Dynamic response and failure process of horizontal-layered fractured structure rock slope under strong earthquake

Rock slope with horizontal-layered fractured structure(HLFS)has high stability in its natural state.However,a strong earthquake can induce rock fissure expansion,ultimately leading to slope failure.In this study,the dynamic response,failure mode,and spectral characteristics of rock slope with HLFS under strong earthquake conditions were investigated based on the large-scale shaking table model test.On this basis,multiple sets of numerical calculation models were further established by UDEC discrete element program.Five influencing factors were considered in the parametric study of numerical simulations,including slope height,slope angle,bedding-plane spacing and secondary joint spacing as well as bedrock dip angle.The results showed that the failure process of rock slope with HLFS under earthquake action is mainly divided into four phases,i.e.,the tensile crack of the slope shoulder joints and shear dislocation at the top bedding plane,the extension of vertical joint cracks and increase of shear displacement,the formation of step-through sliding surfaces and the instability,and finally collapse of fractured rock mass.The acceleration response of slopes exhibits elevation amplification effect and surface effect.Numerical simulations indicate that the seismic stability of slopes with HLFS exhibits a negative correlation with slope height and angle,but a positive correlation with bedding-plane spacing,joint spacing,and bedrock dip angle.The results of this study can provide a reference for seismic stability evaluation of weathered rock slopes.

Experimental Study of Thermal Convection and Heat Transfer in Rotating Horizontal Annulus

A genuine technological issue–the thermal convection of liquid in a rotating cavity–is investigated experimentally.The experiments are conducted within a horizontal annulus with isothermal boundaries. The inner boundaryof the annulus has a higher temperature, thus exerting a stabilising influence on the system. It is shown that whenthe layer rotation velocity diminishes, two-dimensional azimuthally periodic convective rolls, rotating togetherwith the cavity, emerge in a threshold manner. The development of convection is accompanied by a significantintensification of heat transfer through the layer. It is shown that the averaged thermal convection excitation inthe form of a system of two-dimensional rolls occurs against the background of oscillations of a non-isothermalfluid in the cavity reference frame caused by the gravity field. The excitation threshold and the structure ofconvective rolls are consistent with the results of the earlier theoretical studies by the authors performed usingthe equations of “vibrational” convection obtained by the averaging method. Furthermore, the experiments haverevealed a new type of averaged flow in the form of a spatially periodic system of toroidal vortices. It is shown thata steady streaming, excited by the inertial oscillations of the fluid, is responsible for the generation of the toroidalvortices. These flows develop in a non-threshold manner and are most clearly manifested in a case of resonantexcitation of one of the inertial modes.

Upper-Bound Limit Analysis of the Multi-Layer Slope Stability and Failure Mode Based on Generalized Horizontal Slice Method

Multi-layer slopes are widely found in clay residue receiving fields.A generalized horizontal slice method(GHSM)for assessing the stability of multi-layer slopes that considers the energy dissipation between adjacent horizontal slices is presented.In view of the upper-bound limit analysis theory,the energy equation is derived and the ultimate failure mode is generated by comparing the sliding surface passing through the slope toe(mode A)with that below(mode B).In addition,the influence of the number of slices on the stability coefficients in the GHSM is studied and the stable value is obtained.Compared to the original method(Chen’s method),the GHSM can acquire more precise results,which takes into account the energy dissipation in the inner sliding soil mass.Moreover,the GHSM,limit equilibrium method(LEM)and numerical simulation method(NSM)are applied to analyze the stability of a multi-layer slope with different slope angles and the results of the safety factor and failure mode are very close in each case.The ultimate failure modes are shown to be mode B when the slope angle is not more than 28°.It illustrates that the determination of the ultimate sliding surface requires comparison of multiple failure modes,not only mode A.

