Effect of the Density of Molten Metal on the Raining Phenomenon in Horizontal Centrifugal Casting

In this work the influence of the density of the molten metal on the emergence of the raining phenomenon in the horizontal centrifugal casting process is numerically studied. Transient 2D numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Three molten metals with different density, namely aluminum, iron and lead, and three angular frequencies, namely 50, 66 and 77 rad/s were considered. It is found that the density of the molten metal significantly affects the emergence, transient or permanent, of the rain phenomenon. However, the magnitude and duration of the rain phenomenon depend on the angular frequency of the rotating mold. Likewise, since gravitational forces affect the metal according to its density, the value of the critical rotation speed of the mold is also affected.

Viscous Effects on Wave Forces on A Submerged Horizontal Circular Cylinder

Numerical simulations are carried out for wave action on a submerged horizontal circular cylinder by means of a viscous fluid model, and it is focused on the examination of the discrepancies between the viscous fluid results and the potential flow solutions. It is found that the lift force resulted from rotational flow on the circular cylinder is always in anti-phase with the inertia force and induces the discrepancies between the results. The influence factors on the magnitude of the lift force, especially the correlation between the stagnation-point position and the wave amplitude, and the effect of the vortex shedding are investigated by further examination on the flow fields around the cylinder. The viscous numerical calculations at different wave frequencies showed that the wave frequency has also significant influence on the wave forces. Under higher frequency and larger amplitude wave action, vortex shedding from the circular cylinder will appear and influence the wave forces on the cylinder substantially.

Experimental Investigation of Lift Forces on Horizontal Cylinder near Bottom in Oscillating Flow

The lift forces on horizontal cylinder near bottom is experimentally investigated at Reynolds numbers (Re) in the range of 2 500~10 000 and Keulegan^Carpenter numbers (Kc) in the interval of 5~20, and gap ratio (e/D) is from 0.2 to 1.0. Lift force coefficient (CL) and the deviation value of lift force (a0) are analyzed by using the Fourier analysis method. It is found that both CL & a0 are the functions of the Kc number.

Study on the Distribution Law of Horizontal Seismic Forces between Slab-Column and Shear Wall

In slab column-shear wall structures,both the whole structure′s seismic behavior and failure mode are greatly influenced by the distribution of horizontal seismic forces between slab-column and shear wall.In this paper,a pushover analysis of topical slab column-shear wall structure was carried out,the seismic shear force that the slab-column and shear wall should undertake was worked out,the influences of plastic internal force redistribution and structure stiffness characteristic value on horizontal seismic distribution were studied and the calculation formula was given.The analysis results showed that with the yield of the shear walls,the story shear force was undertaken by slab-columns correspondingly increased while with the decrease of characteristic value of stiffness of a structure,and the horizontal seismic force was undertaken by slab-columns correspondingly decreased.According to the code,the design of horizontal force distribution may be cause insecurity problems,so it is necessary to give the distribution law of horizontal seismic forces in slab-column shear wall structures as the supplement to the corresponding regulation of the Code.

Horizontal dynamic response of a large-diameter pipe pile considering the second-order effect of axial force

The second-order effect of axial force on horizontal vibrating characteristics of a large-diameter pipe pile is theoretically investigated.Governing equations of the pile-soil system are established based on elastodynamics.Threedimensional wave equations of soil are decoupled through differential transformation and variable separation.Consequently,expressions of soil displacements and horizontal resistances can be obtained.An analytical solution of the pile is derived based on continuity conditions between the pile and soil,subsequently from which expressions of the complex impedances are deduced.Analyses are carried out to examine the second-order effect of axial force on the horizontal vibrating behavior of the pipe pile.Some conclusions can be summarized as follows： stiffness and damping factors are decreased with the application of axial force on the pile head; distributions of the pile horizontal displacement and rotation angle are regenerated due to the second-order effect of the applied axial force; and redistributions of the bending moment and shearing force occur due to the second-order effect of the applied axial force.

