisons among competing sandwich designs having different perforation ratios but equal mass is achieved by systematically thickening the core webs.Further,the perforated sandwich beam is designed with a relatively thick facesheet to avoid local indention failure so that it mainly fails in two competing modes：（1）bending failure,i.e.,yielding of beam cross-section and buckling of top facesheet caused by bending moment;（2）shear failure,i.e.,yielding and buckling of core webs due to shear forcing.The sensitivity of the failure loads to the ratio of core height to beam span is also discussed for varying perforation ratios.As the perfo-ration ratio is increased,the load of shear failure increases due to thickening core webs,while that of bending failure decreases due to the weakening bottom facesheet.Design of a sandwich beam with optimal perforation ratio is realized when the two failure loads are equal,leading to significantly enhanced failure load（up to 60%increase）relative to that of a non-perforated sandwich beam with equal mass.

Fabrication and compressive performance of plain carbon steel honeycomb sandwich panels

Plain carbon steel Q215 honeycomb sandwich panels were manufactured by brazing in a vacuum furnace. Their characteristic parameters, including equivalent density, equivalent elastic modulus, and equivalent compressive strength along out-of-plane （z-direction） and in-plane （x-and y-directions）, were derived theoretically and then determined experimentally by an 810 material test system. On the basis of the experimental data, the compressive stress-strain curves were given. The results indicate that the measurements of equivalent Young＇s modulus and initial compressive strength are in good agreement with calculations, and that the maximum compressive strain near to solid can be up to 0.5-0.6 along out-of-plane, 0.6-0.7 along in-plane. The strength-to-density ratio of plain carbon steel honeycomb panels is near to those of Al alloy hexagonal-honeycomb and 304L stainless steel square-honeycomb, but the compressive peak strength is greater than that of Al alloy hexagonal-honeycomb.

Predicting test data of aluminum honeycomb sandwich board based on volterra adaptive filters

Random vibration test was done on aluminum honeycomb sandwich board.The result suggested that chaotic behavior is found in the test data.The Volterra expression can not be gained from the input and output data directly in this paper.The state space reconstruction was used to convert the system observed data into the quasi-input/output pairs,and the second-order Volterra adaptive filter was used to predict the test data.It is shown that combining the state space reconstruction with the Volterra adaptive filter,these chaotic series could be accurately predicted.

A Mini Review on Testing Methods for Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Honeycomb Sandwich Structure and Fractography Analysis

This paper is a review of the past research of mechanical testing methods for natural fibre honeycomb sandwich structure as well as failure modes analysis at a microscopic level by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As the world is garnering attention towards renewable resources for environmental purposes, studies of natural fibre have been increasing as well as the application of natural fibre throughout various industries such as aerospace, automobiles, and construction sectors. This paper is started with brief information regarding the honeycomb sandwich structure, introduction to natural fibre, its applications as well as the factors affecting the performances of the structure. Next, the mechanical testing methods are listed out as well as the expected outcomes obtained from the respective testing. The mechanical properties are also identified by conducting lab tests according to the ASTM standard for sandwich and core structures. The microstructure of the deformed samples is then examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) by using different magnifications to study the failure mechanisms of the samples. The images obtained from the SEM test are analyzed by using fractography which will show the failure modes of the samples. This article is based on past research conducted by professional on the related topic.

Quasi-distribution Appraisal about Finite Element Analysis of Multi-functional Structure Made of Honeycomb Sandwich Materials

A new appraisal method（QDA, quasi-distribution appraisal） which could be used to evaluate the finite element analysis of multi-functional structure made of honeycomb sandwich materials is developed based on sub-section Bezier curve. It is established by simulating the distribution histogram data obtained from the numerical finite element analysis values of a satellite component with sub-section Bezier curve. Being dealt with area normalization method, the simulation curve could be regarded as a kind of probability density function（PDF）, its mathematical expectation and the variance could be used to evaluate the result of finite element analysis. Numerical experiments have indicated that the QDA method demonstrates the intrinsic characteristics of the finite element analysis of multi-functional structure made of honeycomb sandwich materials, as an appraisal method, it is effective and feasible.

Stress Concentration around the Embedding of the Honeycomb Sandwich Structure

Honeycomb structures and other sandwich materials are being used as designs which have demanded high-stiffness and lightweight structures. The embedding design can further decrease the total weight of the products. Embedding will inevitably generate defect of the honeycomb and cause stress concentration. This study mainly discusses the tensile stress distribution near the defect in a quantitative way with the finite element and analytical method. The prediction function of the stress distribution is proposed. X and y directional stress distribution properties are found. These results are proved to be validate through a representative defect case. The bending stress distribution is investigated through material mechanics method and the prediction equation of the maximum bending stress is given.

Structural-acoustic coupling characteristics of honeycomb sandwich plate based on parameter sensitivity analysis

The structural-acoustic coupling model for isotropic thin elastic plate was extended to honeycomb sandwich plate(HSP) by applying Green function method.Then an equivalent circuit model of the weakly-strongly coupled system was proposed.Based on that,the estimation formulae of the coupled eigenfrequency were derived.The accuracy of the theoretical predictions was checked against experimental data,with good agreement achieved.Finally,the effects of HSP design parameters on the system coupling degree,the acoustic cavity eigenfrequency,and sound pressure response were analyzed.The results show that mechanical and acoustical characteristics of HSP can be improved by increasing the thickness of face sheet and reducing the mass density of material.