New method of predicting surge pressure apply to horizontal well based on casson flow

In order to predict the surge pressure caused in the horizontal well drilling process, a new simple and applicable method has been established. It is based on the general theory of hydrostatic drilling fluid mechanics, and specifically described the flowing physical model towards surge pressure in horizontal well annulus, taking the effect of string eccentricity on the flowing law of drilling fluid into consideration. According to the constitutive equation of casson-mode under one-dimensional steady flow and the equations of annular flow rate under different drill string working conditions, this paper introduced the flow rate computation models of axial laminar flow in eccentric annulus apply to horizontal well, of which the numerical model was calculated by the program called Mathematica, ultimately, a new model for surge pressure prediction towards each interval in horizontal well was put forward. Application examples indicated that it can solve questions easily and precisely, which presents important meaning of guidance to the safety control while horizontal well drilling.

Aerodynamic Performance and Vibration Analyses of Small Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Various Number of Blades

The need to generate power from renewable sources to reduce demand for fossil fuels and the damage of their resulting carbon dioxide emissions is now well understood. Wind is among the most popular and fastest growing sources of alternative energy in the world. It is an inexhaustible, indigenous resource, pollution-free, and available almost any time of the day, especially in coastal regions. As a sustainable energy resource, electrical power generation from the wind is increasingly important in national and international energy policy in response to climate change. Experts predict that, with proper development, wind energy can meet up to 20% of US needs. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) are the most popular because of their higher efficiency. The aerodynamic characteristics and vibration of small scale HAWT with various numbers of blade designs have been investigated in this numerical study in order to improve its performance. SolidWorks was used for designing Computer Aided Design (CAD) models, and ANSYS software was used to study the dynamic flow around the turbine. Two, three, and five bladed HAWTs of 87 cm rotor diameter were designed. A HAWT tower of 100 cm long and 6 cm diameter was considered during this study while a shaft of 10.02 cm diameter was chosen. A good choice of airfoils and angle of attack is a key in the designing of a blade of rough surface and maintaining the maximum lift to drag ratio. The S818, S825 and S826 airfoils were used from the root to the tip and 4° critical angle of attack was considered. In this paper, a more appropriate numerical models and an improved method have been adopted in comparable with other models and methods in the literature. The wind flow around the whole wind turbine and static behavior of the HAWT rotor was solved using Moving Reference Frame (MRF) solver. The HAWT rotor results were used to initialize the Sliding Mesh Models (SMM) solver and study the dynamic behavior of HAWT rotor. The pressure and velocity contours on different blades surfaces were analyzed and presented in this work. The pressure and velocity contours around the entire turbine models were also analyzed. The power coefficient was calculated using the Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) and the moment coefficient and the results were compared to the theoretical and other research. The results show that the increase of number of blades from two to three increases the efficiency;however, the power coefficient remains relatively the same or sometimes decreases for five bladed turbine models. HAWT rotors and shaft vibrations were analyzed for two different materials using an applied pressure load imported from ANSYS fluent environment. It has proven that a good choice of material is crucial during the design process.

Three-Dimensional Scattering of an Incident Plane Shear Horizontal Guided Wave by a Partly through-Thickness Hole in a Plate

We investigate the three-dimensional （3D） scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate, in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem. An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes, and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies. The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency. It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence. Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.

Seismic Design Loads of Truss Arch Frames with Ceilings subjected to Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake Motions

Spatial structures such as a gymnasium and an exhibition hall often use ceilings because of enhancing sound effects and reducing heating bills. Although the ceiling members fell down on a large scale due to the seismic motion according to the past great earthquake disaster reports, structural engineers particularly do not carry out the seismic design. The study gives structural engineers the equivalent static loads for the design of the earthquake-proof design of the ceiling system. In particular, it is significant to investigate the dynamic behavior and the applied seismic loads for the complicated vibration of the long span arch building structures with RC columns.