A High-Resolution Modeling Study of the 19 June 2002 Convective Initiation Case during IHOP 2002:Localized Forcing by Horizontal Convective Rolls

The initiation processes of one of the initial convective cells near and on the east side of a dryline on 19 June 2002 during the IHOP 2002 field experiment in the central United States is analyzed in detail based on a high-resolution numerical simulation. Prominent horizontal convective rolls and associated near-surface moisture convergence bands [called roll convergence bands(RCBs) here] develop within the convective boundary layer(CBL) due to surface heating, in the hours leading to convective initiation(CI). The RCBs east of the dryline are advected toward the primary dryline convergence boundary(PDCB) by the southerly moist flow as the CBL deepens with time. Backward trajectories of air parcels forming the initial precipitating updraft of the convective cell are found to primarily originate at about 1–1.5 km above ground, within the upper portion of the shallower CBL earlier on. The representative air parcel is found to follow and stay on top of a surface RCB as the RCB moves toward the PDCB, but the RCB forcing alone is not enough to initiate convection. As this RCB gets close to the PDCB, it moves into a zone of mesoscale convergence and a deeper CBL that exhibits an upward moisture bulge associated with the PDCB. The combined upward forcing of the RCB and the mesoscale PDCB convergence quickly lifts the representative air parcel above its level of free convection to initiate convection. A conceptual model summarizing the CI processes is proposed.

Wave uplift force on horizontal panels: a laboratory study

Accurate estimation of wave uplift force is essential to the designs of reliable coastal and marine structures.We presents a series of laboratory work here on the impact of regular waves on horizontal panels,from which an empirical formula to estimate accurately the wave uplift force on panels is established.The laboratory measurements show that the wave uplift force depends mainly on the incident wave height,the wave period,the wave length,the panel width,and the clearance between the subsurface of the panel and the still water level.Among these factors,the impact of the panel width on uplift forces is relatively complicated.Result shows that the relative panel width(i.e.,the ratio of panel width to wave length)plays a more important role in estimating the wave uplift force.Based on our comprehensive laboratory measurements,we further developed an empirical formula to compute wave uplift force on horizontal panels through dimensionless analysis.Compared with other empirical formulas,this formula uses dimensionless variables of clear physical meanings,thus can describe the interaction between waves and the panels in a better way.In addition,the efficiency of the formula to estimate wave uplift force on horizontal panels is verified against existing works.Therefore,the findings in this study shall be useful for understanding the mechanism of wave uplift force on horizontal panels and numerical model validation.

Calculating the Wave Force on Partially Immersed Large-Scale Horizontal Cylinders

Large-scale interceptors constitute the main structure of offshore self-driven floating marine litter collection devices,and the structural stability of such interceptors under the action of waves directly influences the overall safety of the device.When the ratio of the diameter of a horizontal cylinder in such interceptors to the incident wavelength is larger than 0.25,the wave force can be calculated by using the diffraction theory,by considering the problem as that of the interaction between the waves and a partially immersed large-scale horizontal cylinder.In this study,an analytical approach to calculate the wave force on a partially immersed large-scale horizontal cylinder was formulated by using the stepwise approximation method.Physical model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different factors(wave height,period,and immersion depth)on the wave force on a large-scale horizontal cylinder under conditions involving short-period waves.The results show that both horizontal and vertical wave forces on the cylinder increase as the wave height(immersion depth)increases in most cases.The vertical wave force decreases with the decrease of the period.For the horizontal wave force,it increases with the decrease of the period when the wavelength is larger than the diameter of the cylinder and decreases with the decrease of the period when the wavelength is smaller than the diameter of the cylinder.

Wave-current force on horizontal cylinder

For the calculation of wave-current force on horizontal cylinder a modified Morison's equation is used. A redefined Keulegan- Carpenter number KC2 is determined for the horizontal cylinder in wave-current co-existing field. The force coefficients are well related to the redefined KC2 number. As to the comparison with the force on vertical cylinder, the characteristics of force on horizontal cylinder are quite similar to those on vertical cylinder, but the force coefficients for horizontal cylinder are larger than those for vertical cylinder. It is proved by the authors' calculation that the results of monochromatic wave can be used directly for the determination of irregular wave-current force on horizontal cylinder in time domain.

THE MODEL TEST RESEARCH OF HORIZONTAL FORCE ON RIGID SHAFT FURNITURE IN DEEP MINE

The state of deep mine rigid shaft fUrniture horizontal force calculation in China is introduced and the calculating model of horizontal force is determined. Based on the interaction between hoisting vessel and shaft furniture, the vertical mobel test device is built and a large number of model tests and analyses are carried out. At last, the relationship between horizontal force and hoisting end load, hoisting speed or bunton level interval is gained. The three parameters horizontal force calculating equation of beep mine rigid shaft furniture is given and it can guide the design and calculation of shaft engineering.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wave Forces on APartially-Perforated Caisson Breakwater with A Rock-Filled Core

The total horizontal and vertical forces acting on a partially-perforated caisson breakwater and their phase difference are investigated in this study. The perforated breakwater sits on the rubble tilled foundation, and has a rock-filled core. An analytical solution is developed based on the eigenfunction expansion and matching method to solve the wave field around the breakwater. The finite element method is used for simulating the wave-induced tlow in the rabble-filled foundation. Experiments are also conducted to study the wave forces on the perforated caissons. Numerical predictions of the present model are compared with experimental resuhs. The phase differences between the total horizontal and vertical forces are particularly analyzed by means of experimental and numerical results. The major factors that affect the wave forces are examined.