A Mini Review on Natural Fiber Honeycomb (NFH) Sandwiched Structure Composite: Flexural Perfomance Perspective

Natural Fiber Honeycomb (NFH) sandwiched structure composite is a type of composite that uses natural fiber as the reinforcement material and honeycomb structure in the form of a sandwich panel. The demand for commercial use of natural fiber-based composites is increasing in the past few years in many industrial sectors. The increase in popularity of natural fibers is because of their particular properties, price, health benefits, and recyclability. This paper aims to analyze the data and analysis of the past research about NFH sandwiched structure composite in terms of the materials used to make the NFH, the physical and mechanical properties, and their applications. Based on the literature review conducted, there were many types of materials used to make the NFH sandwiched structure composite. Some experimental tests were planned and conducted to analyze the mechanical properties of the NFH and its potential to be used in the desired industries. However, there are not many implementations of NFH composite in the construction industry. This is due to the concern related to the issue of the structural integrity of the NFH composite. From the literature review conducted, most of the research shows a positive analysis of the mechanical properties and the potential of the developed NFH to be used for the targeted industry in the study. Therefore, it can be observed that the material used in this study has a high potential to be used in the construction industry.

挖补修理蜂窝夹芯结构侧压强度的可靠性及灵敏度分析

以挖补修理复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构为研究对象,考虑胶层性能的不确定性,通过ABAQUS-MATLAB-Python联合仿真,建立挖补修理蜂窝夹芯结构侧向压缩渐进损伤分析模型,得到随机变量与其所对应的输出响应。基于蒙特卡罗法进行可靠性分析,采用基于方差和失效概率的全局灵敏度分析方法进行参数灵敏度分析。结果表明:外载荷在不同数值区间下结构失效概率具有较大差异,在接近极限破坏载荷时失效概率显著增加;胶层厚度方向的弹性模量和面内两个相互垂直方向上的剪切模量对挖补修理蜂窝夹芯结构侧压强度方差和失效概率的影响较大。

蜂窝板几何参数对芯子剪切模量测量值的影响

为了通过三点弯曲试验获得蜂窝芯子较准确的剪切模量,基于商用铝蜂窝夹层板几何参数与典型剪切模量值,对三点弯曲试验有限元仿真模型进行校验,研究了蜂窝夹层板几何参数对测得芯子剪切模量值的影响规律。利用Sobol法对各影响因素进行灵敏度分析,拟合得到简化代理模型。基于简化代理模型,给出了三点弯曲试验中蜂窝夹层板几何参数适用可行域。研究结果表明,蜂窝夹层板几何参数对芯子剪切模量测量值的影响程度由大到小的顺序为芯子密度、面芯厚度比和面板厚度。在给定的可行域内,通过三点弯曲方法测得的蜂窝芯剪切模量精度良好,可为实际工程提供参考。

蜂窝夹层结构无损检测方法研究综述

蜂窝夹层结构是一种层合复合材料,具有优异的力学性能,被广泛应用于航空航天、建筑以及汽车制造等领域。由于自身结构及服役工况的复杂性,蜂窝夹层结构容易在制造、服役等阶段产生蒙皮-蜂窝芯界面脱粘、蒙皮分层、夹杂、蜂窝芯格变形、芯格塌陷、节点开裂、蜂窝积水等多种形式的缺陷。因此,开展蜂窝夹层结构无损检测方法的研究具有重要意义。本文回顾了国内外文献中出现的针对蜂窝夹层结构的无损检测方法,分析了各种单一检测方法的原理、应用优势及局限性。随后,概述了将多种单一方法复合的检测方法在蜂窝夹层结构缺陷全面检测上的应用,并指出应用智能算法可实现蜂窝夹层结构缺陷的定量和分类识别。最后,对蜂窝夹层结构无损检测的研究和应用趋势进行了简要总结和展望。

一种新型四孔异形蜂窝包装夹层结构力学性能研究

目的随着新材料和新结构的发展,包装材料结构要求在包装运输过程中对产品具有更高的保护能力。为了丰富包装材料结构并在保证力学性能条件下设计新型蜂窝结构。方法以传统正六边形蜂窝结构为基础构建新型四孔异形蜂窝结构,通过对可降解树脂材料的试件进行理论分析、仿真分析和实验验证研究其力学特性。结果新型四孔异形蜂窝包装夹层结构横向和纵向的力学性能,相较于传统的正六边形和正八边形蜂窝结构提升了17%,具有更好的外载荷承载能力。结论本研究对包装材料结构给出了新的思路,对包装行业的发展起到支持作用。

