Estimating horizontal scale of fluctuation with limited CPT soundings

The paper explores the possibility of estimating the horizontal scale of fluctuation(δ_h) with limited CPTs.The following conditions are desirable:(1) the CPT depth is large;(2) there are more than two CPTs;(3)the CPT separation distances are distinct and preferably less than 2×δ_h; and(4) the Whittle-Matern auto-correlation model is adopted.

In-service Structural Health Monitoring of a Full-scale Composite Horizontal Tail

In-service structural health monitoring（SHM） technologies are critical for the utilization of composite aircraft structures. We developed a Lamb wave-based in-service SHM technology using built-in piezoelectric actuator/sensor networks to monitor delamination extension in a full-scale composite horizontal tail. The in-service SHM technology combine of damage rapid monitoring（DRM） stage and damage imaging diagnosis（DID） stage allows for real-time monitoring and long term tracking of the structural integrity of composite aircraft structures. DRM stage using spearman rank correlation coeffi cient was introduced to generate a damage index which can be used to monitor the trend of damage extension. The DID stage based on canonical correlation analysis aimed at intuitively highlighting structural damage regions in two-dimensional images. The DRM and DID stages were trialed by an in-service SHM experiment of CFRP T-joint. Finally, the detection capability of the in-service SHM technology was verified in the SHM experiment of a full-scale composite horizontal tail. Experimental results show that the rapid monitoring method effectively monitors the damage occurrence and extension tendency in real time; damage imaging diagnosis results are consistent with those from the failure model of the composite horizontal tail structure.

On the horizontal distribution of algal-bloom in Chaohu Lake and its formation process

Based on the remote sensing images of algae, the present work analyzes the horizontal distribution characteristics of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake, China, which also reveals the frequency of algal blooms under different wind directions. Further, an unstructured-grid, three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） is applied to investigate the wind-induced currents and the transport pro- cess to explain the reason why algal blooms occur at the detected places. We first deduce the primary distribution of biomass from overlaid satellite images, and explain the formation mechanism by analyzing the pollution sources, and simulating the flow field and transportation process under prevailing wind over Chaohu Lake. And then, we consider the adjustment action of the wind on the corresponding day and develop a two-time scale approach to describe the whole formation process of algae horizontal distribution in Chaohu Lake. That is, on the longer time scale, i.e., during bloom season, prevailing wind determines the primary distribution of biomass by inducing the characteristic flow field; on the shorter time scale, i.e., on the day when bloom occurs, the wind force adjusts the primary distribution of biomass to form the final distribution of algal bloom.

The Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Tip Speed Ratio on the Coherent Structure of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Wake:A Wind Tunnel Experiment

The evolution laws of the large-eddy coherent structure of the wind turbine wake have been evaluated via wind tunnel experiments under uniform and turbulent inflow conditions.The spatial correlation coefficients,the turbulence integral scales and power spectrum are obtained at different tip speed ratios(TSRs)based on the time-resolved particle image velocity(TR-PIV)technique.The results indicate that the large-eddy coherent structures are more likely to dissipate with an increase in turbulence intensity and TSR.Furthermore,the spatial correlation of the longitudinal pulsation velocity is greater than its axial counterpart,resulting into a wake turbulence dominated by the longitudinal pulsation.With an increase of turbulence intensity,the integral scale of the axial turbulence increases,meanwhile,its longitudinal counterpart decreases.Owing to an increase in TSR,the integral scale of axial turbulence decreases,whereas,that of the longitudinal turbulence increases.By analyzing the wake power spectrum,it is found that the turbulent pulsation kinetic energy of the wake structure is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency vortex region.The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy increases with an increase of turbulence intensity and the turbulence is transported and dissipated on a smaller scale vortex,thus promoting the recovery of wake.

Horizontal Fire Spread in a Contemporary Apartment Based on a Real Fire

The apartment fire tests comprise a set of two full-scale fire experiments in a dwelling building made from pre-fabricated concrete elements in April 2013. Two apartments were nearly identically furnished and fully instrumented with thermocouples, video cameras and gas extraction probes. The apartments were ignited successively whereupon the fire in the second apartment developed freely to post-flashover conditions and got the main focus in this report. The apartment was completely furnished with contemporary furniture and objects, and had an average fire load density for residential occupancy. A full description of the fire load, ventilation conditions and instrumentation are provided. The focus of this report is primarily to obtain conclusions on the horizontal spread of smoke throughout the apartment during the fire growth period. Velocities of smoke spreading were measured to be in the range below 0.05 m/s which means that the smoke migrated over the longest distance throughout the apartment for about 3 to 4 minutes while the flame did not leave the initial fire room. The main aim of the experiments was to collect a comprehensive set of data from a realistic and contemporary fire scenario to validate numerical simulations.

沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气储层特征及开发技术对策

为了实现沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发,以郑庄北-沁南西区块为研究对象,基于参数井取心分析测试、注入/压降测试、地应力循环测试结果和大量动静态数据,通过与浅部对比,阐述了中深部煤储层特征,分析了从浅部到中深部煤层直井压裂和水平井分段压裂两种开发技术的改进,进而提出了中深部煤层气主体开发技术。结果表明,郑庄北-沁南西区块3号煤平均埋深1200 m左右,为中深部煤层气储层。随着埋深增加,研究区含气量和吸附时间均先增加后降低,含气量和吸附时间峰值分别位于埋深1100~1200 m和800~1000 m;随着埋深增加,研究区地应力场类型发生了2次转换,埋深小于600 m时,为逆断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成水平缝,利于造长缝;埋深大于1000 m时为走滑断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成垂直缝,裂缝延伸较短;埋深为600~1000 m时,地应力场由逆断层型向走滑断层型转换阶段,水力压裂形成的裂缝系统较为复杂。与浅层相比,中深部储层含气量、解吸效率和应力场发生明显转变。随着埋深增加,无论是直井(定向井)还是水平井,均应采用更大的压裂规模才能获得较好的效果。对于直井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂液量达到1500 m^(3)以上、排量12~15 m^(3)/min以上、砂比10%~14%以上,单井日产气量可以达到1000 m^(3)以上;对于水平井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂段间距控制在70~90 m以下,单段液量、砂量分别达到2000、150 m^(3)以上,排量达到15 m^(3)/min以上开发效果较好,单井产量突破18000 m^(3)。随着埋深增加,水平井开发方式明显优于直井,以二开全通径水平井井型结构、优质层段识别技术和大规模、大排量缝网压裂为核心的水平井开发方式是适用于沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发的主体工艺技术。

深层页岩压裂多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与分布规律

深层页岩天然裂缝与层理缝发育,经体积改造后易形成“主缝+支缝+次微缝”的多级裂缝结构,但受高垂向应力和高水平应力差条件的影响,深层页岩压裂裂缝开度极窄且主次缝开度差异较大。为了明确多级裂缝内支撑剂运移机制与分布规律,搭建了大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,研究了泵注排量、液体黏度、支撑剂粒径、支撑剂浓度、裂缝特征参数对支撑剂运移与分布的影响规律,最后基于水电相似原理计算了裂缝整体导流能力并开展了评价分析。研究结果表明:①缝内支撑剂存在多种堆积模式,其形成由流体对支撑剂的携带能力决定;②支撑剂分流效率受多种因素影响,增大排量与减小支撑剂粒径均可提高分流效率;③多级裂缝内,增大排量与压裂液黏度均在一定程度上改善了支撑剂非均匀分布,但裂缝导流能力表现为先增大后减小;④综合支撑剂分流结果与多级裂缝内支撑剂分布规律,推荐坚持“大排量+低黏度”泵注思想,以保证大粒径支撑剂占比,适当混合小粒径支撑剂,构建“近井区高导流+远井区有支撑”的高导流裂缝体。结论认为,基于含多级裂缝的大型可视化支撑剂输送实验系统,全面系统研究了不同条件下多级裂缝内支撑剂运移与堆积的模式,研究成果可为深层页岩压裂泵注工艺参数设计与优化提供理论支撑。

NCS压裂滑套在海上大规模压裂适用研究与分析

海上大规模压裂需要提高现有压裂工艺作业时效,保证压裂作业连续性。新型完井压裂滑套可大幅提高作业时效,并快速处理井下复杂情况,保证作业连续性。基于海上作业环境,合成了一种抗盐乳液稠化剂,研发海水基一体化压裂液体系,同时配合支撑剂连续输送装置和套管回接技术,保证压裂材料连续供给,满足环空大排量作业。新型完井压裂滑套适合于海上水平井大规模压裂并具有广泛的应用前景。