Numerical Method for Wave Forces Acting on Partially Perforated Caisson

The perforated caisson is widely applied to practical engineering because of its great advantages in effectively wave energy consumption and cost reduction. The attentions of many scientists were paid to the fluid–structure interaction between wave and perforated caisson studies, but until now, most concerns have been put on theoretical analysis and experimental model set up. In this paper, interaction between the wave and the partial perforated caisson in a 2D numerical wave flume is investigated by means of the renewed SPH algorithm, and the mathematical equations are in the form of SPH numerical approximation based on Navier–Stokes equations. The validity of the SPH mathematical method is examined and the simulated results are compared with the results of theoretical models, meanwhile the complex hydrodynamic characteristics when the water particles flow in or out of a wave absorbing chamber are analyzed and the wave pressure distribution of the perforated caisson is also addressed here. The relationship between the ratio of total horizontal force acting on caisson under regular waves and its influence factors is examined. The data show that the numerical calculation of the ratio of total horizontal force meets the empirical regression equation very well. The simulations of SPH about the wave nonlinearity and breaking are briefly depicted in the paper, suggesting that the advantages and great potentiality of the SPH method is significant compared with traditional methods.

Comparison of Potential Theory and Morison Equation for Deformable Horizontal Cylinders

This study investigates the hydro-elastic behaviors of fully submerged horizontal cylinders in different regular waves.Two methods were proposed and compared in this study.The first method was based on potential theory in frequency domain and the discrete-module-beam(DMB)method,which discretizes a floating elastic structure into a sufficient number of rigid bodies while simultaneously representing the elastic behavior from beam elements with Euler-Bernoulli beam and Saint-Venant torsion.Moreover,the Morison method in time domain was employed;this method estimates wave forces from the semi-empirical Morison equation,and the elastic behavior is embodied by massless axial,bending,and torsional springs.Various parametric studies on cylinder diameter,submergence depth,and wave direction were conducted.Wave forces,dry/wet mode shapes/natural frequencies,and dynamic motions are presented and analyzed.

考虑渗吸效应的页岩油井体积压裂用液强度优化方法——以南襄盆地泌阳凹陷X-1井为例

以南襄盆地泌阳凹陷X-1井为例,将岩心实验测得的带压渗吸规律通过岩心尺度油藏模拟拟合得到表征渗吸过程的毛管压力特征曲线及相对渗透率特征曲线,将其代入宏观油藏模型中模拟压后焖井过程,建立体积压裂用液强度优化方法。研究表明:压裂液用液强度的优化必须考虑造缝要满足预测最终可采储量的需求、满足渗吸驱油的需求、满足补充地层能量的需求,同时将压裂液用液强度控制在临界渗吸强度附近,避免液量过少导致渗吸置换作用不充分,液量过大导致成本增加与潜在储层伤害。模拟发现,压裂液用液强度与单井预测最终可采储量正相关且存在最优值,大于最优值后,单井预测最终可采储量增加的幅度将越来越小,通过适当提高压裂液用液强度补充地层能量提高焖井压力,适当增加焖井时间,可有效增加压后产能。经过X-1井现场试验验证,该优化方法对油井生产效果改善显著,具有较好的实用性。

某核心筒收进水瓶型超高层结构设计关键问题研究

某超高层建筑位于武汉市汉阳区一线滨江区域,整体造型为下大上小逐渐收分的水瓶型,主体结构高度249m,屋面上设51m高塔冠,地上建筑总高度300m。建筑师要求外框柱贴幕墙边布置,导致塔楼大部分柱均为斜柱,在竖向荷载作用下将对楼面体系产生水平分力,设计中通过在楼面梁设置抗拉钢筋及型钢承担水平拉力。核心筒墙体在17、43层进行了转换收进,通过合理的分析及措施,确保了墙体传力路径的合理性。对主体结构进行了风洞试验并进行了相关论证,减小了设计风荷载,节约了结构造价。对结构进行了施工模拟、收缩徐变分析、墙体有限元分析及塔冠分析,结果表明结构设计安全合理。

