Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger in Frozen Soil Layer

A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numerical results show that the frozen depth mainly depends on the soil′s moisture content and ambient temperature. The heat transfer loss of horizontal GHE tends to grow with the increase of the soil′s moisture content and the decrease of ambient temperature. Backfilled materials with optimal thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal loss effectively in the frozen soil. The applicability of the Chinese national standard “Technical Code for Ground Source Heat Pump (GB 50366-2005)” is verified. For a ground source heat pump project, the feasible layout of horizontal GHE should be determined based on the integration of the soil′s structure, backfilled materials, weather data, and economic analysis.

Experimental Analysis of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger for Northern Tunisia

The aim of this study is first to evaluate the Tunisian geothermal energy and second to test the performance of horizontal ground heat exchanger. An experimental set-up has been constructed for climatic condition of Borj Cedria located in the north of Tunisia for space cooling. Results obtained during experiment were presented and discussed. The ground temperature at several depths was measured, the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was determined. To evaluate the system efficiency, the energy analysis was applied;the energy efficiency was found to range from 14% to 28%. The heat exchange rate was quantified, the pressure losses were calculated. The total heat rejected by using the ground heat exchanger (GHE) system was compared to the total cool requirements of a tested room with 12 m2 surface. The results showed that the GHE, with 25 m of length buried at 1 m depth, covers 38% of the total cool requirement of the tested room. This study showed that the ground heat exchanger provide a new way of cooling buildings, it also showed that Tunisia have an important thermal potential. This favorable circumstance allows Tunisia to be a pioneer in the exploitation of geothermal energy for the installation of ground source heat pump systems.

Experiments Using Capillary Mat as Ground Heat Exchanger for Ground Source Heat Pump Heating Application

The cooling and heating of spaces are among the largest sources for household’s energy demand. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a promising technology to reduce the energy for cooling and heating purposes. However, the major obstacle hindering the utilization of this technology is the high initial cost, especially for the installation of ground coupled heat exchanger. The horizontal closed-loop system offers lower installation cost, as it requires no vertical borehole construction. Instead, the heat exchangers can be installed in shallow trenches that may be excavated, by small excavator or even by human labor. This paper presents the comparison of two different heat exchangers, namely, the capillary mat and the widely used slinky pipe. Both heat exchangers are connected to a heat pump, where continuous heating tests were carried out for 165 hours (~7 days) for each configuration. The purpose of this research is to show the performance of capillary mat in comparison to slinky pipe. Despite during the entire test for capillary mat required 6% higher electricity consumption, compared to slinky heat exchanger, the results still suggest the potential use of capillary mat as alternative to slinky heat exchanger. Additionally, the results also highlight the high hydraulic resistance of installed capillary mat heat exchangers may become the major disadvantage of the capillary mat.

Study of the Heat Transfer of a Two-Tubular Exchanger with a Hemispherical End Buried

In this paper, a numerical study of a buried hemispherical double-pipe heat exchanger with soil by using geothermal energy is presented. Since the local air-wall exchange coefficient throughout the heat exchanger is unknown, a study of mathematics based on the theory of Green’s functions in the unsteady state was developed. The complexity of the geometry has led us to develop a numerical study that allows us to obtain results that reflect the importance of heat exchange. The applications are numerous, especially in the storage of energy in the soil to optimize greenhouses according to the cycle of the seasons.

Thermal transfer experimental research of a horizontal tube evaporative condenser

The thermal resistances distribution in different wet-bulb temperatures, air velocities and spraying water densities were achieved by the experimental test. The fluctuation of the water film convection and the water-air interfacial thermal resistance were reviewed especially. In the distribution of thermal resistance, the rank of the thermal resistance proportion （from max to min） is air flow heat transfer resistance, heat transfer resistance between refrigerant and wall, water film convection resistance and wall heat transfer resistance. When the heat flux is constant, the total resistance lowers nearly along with the increasing of air flow and water spray density. But there are a best air flow value of 2.98 m/s and a best spray water density of 0.064 kg/（m ·s） respectively, if continue to increase them, condensation performance is not significantly improved any more. The test results are available to improve the evaporative condenser performance and the designing lever.

地下渗流场对中深层水平井同轴套管取热性能的影响

为提高中深层地热井取热效率,设计了一种水平井同轴套管换热器,考虑地下渗流场作用,研究了渗流速度、渗流方向、水平段长度等因素对水平井同轴套管换热器取热性能的影响。结果表明:水平井同轴套管换热器的出口温度和取热功率比传统垂直井同轴套管换热器提高了12.6%和42.9%;间歇开采工况下取热系统的出口温度降幅较小,且地层温度恢复更好;当含水层的渗流速度大于5×10^(-8)m/s时,系统出口温度高于无含水层,渗流速度过低不利于地热井取热;渗流方向垂直于水平段,对系统取热性能的提升效果强于与水平段同向工况;适量增加注入流量、降低注入温度、增加水平段长度,可有效提高地热井取热量。

