Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement for Use of Corrugated, Nodal and Horizontal Grain Tubes

With isopentane as working fluid, the heat transfer performances for corrugated, nodal and horizontal grain tubes are simulated. The structural parameters of the three kinds of tubes are compared with those of the plain tube. The numerical results using computational fluid dynamics are validated with theoretical values. For the corrugated, nodal and horizontal grain tubes, the heat transfer enhancements(HTEs) are 2.31—2.53, 1.18—1.86 and 1.02—1.31 times of those of the plain tube, respectively. However, the improved HTEs are at the expense of pressure losses. The drag coefficients are 6.10—7.09, 2.06—11.03 and 0.53—1.83 higher, respectively. From the viewpoint of comprehensive heat transfer factor, the corrugated tube is recommended for engineering applications, followed by the horizontal grain tube.

Experimental study on pressure fluctuation characteristics of slug flow in horizontal curved tubes

In order to study the pressure characteristics of slug flow in horizontal curved tubes,two kinds of curved tubes with central angle 45° and 90° respectively are studied,of which are with 0. 5m circumference and 26 mm inner diameter are used. When the superficial liquid velocity or the superficial gas velocity is constant,the pressure fluctuations and the probability distribution of the average velocity of slug flow are clear for all of the five experimental conditions. The results of experiment show that the pressure characteristics of slug flow in curved tubes have periodic fluctuations. With the rise of central angle,the period of pressure fluctuation is more obvious. The system pressure of the slug flow increases with the increasing of superficial liquid/gas velocity. Meanwhile,the probability distribution of pressure signal shows regularity,such as unimodal,bimodal or multimodal.

Convective Boiling of Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant R410A in the Horizontal Micro-fin Tube

Using near-azeotropic refrigerant R410A as the working fluid, the experimental studies on the horizontal micro-fin tubes were conducted. Several factors affecting heat transfer coefficients were analyzed, and the characteristics of flow boiling of the refrigerant in the horizontal micro-fin tubes were discussed. The local heat transfer coefficients increase with mass flux, heat flux and quality. And the heat transfer enhancement factor of those testing tubes is about 1.6 to 2.2.

Test on methane flame velocity in horizontal tube with obstacles

To test flame propagation velocity of gas explosion in a horizontal tube,a set of flame velocity testing system is designed.The system is composed of two parts:a horizontal tube used for methane burning and a flame detection system.The effect of obstacles on flame propagation velocity of methane explosion is tested.Methane volume density is 10% in the tube.The obstacle is the circular ring,2 mm thick.Its blockage ratios are 40%,50% and 60%,respectively.The number of obstacles put in the tube is 1,3,5 and 7.Experimental results show that the obstacle has obviously accelerating effect on flame wave of gas explosion.As the number and blockage ratios of the obstacles increase,flame accelerating became more obviously.When there are seven obstacles,the maximum average flame velocity reaches over 351.2 m/s.When the blockage ratio of three obstacles is 60%,the maximum average flame velocity is 238.9 m/s.

Theoretical Research on R245fa Condensation Heat Transfer inside a Horizontal Tube

Numerical simulation on R245fa condensation inside an inner diameter of 8 mm horizontal tube is researched in this paper. The effect of variation in velocity, condensation temperature and superheat of inlet steam and variation in cooling water temperature on heat transfer coefficient are investigated as a parametric study. Condensation process of steam has been successfully modeled by applying a user defined function (UDF) added to the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package. By analyzing the corresponding condensate contours and the curves of local heat transfer coefficient, the relationships between condensation heat transfer coefficient and various parameters of R245fa inside horizontal tube are obtained. It shows that the heat transfer coefficient increases by the increase in velocity, condensation temperature and superheat of inlet steam and the decrease in cooling water temperature. The errors between the heat transfer coefficient of simulation result and model of Wang and Shah are within ±30%. The parametric study will provide the basis for designing efficient heat exchangers of R245fa.

Thermal transfer experimental research of a horizontal tube evaporative condenser

The thermal resistances distribution in different wet-bulb temperatures, air velocities and spraying water densities were achieved by the experimental test. The fluctuation of the water film convection and the water-air interfacial thermal resistance were reviewed especially. In the distribution of thermal resistance, the rank of the thermal resistance proportion （from max to min） is air flow heat transfer resistance, heat transfer resistance between refrigerant and wall, water film convection resistance and wall heat transfer resistance. When the heat flux is constant, the total resistance lowers nearly along with the increasing of air flow and water spray density. But there are a best air flow value of 2.98 m/s and a best spray water density of 0.064 kg/（m ·s） respectively, if continue to increase them, condensation performance is not significantly improved any more. The test results are available to improve the evaporative condenser performance and the designing lever.

