Dynamic compressive response of porcine muscle measured using a split Hopkinson bar system with a pair of PVDF force transducers

The classic metallic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)cannot capture the transmitted signal accurately when measuring soft biological tissue,because of the very low wave impedance and strength of this material.So the dynamic compressive response of porcine muscle has been investigated by using a modified SHPB.The forces on both ends of the sample measured using Polyvinylidene fluor(PVDF)transducers were applied to calculate the stress in the specimen instead of the strain gauge signal on the transmitted bar.Moreover,a circular cardboard disk pulse shaper was applied for generating a suitable incident pulse to achieve stress equilibrium and constant strain rates in the specimens.Then,the dynamic mechanical properties of porcine muscle parallel and perpendicular to the fiber directions were measured,and the stress equilibrium process during loading was analyzed,as well as the inertia-induced extra stress being corrected.Furthermore,quasi-static tests were conducted at two different strain rates to investigate the strain rate dependence using a universal material testing machine.The results show that the stress-strain curves are sensitive to strain rate in the two different loading directions.The compressive stress perpendicular to the fiber direction is stiffer than that parallel to the fiber direction.In addition,a strain rate-dependent constitutive model was developed based on the mechanical response of the muscle at different strain rates and fitted to the experimental data.The results show that the overall fit is good,and the constitutive model could describe the muscle's dynamic mechanical properties.

Experimental methods for determination of mechanical behaviors of materials at high temperatures via the split Hopkinson bars

Full understanding of the thermomechanical behaviors of materials at high strain rates and high temperatures are of great importance from not only scientific meaning but also practical value in engineering structure design and safety assessment.Great efforts have been made for abilities of operation the split Hopkinson bars,the most popular technique for experimental determination of mechanical behaviors of materials over the strain rates from 10^2 to 10^4 s^−1 over the past 70 years,at high temperatures since 1960s.A review of experiment work is presented in this paper to give an overview of the development of experimental techniques at high temperatures based on Hopkinson bar systems.The principles of the split Hopkinson bar requires the loading bars avoiding temperature gradient or keeping relatively low temperature when performing high temperature testing.Techniques such as performing temperature gradient corrections,rapid heating or using special designed automatically assembled systems were proposed by researchers to enable the operation of the split Hopkinson bars at temperature as high as possible.Moreover,to the application of high speed photographic technique for capturing the dynamic deformation process of the specimen in high temperature Hopkinson bar testing,some key issues of eliminating the strong thermal radiation induced lights oversaturation and de-blurring of images due to insufficient exposure at high temperature and high strain rate condition,as well as fabrication of high contrast speckle pattern for high temperature digital image correlation measurement were also proposed.The technique can now enable the split Hopkinson bar testing to be performed at high temperature up to 1873 K under the loading conditions of compression or tension with the in situ observation and full field measurement of deformation as well.The paper concludes with summaries of the most important achievements and highlighting of the prospects,trends and remaining challenges for future research.

Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson （Kolsky） bar system - A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.

Dynamic property evaluation of aluminum alloy 2519A by split Hopkinson pressure bar

Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.

Hopkinson杆式冲击疲劳试验方法研究

在民用与国防领域,装备或结构部件常常受到高加载率的重复冲击,即冲击疲劳问题。冲击疲劳试验装置是研究冲击疲劳问题的基础,该研究提出一种分离式Hopkinson杆式冲击疲劳试验方法。首先通过真空系统使撞击弹复位,在加载过程中通过弹性约束对入射杆进行限位,最后利用电动推杆使透射杆和试样复位,以上过程通过PLC控制器控制。这种方法操作简易,能通过在杆上的信号采集实现冲击波的连续实时显示,并能改变撞击体几何构形以产生不同形状(梯形波、三角波或半正弦波)和不同加载率(8×10^(5)~3×10^(6)MPa/s)的冲击加载波,加载频率范围在0~0.5 Hz。最后利用高强钢圆柱试样和含有工艺缺陷的增材制造316L不锈钢三点弯曲试样对试验方法进行了验证,证明该方法有效可靠。

Relationship between diameter of split Hopkinson pressure bar and minimum loading rate under rock failure

In order to investigate the relationship between bar diameter and loading rate of the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) setup under the failure of rock specimen and realize the medium strain rate loading of specimen,new SHPB setups with different elastic bar's diameters of 22,36,50 and 75 mm were constructed.The tests were carried out on these setups at different loading rates,and the specimens had the same diameter of elastic bars and same ratio of length to diameter.The test results show that the larger the elastic bar's diameter is,the less the loading rate is needed to cause specimen failure,they show good power relationship,and that under the same strain rate loading,specimens are broken more seriously with larger diameter SHPB setup than with smaller one.

Calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar system with special shape striker

In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.

Water‑immersion softening mechanism of coal rock mass based on split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment

The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.

Application of split Hopkinson tension bar technique to the study of dynamic fracture properties of materials

A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method. The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device. The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method, and dynamic stress intensity factors （DSIF） are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis （FEA）. In this approach, the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connec- tion strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions, and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip. Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication, it is concluded that the ex- perimental data are valid, and the method proposed here is reliable. The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria, and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ρs, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

一种新式压/拉一体式Hopkinson杆装置研究

分离式Hopkinson杆装置常用于测量材料动态压缩、拉伸和剪切性能,为了提高装置的高效性和经济性,研究了可以实现材料动态压缩和拉伸的一体式Hopkinson杆装置。首先,通过在Hopkinson压杆装置上增加Y字型前端构件、双侧杆和Y字型后端构件,将撞击产生的压缩波转换为拉伸波加载至试样;其次,通过ABAQUS软件数值仿真,分析各构件的几何构型、尺寸等对加载波形的影响。结果表明:前端Y字型构件分岔角度越大、截面尺寸越小,则因弯曲导致的波形失真的程度越严重,截面尺寸和失真程度成负指数关系;在侧杆截面边长大于10 mm时,侧杆间距对波形的影响较小;后端构件的法兰厚度越大,拉伸加载波的平均幅值越大。最终确定了前端构件的Y型分岔夹角为10°,2根侧杆的间距为60 mm,后端构件的法兰厚度为10 mm,构建了一种兼顾压缩和拉伸的一体式Hopkinson杆装置,并对2种试样分别进行压缩和拉伸加载,验证了此装置的有效性。

双向拉伸Hopkinson斜杆加载方法的探索与研究

为了实现对材料的双轴同步拉伸加载,现已有通过双向电磁脉冲驱动,以及对称双曲杆产生的双向拉伸波的方式,对试样进行双向动态拉伸加载。试图探索一种结构简单,造价低廉,加工难度小的双向拉伸Hopkinson斜杆加载装置。为了理解斜杆对弹性压缩波传播规律的影响,对斜杆撞击进行了ABAQUS有限元仿真计算和理想验证试验分析。结果发现,斜杆夹角在低于60°和高于90°时,方波平台段出现前高后低的情形,导致波形失真,同时在夹角大于105°之后,失真更为严重。还对多轴加载的同步性问题和双轴加载的数据获取进行了讨论和分析。结果表明,加载波的不同步会导致试样上加载阶跃,从而加载应变率阶跃,这会影响率敏感材料的试验准确性。为了验证该装置的有效性,搭建验证装置对双向拉伸杆上的拉伸波形进行试验验证,取得了较好的试验结果。

Testing of High-Strength Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土的动态压缩力学行为

为研究高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土(BFRGC)的动态压缩力学行为,本文制备了纤维体积掺量为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的BFRGC试件,并对其进行了不同温度(20、200、400、600、800℃)下的动态冲击试验。结果表明:BFRGC试件静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收具有明显的温度强化效应和高温损伤效应,峰值应变表现出显著的温度塑化效应。BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度的温度阀值为400℃。随着温度的升高,BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收均先增大后减小,峰值应变不断增大。掺加适量的玄武岩纤维可以提高常温及高温下地质聚合物混凝土的静态抗压强度和动态力学性能,且其最佳掺量为0.1%。