水泥土加固桩水平循环承载性能足尺试验研究

选取宿迁典型饱和粉土场地,采用水泥土搅拌桩加固钻孔灌注桩桩周土,开展灌注桩水平循环加载足尺试验。探究水泥土加固试验桩(TPI)和未加固试验桩(TPU)在循环水平荷载作用下的滞回特性、弯矩、刚度退化、位移延性、水平承载力与残余变形能力。试验结果表明:TPI比TPU桩的弯矩减小47%,屈服位移减小41%,水平承载力提升150%,有效刚度提升240%,等效黏滞阻尼比提升233%,桩的开裂荷载提升150%,屈服荷载阶段桩体的残余变形能力减小17%。水泥土搅拌法不仅可以限制桩侧粉土液化,增加桩基础的耗能及位移延性,而且可以显著的降低桩头水平位移和弯矩的发展。从抗震性能的角度分析,水泥土搅拌桩加固既有桩基,有效抑制了加固范围内地基土刚度衰减,增强了桩-土结构的总耗能、等效黏滞阻尼系数与变形恢复能力,提高桩基础在大变形阶段的抗震性能。

热带气旋发展增强过程中龙卷尺度涡旋活动特征

观测发现热带气旋(TC)边界层中存在龙卷尺度涡旋(TSV),其引起的相关阵风对近地面具有强烈影响.利用WRF-ARW模型,通过对飓风Earl(2010)进行高分辨率的数值试验模拟,分析了TC边界层龙卷尺度涡旋的时空分布特征以及发生发展的可能原因.Earl发展增强过程中,TSV数量随着Earl强度的增强而增加,尤其在最强期间表现最为活跃,一方面TC的增强提供了更强的背景场使得TSV更易生成,另一方面更强的背景场使得长生命期的TSV增加,每一时刻同时存在的TSV也就更多.TSV生成区域随Earl的发展从垂直风切左侧逐渐集中至逆风切左侧,且始终位于RMW内侧近地层次级环流上升支和最大垂直涡度位置附近,这里通常满足垂直切变和水平切变不稳定的必要条件,TSV涡度收支分析的结果表明,对TSV生成发展起主要贡献的是与水平风水平切变相关的拉伸项以及与垂直切变相关的扭转项,这意味着TSV的生成与发展可能与垂直切变不稳定和水平切变不稳定有关.

主动式微服务细粒度弹性缩放算法研究

微服务架构已成为云数据中心的基本服务架构。但目前关于微服务系统弹性缩放的研究大多是基于服务或实例级别的水平缩放,忽略了能够充分利用单台服务器资源的细粒度垂直缩放,从而导致资源浪费。为此,设计了主动式微服务细粒度弹性缩放算法。算法通过预测请求到达率对系统进行资源预配置。基于预测结果,应用平方根配置规则计算需求资源数量,进而利用垂直缩放的细粒度资源控制特性和水平缩放的高可用性对微服务进行伸缩。应用基于微服务依赖关系的实例迁移算法进一步降低资源开销。实验结果表明,提出的算法在优化微服务系统时延和开销方面取得了显著效果。