Heat Transfer in Horizontal Copper Tube Heated by Electric Heating Process

Heat transfer from electrical and electronics component is essential for better performance of that electrical system,The maximum heat transfer from that system results long period durability.In most of the system base provided for equipments are very small and placed in a very complicated position.so heat transfer by forced convection is not easy for that purpose.The heat transfer by natural convection is the familiar technique used in electronics cooling;there is huge group of apparatus that lends itself to natural convection.This category consist of stand-alone correspondence such as modems and small computers having an array of printed circuit boards(PCB)accumulate within an area.Natural convection heat transfer in heated horizontal duct drive away heat from the interior surface is offered.The duct is open-ended and round in cross section.The test section is heated by provision of heating coils,where constant wall heat flux mentioned.Heat transfer experiment is carried out for channel of 50 mm.internal diameter and 4 mm thickness with length 600 mm.Ratios of length to diameter of the channel are taken as L/D=12.Wall heat fluxes maintained at q//=300 W/m2 to 3150 W/m2.A methodical investigational record for the local steady state natural convection heat transfer activities is obtained.The wall heating condition on local steady-state heat transfer phenomena are studied.The present experimental data is compared with the existing theoretical and experimental results for the cases of vertical smooth tubes.

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展,综述了不同操作参数(气体温度、流向及流量,溶液流量、温度及浓度,内部媒介流量及温度等)与结构参数(管径、管间距等)对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律,以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律,包括整体性能和局部微细特征,为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。

低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井技术应用

产液剖面测试找水是了解生产层段产液状况,为油藏动态调整提供依据的重要手段,是油田开发的一项主要工作。针对低渗透油藏水平井单井产液低,常规产液剖面测试技术准确性差及分段生产测试效率低的问题,提出采用2 in^(*)预置式穿芯连续油管带测井仪器入井测试,通过氮气气举井筒排液,连续油管拖动井下测井仪器连续监测为核心的快速找水新方法。设计了制氮车+油管悬挂器+3½in普通油管+喇叭口的负压生产管柱,以及2 in穿芯连续油管+卡瓦连接器+测井连接工具串+测井仪器串的测试管柱,研制了连续油管测井连接工具、电滑环滚筒电缆密封固定器和FIT测井仪器等关键配套装置,形成了低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井快速找水技术。开展了6口井现场先导试验,试验过程中,井下测试信号无交流电干扰,保证了实时数据传输优势,真正做到了井下监测与地面实时可读同步。该技术可实现1天测试1口井,为定量快速解释低液量水平井产液分布状况提供了新的技术手段。

水平井段连续管多形态流域可溶桥塞碎屑运移规律

随着油田大规模的开发,连续管钻磨桥塞技术得到广泛应用。然而该技术在现场应用中会由于桥塞碎屑的堆积而造成钻磨时效低、井下故障频发等一系列工程难题。为此,探究在水平井眼多形态流域桥塞碎屑的运移规律很有必要。运用CFD数值模拟方法,对水平井段连续管不同形态时的桥塞碎屑进行运移规律研究,探究当边界条件不同(钻磨液黏度、钻磨液流量、固相初始体积分数)时各个截面上桥塞碎屑的体积分数的变化规律。研究结果表明:钻磨液黏度的增加、钻磨液流量的减少、固相初始体积分数的降低都有利于桥塞碎屑的运移;并且当连续管在中心时出口处的桥塞碎屑体积分数比连续管螺旋屈曲时的要高26.5%;碎屑初始体积分数对碎屑运移的影响最大。所得结论可有效预防井下卡钻等风险。

基于有限元模拟的水平连铸TP2铜管坯一次冷却结构优化研究

对比多种结晶器结构下温度场、速度场等分布状态及石墨模具内部温度变化趋势,探究其对铜套、石墨模具等易损件及铜管铸坯温度变化的影响。结果表明,在一次冷却结构增设12道Φ10 mm且倾斜角度为30°的流槽,可使冷却水流态平稳均衡,铜套受热均匀,有利于铸坯周向同时凝固。本文通过有限元软件模拟铜管水平连铸过程一次冷却结构优化对温度的影响,为生产企业改善产线冷却效果,提高产品质量,降低模具成本和延长使用寿命,提供了实验参照和理论指导。

圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法研究

通过对11个圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱进行低周反复荷载试验,分析再生粗骨料取代率、型钢截面形式、轴压比、型钢配钢率及圆钢管壁厚参数对组合柱水平承载力的影响规律;观察了组合柱的破坏形态及特征,研究了圆钢管、型钢翼缘及腹板应变的发展规律,分析了组合柱的地震破坏特征。研究表明,在水平地震作用下组合柱发生典型的压弯塑性铰破坏。在此基础上,结合现有规范提出了基于叠加原理的圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法。计算结果表明,其水平承载力计算值与试验值吻合度较好,能较为准确地预测组合柱的水平承载力。

铜管坯水平连铸水冷调控与实验分析

为实现传统铜管坯水平连铸水冷控制系统在线自动化精准控制,提高生产质量与精度,改善管坯组织性能,对现有铜管坯水平连铸一冷水控制进行分析。采用程序设计和物理实验验证的方法,开展了基于可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)闭环策略下石墨结晶器冷却水量自动控制的相关研究。实验结果表明,基于闭环控制逻辑的自动水冷控制系统可以将流量波动控制在±0.5 L/min范围内,离散系数为2.68×10^(-3),明显小于传统水冷控制系统,铜管坯水平连铸一次冷却水闭环控制系统可以实现连铸过程的精确控制。

水平管内高黏油水环输送减阻特性分析

随着人们对于石油资源需求的日益加深,常规原油逐渐枯竭。稠油的使用会成为一种趋势,世界稠油地质储量丰富,占全球石油剩余储量的70%,具有巨大的开发潜力和广阔的市场前景,但稠油自身具有黏度高、分子量大、流动性差的特点,这些性质为稠油的输送带来了极大的困难与挑战。因此,加快我国稠油输送技术及相关理论的研究创新是适应未来趋势变化的客观要求,是经济有效地开发输送稠油资源的必然选择。本文采用水环输送法对稠油水平管流减阻,用以探究水环包裹下的稠油水平管流阻力特性,分析入口含水率(5%~80%)、油(0.65~1.57m^(3)/h)、水(0.09~2.13m^(3)/h)相流量对于水环润滑减阻效果以及稠油流型的影响,自主设计水环输送稠油实验环道,引入有效粗糙度k*,建立环状流压降预测修正模型,分析讨论流型特征及形成环状流时的油水流量范围,结果表明:在一定条件下形成的水环能够有效地对稠油输送进行减阻;水环可以有效润滑管壁;修正后的压降预测模型与实验值对比相对误差介于±10%,RMSE=0.02,水环输送压降仅占纯油输送压降的0.01~0.24;油相流量较高时应注意水相流量,避免过大导致输油效率η以及减阻率DR下降。

页岩油水平井连续管底封拖动压裂难点与对策

连续管拖动压裂作为页岩油藏压裂增产的主体工艺之一,为了解决长水平段水平井压裂改造过程中面临的连续管下入自锁、压裂封隔器坐封困难、喷射阶段封隔器频繁解封等难点。文章通过对连续管拖动压裂作业中摩擦系数实验测试、软件模拟工具受力分析和射孔过程套管回压精确计算等方法,针对连续管下入自锁问题提出了利用金属降阻剂和环空泵送压裂工具延长连续管下深的方法,针对压裂封隔器坐封困难问题采用环空泵送辅助封隔器坐封,通过精确计算射孔阶段需要控制的套管回压,有针对性地预防封隔器频繁解封的问题。现场实践表明,上述措施能有效解决水平段2 000 m以内的底封拖动压裂过程连续管技术难题,为后续鄂尔多斯页岩油规模化开发提供技术支撑。

煤层气水平井筛管密集分段径向射流增透方法

水平井煤层伤害后渗透性差、常规分段水力射流间距长,为提高近井壁煤层渗透性,优化设计了弹簧-液压式封隔器与注液短节,提出了以筛孔为喷嘴的煤层气水平井筛管密集分段径向射流增透方法。建立了单个筛孔径向射流破岩计算模型和近井壁煤岩增透渗流增量比计算模型,优化设计了筛管孔密、筛孔出口流速和射流排量,分析了井壁煤岩固相侵入带与滤液侵入带的渗透率比值Kγ、固相侵入带深度Hs对渗流增量比的影响规律。研究结果表明,弹簧-液压式封隔器采用了无骨架式胶筒、径向滑块和强力弹簧设计,解决了密集分段径向射流工具在筛管内的高频次封隔稳定性难题,实现了煤层气水平井筛管完井与射流增透一趟钻;在Hs=3.5 cm、Kγ=0.01条件下,筛孔径向水力射流间距减小为筛孔间距0.05 m,水平井段煤岩渗流增量比增加5.5%,实现了煤层水平井段密封分段径向射流增透作业。研究结果为解决采用筛管完井的煤层气水平井储层伤害难题提供技术指导,为近井壁煤岩增透作业提供理论支撑。