基于CSSA-BPNN模型的胶结充填体动态抗压强度预测

充填采矿法二步骤回采时胶结充填体稳定性受爆破扰动而降低。为快速准确地获得充填体动态抗压强度,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)进行了40组不同应变率的单轴冲击实验,以灰砂比、充填体密度、养护龄期和平均应变率作为输入参数,充填体动态抗压强度作为输出参数,建立了一种基于Logistic混沌麻雀搜索算法(CSSA)优化BP神经网络(BPNN)的预测模型,并与传统BPNN和麻雀搜索算法优化的BPNN进行了对比分析。结果表明:CSSA-BPNN模型的平均相对误差为4.11%,预测值与实测值之间拟合的相关系数均在0.96以上,模型预测精度高。CSSA-BPNN模型的均方根误差为0.395 0 MPa,平均绝对误差为0.359 2 MPa,决定系数为0.995 2,均优于另外两种预测模型。实现了对充填体动态抗压强度的准确预测,可大幅减小物理实验量,为矿山胶结充填体的强度设计提供了一种新方法。

TC11钛合金动态热塑互动行为研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆对TC11钛合金平板帽形试样进行动态加载,基于高频红外点阵测温技术捕捉了剪切区温升随加载时间变化的历程,结合热传导理论分析和动态剪切数值模拟,分析了动态剪切过程中剪切区温升随时间和空间的分布规律。研究结果表明,在动态剪切加载下,TC11钛合金表现出脆性的变形行为,剪切区最高温升为430℃,且在实验所覆盖的加载速率范围内,加载速率对动态剪切温升影响不明显;显著的温升主要集中在剪切区中心附近100μm量级区域内,温升区具有高度局部化的特征,且剪切区维持较高温度所持续的时间在10μs量级。理论研究和数值模拟发现,动态加载下剪切区内最高温度可达751℃,剪切区温度时空分布规律与实验结果保持一致。实验和数值模拟结果均显示,剪切区最高温升发生在材料断裂时刻,表明剪切区显著温升应来源于剪切变形造成的应变高度集中发展。

冲击载荷下煤样动力学响应特性与损伤本构模型

为研究深部煤体动载响应规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统对信湖矿煤样开展了不同应变率的单轴冲击压缩试验。研究结果表明:冲击载荷下煤样动态抗压强度强度具有明显的应变率效应,且随着应变率增大,应变硬化现象愈发明显;煤样反射能、透射能、吸收能、耗能密度与应变率呈一次函数关系,耗能占比与应变率呈指数型函数关系,且均保持正相关。基于经典朱-王-唐模型、Weibull分布、Drucker-Prager准则,建立了考虑煤样损伤与黏滞性特征的动态统计损伤本构模型,并对本构模型的准确性与普适性进行了验证。该模型能够较好地描述煤样冲击动态力学行为,为动载影响下深地煤炭安全开采提供了基础研究。

流固耦合作用下深部岩石动态力学响应研究进展

深部岩石处于高地应力、高渗透压和强动态扰动的复杂地质环境之中,3者作用下岩石体更加容易发生损伤破裂,诱发突涌水、渗漏、井喷等工程地质灾害,因而探究流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应是开展岩石工程建设的前提之一。近年来,国内外众多学者在考虑水和不同应力状态下的岩石动态力学实验研究方面取得了显著的成果。为给工程建设提供更加全面的指导并为后续研究奠定基础,从实验装置、测试结果以及围压与水的作用机理层面,对上述工作进行了回顾与总结。首先介绍了分离式霍普金森压杆测试装置的基本原理,以及用于模拟深部岩石赋存环境所进行的装置改进,包括围压分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统和孔压(渗透压)耦合的分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,简要分析了各类装置在研究流固耦合作用下岩石动力学问题时的优势和不足。其次,总结了考虑不同应力状态(单向加载、三向围压加载)的流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应特性。详细介绍了固定预设孔压、渗透压耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应及其随孔隙水压、渗透压变化的规律。随后,概述了围压对岩石动力学性质的影响机理,分析了不同围压条件下的影响规律;总结了水对岩石动态力学性质的强化、弱化微观机制和定量表达。最后,对流固耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应进行了概括总结,并对未来实验研究工作和深部赋存条件下岩石动态力学的研究方向进行了展望。