喷射式同轴套管换热器采热特性研究

为提高井底高温区地热能开采效率,文章构建了一种用于水平地热井开采的喷射式同轴套管换热器。基于有限体积法建立水平段近井底区三维数值仿真模型,对比分析外进内出型(Outside-in and Inside-out type,OI)、内进外出型(Inside-in and Outside-out type,IO)和喷射式(Jet Inlet,IOI)同轴套管换热器的流场和温度场,揭示了喷射式换热器强化传热机理。结果表明:IOI型换热器内流体的湍动能增加,并形成涡旋,提高了地热开采效率。通过对比采热性能发现,努塞尔数随质量流量增加而增加,IOI型的努塞尔数比其他两者分别高18.33%~32.48%和5.33%~18.84%;摩擦系数随质量流量增加而降低;相同质量流量下,IOI型换热器热增强系数比其他两者分别高9.13%~13.58%和3.61%~10.24%;IOI型的平均采出温度和平均延米换热量始终在三者中最高。研究结果为提高水平地热井同轴套管式换热器开采效率提供理论依据。

基于内管移动的卧式管壳式相变储热器储热性能优化研究

相变储热技术能够实现对固态储放氢过程热量的回收和供给,实现固态储氢罐内的自热平衡,提高储放氢性能。研究针对卧式管壳式相变储热器,提出了一种新型的内管偏心放置绕中心轴线旋转的运动方式,采用Fluent数值模拟软件,基于动网格技术编写了用户自定义函数UDF,重点研究了内管偏心距离与旋转速度对储热性能的影响。结果表明:与传统中心内管静止布置相比,偏心内管的旋转运动能够显著提高储热性能,当偏心距离为9 mm,旋转速度为0.10 r/min时,储热时间达到最小值,储热时间减少了92.16%,时间平均储热速率是内管静止布置的11.51倍;当偏心距离为9 mm,旋转速度由0.30 r/min减少至0.10 r/min时,储热时间减少了13.57%;当旋转速度为0.10 r/min,偏心距离由3 mm增至9 mm时,储热时间减少了70.48%。该研究结果可为卧式管壳式相变储热器在储氢领域的性能优化研究提供新思路。

表面张力模型对水平椭圆管外降膜流动传热数值计算结果的影响

采用VOF方法对水平椭圆管外降膜流动和换热进行了二维数值分析。研究了4种椭圆管管型在不同表面张力模型下的降膜流动和换热问题。结果表明,在椭圆管近壁处存在极薄的层流底层,对换热影响很大;在滞止区,流体涡流导致壁面换热系数波动较大。同时发现在椭圆管外降膜流动计算中,表面张力不可忽略,连续表面力(CSF)模型和连续表面应力(CSS)模型均能较好地体现椭圆管的壁面流动和换热情况,但CSF模型在上下滞止区的计算更为准确。此外,椭圆度对壁面传热系数影响也较为显著。椭圆度增大,换热增强,特别是当周向角θ=20°~180°时,换热增强尤为明显。

内置管束布置对换热器内固体颗粒流动的影响

换热器内设的水平换热管束是影响换热器内固体颗粒流动均匀性的重要因素,基于离散单元法构建了内置横管式固体颗粒换热器的流动计算模型,研究了管束排列方式和水平管间距对换热器内固体颗粒流动的影响。结果表明,颗粒流过错排管束的均匀性优于顺排管束,颗粒层的形变和停留时间波动性均较小,颗粒流动不均匀度为0.00721,比顺排管束的减少了42.3%,错排管束的颗粒停留时间标准偏差为0.029,比顺排管束的减少了39.1%。当颗粒流过错排管束时,随着水平管间距的减小,颗粒层的形变和停留时间波动性均增大,颗粒流动均匀性显著恶化,颗粒流动不均匀度由0.00721增大到0.00996,增大38.1%,颗粒停留时间标准偏差由0.029增大到0.039,增大33.8%,剪切区内颗粒速度差异增大,颗粒平均速度梯度由5.97×10^(-4)s^(-1)增大到7.85×10^(-4)s^(-1),增大了31.4%。

水平埋管周围土壤温度场数值模拟研究

建立了应用于地源热泵系统的水平埋管的传热数学模型,并采用 ANSYS 软件模拟了埋深为 3 m 的水平埋管在冬夏运行工况下周围土壤的温度场变化。根据选取的特定时间比较了单管和双管水平埋管在相同工况下周围土壤温度场,得出各自的影响半径,为水平埋管换热器的埋设提供了参考。

铸铁水平连铸中铸坯与石墨套界面换热的数学模型

提出了用自由热收缩的方法建立铸铁水平连铸中铸坯与石墨套界面换热的数学模型．采用所建立的模型，对包括铸坯与石墨套在内的整个传热系统进行数值计算，可以模拟出不同生产工艺条件（如不同铸坯半径、不同牵引速度等）下铸坯的凝固过程．