CuO–TiO_(2) based self-powered broad band photodetector

An efficient room-temperature self-powered,broadband(300 nm–1100 nm)photodetector based on a CuO–TiO_(2)/TiO_(2)/p-Si(100)heterostructure is demonstrated.The CuO–TiO_(2)nanocomposites were grown in a two-zone horizontal tube furnace on a 40 nm TiO_(2)thin film deposited on a p-type Si(100)substrate.The CuO–TiO_(2)/TiO_(2)/p-Si(100)devices exhibited excellent rectification characteristics under dark and individual photoillumination conditions.The devices showed remarkable photo-response under broadband(300–1100 nm)light illumination at zero bias voltage,indicating the achievement of highly sensitive self-powered photodetectors at visible and near-infrared light illuminations.The maximum response of the devices is observed at 300 nm for an illumination power of 10 W.The response and recovery times were calculated as 86 ms and 78 ms,respectively.Moreover,under a small bias,the devices showed a prompt binary response by altering the current from positive to negative under illumination conditions.The main reason behind this binary response is the low turn-on voltage and photovoltaic characteristics of the devices.Under illumination conditions,the generation of photocurrent is due to the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs within the built-in electric field at the CuO–TiO_(2)/TiO_(2)interface.These characteristics make the CuO–TiO_(2)/TiO_(2)broadband photodetectors suitable for applications that require high response speeds and self-sufficient functionality.

深层煤层气水平井连续油管解卡工艺研究

针对深层煤层水平井连续油管较卡问题,从地质因素、工程因素两方面分析垢卡原因,并系统性总结解深层煤水平井连续油管煤垢卡的解卡过程及技术要点,为今后同类作业提供指导性建议。

第三系半成岩富水砂岩隧道水平高压旋喷桩复合结构超前预加固研究

在诸如第三系半成岩地层等富水软弱均质地层的隧道建设中,常采用水平高压旋喷桩进行洞内超前预加固,但水平旋喷桩往往因自身抗拉强度低在承受较大荷载时容易发生断裂破坏。依托云南临沧至清水河高速公路王家寨隧道工程,提出了一种在桩体内插入小直径钢管的水平高压旋喷复合结构。通过力学理论分析、数值模拟与现场监测,对比分析了水平高压旋喷桩素桩与复合结构的力学机制与对围岩加固作用,并对钢管布置形式及直径进行优化设计。研究表明:在300 kPa水压下,复合结构相比素桩的挠度值降低了34.8%,最大拉应力降低了37.5%,受力模式明显改善,承受的极限水压力荷载大幅提升至700 kPa,对围岩拱顶沉降、应力也有一定削减作用;增加拱顶钢管布置密度可有效降低桩体拉应力,而减少钢管直径则会导致钢管拉应力增大;建议实际工程中拱顶间隔1根桩体布置108 mm钢管,拱肩间隔2~3根布置89 mm钢管,边墙可不设钢管。

煤层气L型水平井防窜气排采控制方法研究

煤层气采用L型水平井开发,可使单井稳产气量达到8000m^(3)/d以上,但由于L型水平井无沉砂口袋,无法靠重力实现气、水自然分离,易发生油管窜气,导致泵效大幅下降,制约进一步排水降压。前期通过优化排采举升工艺,油管窜气现象得到了一定缓解,但对低流压产气井和高流压产气井的治理效果仍然不理想。以沁水盆地樊庄-郑庄区块L型水平井为例,通过研究分析56口发生油管窜气井的气、水变化规律,建立了窜气严重程度评价指标,利用灰色关联度法找出影响油管窜气的主控因素,明确产生油管窜气的原因,并在优化排采制度方面提出了2种防治油管窜气的方法。结果表明:井筒环空的液柱高度是引发油管窜气的先决条件,油管窜气随液柱高度降低突然发生,当液柱高度大于75m时,出水口不窜气或以轻、中度窜气为主;当液柱高度小于75m时,以重度窜气为主,且发生窜气后其窜气程度随液柱高度的降低呈指数增大。气液比是影响窜气程度大小的关键因素,且窜气程度随气液比的增大呈对数增大,当气液比小于30时,以轻度和中度窜气为主,当气液比大于30时,以重度窜气为主。通过控制恒定高套压,采取“控压排水”法,可有效提高泵吸入口附近两相流的持液率;通过控制日产气量,采取“控产排水”法,将泵吸入口附近的气液比降低至30以下,可有效降低油管窜气程度。在此基础上,结合防窜气排采举升工艺,最终实现油管窜气的标本兼治。