郑庄北中深部煤层气水平井产能影响因素及开发技术优化

【目的】沁水盆地郑庄北中深部煤层气早期采用压裂直井开发,整体表现为低产低效。采用单支套管压裂水平井开发后,单井产量达到直井的10~50倍,目前已成为主体开发井型,但各井产量差异较大。为明确郑庄北中深部煤层气分段压裂水平井产能影响因素,改善开发效果。【方法】基于郑庄北部水平井开发实践,结合地质特征与工程参数,分析了中深部煤层气水平井产能的主控因素,并针对性提出实现中深部水平井高效开发的建议。【结果和结论】结果表明:单支套管压裂水平井产能受地质和工程因素综合影响。地质条件下,中深部储层含气饱和度明显高于浅部储层,整体资源富集;高产井主要分布在构造曲率较小的平缓区域内;原生煤层射孔段数与水平井产气效果呈正相关关系;研究区水平主应力差介于8~16 MPa,且随埋深增加而增大,无法形成复杂缝网是导致前期产气效果差的原因。工程条件上,当井眼轨迹方位与最大水平主应力方位夹角为60°~90°时产气效果最好,井平均稳产气量可达到9 700 m^(3)/d;水平段越长,煤层稳产气量越高;采用泵送桥塞射孔压裂方式的水平井产气效果明显优于油管压裂方式,稳产气量随压裂规模增加而显著提高,压裂参数中施工排量对改造效果的控制作用显著,当排量<7 m^(3)/min时,水平井稳产气量整体小于2 000m^(3)/d;当排量增大到8~10 m^(3)/min时,稳产气量逐渐增高;当排量保持在10~12 m^(3)/min,稳产气量持续稳定在10 000~12 000 m^(3)/d;当排量提高到16~18 m^(3)/min时,稳产气量突破18 000 m^(3)/d。最后,优选含气性、构造曲率、煤体结构、地应力等地质参数与水平段长度、压裂段数、单段压裂液量、单段压裂砂量、施工排量、砂比等工程参数,通过灰色关联法分析了中深部水平井产能主控因素。结果表明煤体结构和压裂规模是影响水平井产能的主要因素。提高原生煤层钻遇率与选点效率以及进一步提升施工排量及压裂规模是实现研究区中深部煤层压裂水平井更高产能的主要途径。

Cometd分布式消息推送的研究与实现

基于Cometd的分布式消息推送的目的是在微服务水平扩展的场景中,解决前端服务到同样业务的不同微服务实例订阅时,前端只能收到订阅的服务端实例上的消息,同时,保证业务微服务可灵活地增加或减少服务的数量,提高应用的处理能力,同时通过kafka的异步消息机制实现对数据的流量限制,简化微服务的核心业务逻辑。

卧式罐容量测量方法研究

本文介绍了一种快速测量卧式罐容量的方法,用以解决传统容量比较法和几何测量法在检测时存在的问题。该方法通过使用高精度电子秤和双路并行等手段,实现了对检测介质的快速称重和对卧式罐内液位的自动读取。相较于传统方法,该方法显著提高了检测效率、降低了劳动强度,并在使用场景上具备灵活性,适用于各种环境条件。该方法具有检测效率高、对罐体变形容忍度高等特点,可为工业生产提供更为便捷、高效、可靠的卧式罐容量测量手段,为该领域带来了创新性的解决方案。

Land Breeze and Thermals: A Scale Threshold to Distinguish Their Effects

Land breeze is a type of mesoscale circulation developed due to thermal forcing over a heterogeneous landscape. It can contribute to atmospheric dynamic and hydrologic processes through affecting heat and water fluxes on the land-atmosphere interface and generating shallow convective precipitation. If the scale of the landscape heterogeneity is smaller than a certain size, however, the resulting land breeze becomes weak and becomes mixed up with other thermal convections like thermals. This study seeks to identify a scale threshold to distinguish the effects between land breeze and thermals. Two-dimensional simulations were performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS） to simulate thermals and land breeze. Their horizontal scale features were analyzed using the wavelet transform. The thermals developed over a homogeneous landscape under dry or wet conditions have an initial scale of 2-5 km during their early stage of development. The scale jumps to 10-15 km when condensation occurs. The solution of an analytical model indicates that the reduced degree of atmospheric instability due to the release of condensation potential heat could be one of the contributing factors for the increase in scale. The land breeze, on the other hand, has a major scale identical to the size of the landscape heterogeneity throughout various stages of development. The results suggest that the effects of land breeze can be clearly distinguished from those of thermals only if the size of the landscape heterogeneity is larger than the scale threshold of about 5 km for dry atmospheric processes or about 15 km for moist ones.

One-Step-Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine on Large-Scale Bucket-Top-Bearing Bucket Foundation

In 2010,the first offshore wind turbine with integrated installation was established in Qidong sea area of Jiangsu Province,China,which led to the implementation phase of one-step-installation technique based on the design and construction of large-scale bucket-top-bearing (LSBTB) bucket foundation.The critical technique of LSBTB bucket foundation included self-floating towing,penetration with adjustment of horizontal levelness,removability and one-step-installation.The process of one-step-installation included the prefabrication of LSBTB bucket foundation in onshore construction base,installation and debugging of wind power,overall water transportation of foundation and wind power system,and installation of foundation and offshore wind turbine on the appointed sea area.The cost of one-step-installation technique was about 5 000 Yuan/kW,which was 30%-50% lower than that of the existing technique.The prefabrication of LSBTB bucket foundation took about two months.During the one-step-installation process,the installation and debugging of wind power and overall water transportation need about one to two days in sea area within 35 m depth.After the proposed technique is industrialized,the cost will be further reduced,and the installation capacity is expected to be up to 500 wind turbines per year.