考虑连续特性的水平井钻柱轴向振动分析

为精确描述水平井钻柱轴向受迫振动规律,以连续性波动理论为基础,考虑了钻柱连续特性、库伦阻尼及钻井液黏性阻尼作用和轴向振动工具对钻柱的位移激励,并采用等效黏性阻尼法对库仑阻尼进行线性化处理,建立了轴向振动工具作用下的水平井钻柱运动的动态解析模型;通过轴向振动工具测试实验验证了本文所建模型,并利用数值模拟分析了轴向振动工具的频率及钻柱与井壁间摩擦系数对水平井钻柱轴向受迫振动的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内增加轴向振动工具的振荡频率可提高水平井钻柱的轴向受迫振动响应;钻柱与井壁间摩擦系数对水平井钻柱轴向受迫振动的影响随着钻柱长度的增加而降低。本文的研究方法和模型可为改善轴向振动工具在水平井作业中的应用提供理论指导。

大越浪下堤后建筑单体波浪冲击力计算方法

针对越浪水体对防波堤后方建筑单体冲击力缺乏理论计算公式的问题,结合地中海某油气港改扩建工程的二维物理模型试验结果,提出4种基于压力传感器测量数据的堤后单体平均波压力计算方法,并结合总力传感器结果与各种方法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:越浪水体具有较高的动能,导致单个压力传感器的测量结果偏高,明显高于总力传感器结果;当试验设备受限时,可以通过均布压力传感器,取同一时刻下波压(不含负值)平均值的方式近似计算建筑单体迎浪面受到的总水平力;不同的波压平均值计算策略对总水平力的大小有影响,遍历全部测量结果计算得到的波压平均值较为合理,采取此计算策略得到的总水平力与总力传感器结果最为接近。

水平振动式滚磨光整加工中力链演化及量化分析

滚磨光整加工中磨块颗粒介质内力链网络影响颗粒群的宏观行为,进而影响加工效果。本文建立水平振动式滚磨光整加工离散元模型,分析颗粒介质介观尺度力链网络动态演化机制与宏观运动行为的联系,并对力链网络进行量化表征研究。结果表明:力链网络复杂的时空分布特性决定了颗粒群的运动特征,提高激振参数,颗粒介质出现流态化现象,力链数目减少,强力链长度变短、准直系数减小、强度提高、方向偏向重力方向。研究工作为形成滚磨光整加工多尺度研究策略提供了一定的分析方法。

先导式比例电磁阀电磁力水平特性分析及优化

阻尼可调减振器作为悬架系统的核心部件,对汽车行驶平顺性至关重要,而先导式比例电磁阀作为减振器中的重要元件,对减振器性能起到关键作用。介绍了电磁阀的结构及工作原理,利用Maxwell 2D有限元仿真软件建立电磁铁仿真模型,对静态下的电磁力-位移水平特性进行仿真计算,并根据仿真结果对电磁铁隔磁环倾角、导套厚度、衔铁长度、衔铁宽度等结构参数进行调整分析,通过电磁力水平特性试验,验证仿真模型的准确性。引入正交实验法,对各参数进行协同优化,采用标准差这一指标衡量电磁力水平特性,优化后的产品电磁力标准差为0.635888,优化效果提升7.98%。为阀体的机-电-液-磁耦合仿真分析奠定了基础。

输电铁塔主材内力与基础水平位移关系式的研究

铁塔基础在遭遇地质灾害的情况下会发生垂直和水平位移;相比于水平位移,人们多关注基础垂直位移对塔构件内力的影响,但水平位移对杆件内力影响同样不可忽略,研究输电铁塔基础水平位移与铁塔安全性的关系具有重要意义。为了推导基础水平位移与铁塔主材内力的解析式,运用梁和杆的刚度等效方法和能量法,给出了单腿水平位移作用下四个塔腿承受弯矩的比例关系,推导出主材在第一横格面处的最大弯矩,通过简化模型推导出单腿基础水平位移作用下铁塔各塔腿主材最大轴力表达式,并通过有限元计算对最大轴力表达式进行修正。输电铁塔受上部荷载在主材中主要产生轴向拉(压)应力,而基础水平位移主要产生弯矩应力。本文给出的主材内力与塔腿位移表达式可作为输电线路塔腿基础发生水平位移后铁塔的安全评估的依据。