地源热泵地下环路的设计方法

介绍了地热换热器的形式 ,提出了竖直埋管地热换热器的设计方法及地下环路循环泵的选择方法。

严寒地区土壤源热泵地下水平埋管换热性能影响研究

针对严寒地区地源热泵水平埋管换热器的传热规律及其制约因素,建立加土壤保温层水平埋管换热器周围土壤不稳定温度场的物理和数学模型,并对所建立的模型进行模拟计算及实验验证。研究加保温层前后埋管周围土壤的温度变化以及不同运行方式下埋管周围土壤的温度场。结果显示:加土壤保温层后,单埋管换热器周围土壤温度提高1.30℃,双埋管换热器周围土壤温度提高约1.20℃。间歇运行比连续运行更有利于土壤温度的恢复,埋管换热量也得到提高。

水平圆管在大空间内自然对流换热的实验与数值分析

通过实验与数值计算相结合的方法,对大空间水平圆管的自然对流换热过程进行研究.实验得出圆管自然对流换热系数随管壁温度的升高而增大,并拟合了实验条件下的自然对流换热实验关联式.以Fluent为平台,对水平圆管在大空间内的自然对流换热进行数值分析.结果表明,自然对流换热强弱取决于圆管壁面与周围流体温差的大小,温差越大,自然对流流动发展越快,最大流速越大,圆管周围空气在温差产生的浮升力驱动下形成不断上升的气流.

气象波动对水平埋管换热器传热影响的数值模拟

应用气象学方法和传热传质理论,建立考虑气象因素和土体传热共同作用的大气-土壤相互作用模型;针对桂林红粘土地层,模拟分析气象波动对水平埋管换热器传热的影响。研究结果表明：1）在1.0～2.0 m埋深范围内,水平埋管换热器的换热效果明显受到地表气象波动的影响,大气温度、蒸发、辐射是主要因素;2）对于红粘土地层,降雨形成的浅层渗流对换热效果的提高幅度约为5.6%;3）通过开展不同设计埋深及埋管间距的换热效果分析,确定桂林红粘土地区水平埋管布置方式的合理值：埋深为2.5 m,埋管间距为2.0 m。

制冷工况下水平埋管换热器运行试验研究

通过夏季工况的地源热泵运行试验,对运行过程中水平埋管的换热性能参数、试验场地周围气象因素和换热过程中土体的温湿度变化等因素进行实时监测,探讨了地源热泵运行过程中水平埋管换热器热交换性能及其周围土壤的温、湿度场变化规律。研究结果表明,地源热泵间隙运行有利于土壤温度场的恢复,随着停机时间的增加,水平埋管与周围土壤的热交换能力明显提高;气候变化对水平埋管周围土壤的温度场分布具有显著影响,随着埋深的递减,土壤温度受气候变化的影响越明显;水平埋管周围土壤温度的变化幅度随着与埋管距离的增加呈递减趋势,其影响半径为1.0m左右;热交换对水平埋管周围土壤湿度场的影响不明显,但大气降雨引起的地表水入渗对土壤湿度场的分布具有显著影响。

闭环地源热泵系统设计研究

闭环地源热泵系统与传统空调系统的区别在于增加了地热换热器,因此地热换热器的合理设计是提高热泵系统效率和经济性的关键.文章介绍了地热换热器的形式,提出了竖直埋管地热换热器的传热模型、设计方法以及地下环路循环泵的选择方法.

水平裂缝蒸汽辅助重力泄油物理模拟试验研究

通过自行研制的三维高压模型本体 ,利用原有蒸汽驱三维物理模拟试验系统 ,进行了超稠油油藏的水平裂缝蒸汽辅助重力泄油 (FSAGD)室内物理模拟试验。试验表明 ,FSAGD具有和水平井蒸汽重力泄油 (SAGD)相类似的渗流及传热机理。与常规蒸汽驱和SAGD相比 ,FSAGD可以明显提高蒸汽波及系数和最终采收率。根据试验结果可将FSAGD过程分为 3个阶段 :预热阶段、稳定泄油阶段和降压开采阶段。为实现稳定泄油 ,应保证一定的注汽速度和较高的注汽干度。对射孔、蒸汽附加氮气、储层纵向非均质性等因素对FSAGD开采效果的影响进行了模拟试验。结果表明 ,生产井适当补孔和蒸汽附加氮气均有助于提高采油速度和累积油汽比 ,但不能提高原油最终采收率 ;

水平埋管热作用下周围土壤热湿特性实验研究

土壤含湿量的不同是影响土壤导热系数的主要因素之一,进而影响地埋管地源热泵系统地下埋管换热器的换热性能。沙箱实验结果显示,水平埋管周围土壤水分迁移现象有可能受到地下埋管换热器热作用的影响,土壤温度梯度是土壤水分迁移的主要动力。取热工况下,埋管周围土壤水分迁移现象可以忽略;排热工况下,埋管与周围土壤间热湿作用相互耦合,水平及竖直方向上均呈现土壤水分由管壁处向埋管远端迁移的现象。