页岩储层水平井固井水泥浆体系应用研究进展

中国的页岩储层具有埋藏深、地温梯度高、封固段顶底温差大等特点,能够在深层水平井高温及大温差条件下固井,并在后期大规模体积压裂期间保持井筒完整性的固井水泥浆体系的选择成为近年来的焦点。为明确页岩储层深层水平井固井水泥浆技术的发展方向,基于页岩储层水平井固井对前期水泥浆流变性能要求与后期水泥环力学性能要求,分别从外加剂适用条件、外加剂反应机理以及微观结构的形成3个方面探讨了页岩储层水平井的固井水泥浆技术难点及研究现状,汇总了国内外各大油气田页岩储层水平井固井硅酸盐水泥浆体系的应用实效,提出了相应的技术措施及未来固井水泥浆体系的研究重点。

Scaling of motion and governing equations for baroclinic large-scale motions in equatorial ocean

An obvious characteristic of the baroclinic large-scale motions in the equatorial ocean is that the meridional scale H of motion is far smaller than the zonal scale L. The scaling of motion carefully with this striking characteristic in this paper results in two conclusions, i. e., the Coriolis terms associated with the horizontal component of the rotation vector cannot be neglected in the governing equations; and the use of the absence of heating is not suitable to the equatorial region. In this paper the equatorial β-plane nondimensional governing equations with the small parametersδ_0 andδ_1 have been Obtained.

骨片移植技术与引导性骨再生技术的牙槽嵴水平骨增量效果及患者疼痛度比较

目的:比较以生物学为导向的骨增量技术中骨片移植技术(BBA)和引导性骨再生技术(GBR)在刀刃状牙槽嵴骨增量中的临床效果及患者术中术后的疼痛VAS视觉量表。方法:收集2020年1月至2022年12月50例需通过植骨后行种植牙修复的刀刃状牙槽嵴患者,由同一位经验丰富的外科医生连续进行了50次手术,其中23例采用BBA手术(BBA组),27例采用GBR手术(GBR组)。在CBCT图像上进行测量水平牙槽骨宽度,对比手术前以及手术后半年的牙槽骨宽度,计算水平骨增量的变化。同时对患者术前和术后进行疼痛VAS视觉量表分析。结果:BBA组及GBR组对术前、术后6月的牙槽骨宽度行配对样本t检验,BBA组牙槽骨宽度增加明显大于GBR组(P<0.05)。对BBA组及GBR组的水平骨增量行独立样本t检验,BBA组水平骨增量明显大于GBR组(P<0.05)。对BBA组及GBR组的VAS疼痛视觉量表评分行独立样本t检验分析,BBA组患者术中、术后2小时、术后7天的疼痛度高于GBR组(P<0.05),两组患者术后1天及术后3天疼痛相同(P>0.05)。结论:虽然采用BBA技术的种植牙患者在术中、术后2小时及术后7天的疼痛度明显高于GBR组,但是BBA技术骨增量效果显著优于GBR技术。BBA技术植骨的骨增量的效果确切,作为牙槽骨重建的方法可提高种植牙的修复成功率。

致密油水平井小型注水吞吐技术研究

目前致密油水平井开发过程中,常规注水适应性差,自然能量开发递减大,水平井低产低效,整体采出程度低,迫切需要对水平井有效补能技术进行攻克,来实现恢复单井产能,提高采收率。D1区C7油藏为一个致密油水平井开发单元,受裂缝发育、井间干扰大、注水适配性差等因素影响,长期无注水补能,自然递减持续较高,开发水平低。针对此问题,前期开展了水平井长周期注水吞吐和压裂车快速分段注水吞吐矿场试验,取得了一定效果,但存在注水有效利用低的问题,投入高产出低。通过研究两种试验机理,结合实际情况,摸索出了小型快速注水吞吐技术,增油效果较好,为同类油藏开发具有现实指导意义。