浮冰反复碰撞下蜂窝金属夹芯板动态响应实验研究

本文采用水平冲击试验装置开展楔形刚性冲头与楔形冰体反复碰撞下蜂窝金属夹芯板动态响应实验,研究蜂窝金属夹芯板结构塑性变形损伤、下面板位移时程曲线和碰撞力时程曲线等动态响应特性,分析冰体反复碰撞和刚体反复碰撞对蜂窝金属夹芯板动态响应的差异。研究结果表明:随着楔形冰体反复碰撞次数的增加,碰撞力峰值持续增大,碰撞接触时间明显缩短,蜂窝金属夹芯板上下面板的局部凹陷和整体弯曲变形逐渐增大,蜂窝芯层压缩量逐渐增加直至密实化;由于碰撞过程中存在冰体破碎现象,冰体碰撞接触面积增大,与刚性反复碰撞相比,冰体反复碰撞作用下夹芯板上面板中点的最终挠度偏小,但局部损伤面积明显偏大;随着碰撞次数的增加,蜂窝金属夹芯板结构塑性累积变形由一条塑性铰线发展演化为椭圆形塑性区。

蜂窝三明治板隔声机理与参数影响规律研究

蜂窝三明治板兼具轻量化与优异的力学性能,广泛应用于航空航天等重大装备,但声学性能却是其一大短板。以周期单元模拟蜂窝三明治板,基于Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,结合试验结果验证了模型的准确性。通过在波数域分析蜂窝三明治板的频散特征,揭示了混响声场激励下的结构隔声机理,并探究了几何参数对蜂窝三明治板隔声性能的影响规律。研究表明:临界频率以下,蜂窝三明治板的隔声量主要受质量定律控制;临界频率以上,隔声量还受结构本身特征波影响,当入射声波激发特征波共振时,隔声量随频率波动并产生隔声低谷。厚度变化对隔声性能的影响主要与临界频率以下的隔声量有关,蜂窝三明治板越厚,隔声量越高;芯层高度增大会缩小质量定律控制区,并使第一个隔声低谷向低频偏移,从而导致整体隔声性能减弱,蜂窝三明治板越高,隔声量越低;蜂窝边长变化对蜂窝三明治板的影响较小。

变厚度铺层Nomex蜂窝夹层件固化变形的数值模拟

为准确预测变厚度铺层夹层结构的固化变形,基于热-化学-结构多物理场耦合方法对AS4/8551碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料-Nomex蜂窝夹层结构的固化过程进行数值模拟。考虑材料时变特性的影响,结合复合材料瞬时线弹性本构模型、细观力学理论和改进的Gibson等效理论建立起夹层结构三维有限元仿真模型,研究了结构在整个固化周期中的固化度场、温度场和应力-应变场的分布关系,并同已有的实验结果进行对比验证,最后通过解析模型分析预固化工艺对结构回弹变形的影响规律。结果表明:建立的有限元模型能够比较准确地反映结构固化过程,固化变形的平均预测误差为4.8%,最大预测误差不超过6.0%;变厚度铺层设计对较薄区域面板的固化应力影响较大,表现为沿厚度方向的向上剪切应力,在冷却阶段集中于结构端部并转化为结构翘曲;面板预固化处理削弱了固化放热和材料各向异性对夹层结构固化变形的影响,0.25预固化程度下结构最大变形的降低幅度达到14.78%。研究结果为复杂设计蜂窝夹层件制造精度的提升和工艺优化提供了重要参考。

航天器蜂窝夹层结构板制造工艺可靠性研究

针对航天器蜂窝夹层结构板的制造效率、形位精度、胶接强度和预埋件拉脱力等可靠性要求,根据其制造工艺特点,通过建立基于制造工艺流程的串联模型、基于制造工艺单元的顺序关联模型、基于制造工艺参数的网状关联模型和考虑检验工序的功能关联模型4种典型的制造工艺可靠性模型,明确工艺设计的控制内容及工艺改进方向和要求。通过常见故障模式和原因分析,进一步验证可靠性模型的分析结果,明确制造工艺改进措施。在实际生产应用中,通过零件定型,优化制造工艺流程和减少串行制造工艺单元;通过优化工艺参数、固化工艺状态、应用自动化智能工艺装备,减小制造偏差,提高产品可靠性和生产效率。

复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构低速冲击后压缩强度的可靠性与灵敏度分析

建立了一种复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构低速冲击后压缩强度的可靠性与灵敏度分析方法。利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件和VUMAT子程序建立了蜂窝夹芯结构冲击后压缩渐进损伤失效分析模型,并通过试验验证模型的有效性;在此基础上,利用Python语言对模型中材料力学性能和面板厚度、蜂窝芯子厚度进行参数化;采用径向基神经网络代理模型替代渐进损伤失效分析模型;基于蒙特卡洛法进行冲击后压缩强度的可靠性分析;分别采用基于方差和基于失效概率的方法进行参数的灵敏度分析,并研究参数的变异系数对结构可靠性的影响。结果表明:在外载荷低于10000 N,结构失效概率小于0.00017的情况下,当外载荷达到12700 N时,结构失效概率达到0.9;面板的力学性能、面板厚度、蜂窝芯厚度对冲击后压缩强度的影响较大;冲击后压缩强度的变异系数随着参数变异系数的增大而增大。