基于避免断层激活机制的组合压裂模式研究

页岩气井多级压裂过程中的套管剪切变形问题日益严重,甚至出现了水力压裂诱发断层激活造成邻井套管变形的现象,这导致相邻水平井压裂不能顺利进行,严重影响了区块产能建设,而降低泵压及排量等现有方法对套管变形控制效果不明显。为此,基于Mohr-Coulomb准则建立了页岩气井井间断层激活评价模型,揭示了常规压裂模式下井间断层激活机理,提出了一种基于避免水力压裂诱发断层激活机制的组合压裂模式。研究结果表明:常规压裂模式下井间断层区域均会被激活,导致相邻水平井丢段;随井间距增加及水平井夹角减小,水平井丢段长度增加;通过采用拉链-顺序-同步组合压裂模式优化断层附近多井多段压裂顺序,可达到避免断层提前激活、缩短水平井丢段长度的效果。研究结果可为页岩气水平井断层激活及套管变形控制提供理论指导。

科研反哺教学的“管道无损检测技术”课程教学模式改革

针对“管道无损检测技术”课程的教学过程中普遍存在教学方法单调、评价方式单一、学生学习兴趣不高及教学效果不理想等问题,从课程性质和保障学生能力培养的课程衔接方案着手,探讨了以提升应用型人才的工程实践能力为教学改革目标的方法,完成了将最新科研成果融入各实践教学环节的改革方案,在优化课程体系、构建科研实践平台及项目驱动保障等方面展开改革实践。结果表明,改革措施有效改善了教学效果,调动了学生学习的积极性和主动性,使学生创新创业能力和工程实践能力明显提升。

电梯水平及垂直振动模态分析

针对电梯运行速度提高导致其振动严重,进而影响电梯舒适程度的问题,根据对电梯结构的分析及主要配置参数,基于Solid Edge软件构建三维模型,对电梯的立梁、上梁和下梁的应力、应变以及总变形进行有限元分析;重点对电梯在水平和垂直方向的振动模态进行分析,掌握其在不同工况和不同负载状态下的固有频率,为今后改进电梯结构奠定基础。

一种太阳能无人机降落阶段横桨功能实现策略

太阳能无人机是临近空间飞行器领域的研究热点,针对太阳能无人机降落阶段对于螺旋桨保持横桨的需求,基于永磁交流伺服电机的磁场定向控制策略设计了一种横桨控制方法,将电机模拟为具备多圈传感器的伺服机构,对其进行轨迹规划,不仅可以灵活设计其减速曲线,也可以使用多圈的行程连贯地实现定位过程。经试验证明,该控制方法可靠有效,满足无人机的降落使用要求。

绕墙底转动模式下装配式挡土墙土压力研究

墙背土压力分布及大小是装配式挡土墙设计的关键依据。设计并开展新型装配式混凝土挡土墙现场试验,研究挡土墙在加载条件下的位移模式和土压力分布规律。以现场试验为原型,建立无黏性填土、墙背倾斜且粗糙的挡土墙理论计算模型,同时考虑挡土墙位移模式与大小、土拱效应和土层间剪应力的影响,采用水平层分析法推导了绕墙底转动(RB)模式下挡土墙的土压力计算公式。结果表明:①该装配式挡土墙整体性能良好,绕墙底刚性转动。在RB模式下,墙顶处土体最先达到主动极限状态,土体从上至下逐渐达到极限状态;任意深度处的土体位移S_(c)达到7 mm时将达到极限状态,即S_(c)=0.16%H(H为墙高)。②本文理论解与试验值吻合较好,计算公式可用于求解挡土墙绕墙底转动过程中的土压力分布及大小。③随着挡土墙转动幅度的增大,土压力分布曲线凹向逐渐明显,土压力合力作用点高度呈现先降低后回升的现象;挡土墙转动角度η=0.007 rad为挡土墙达到主动状态的临界值。

“两纵一横”科技创新培养模式培育大学生核心素养的实践探索

通过创建“两纵一横”模式即以纵向科技项目立项和横向科技竞赛、大学生科技活动节和科技沙龙为激励,以双师双能型教师为保障,以双创能力为培养目标的新模式。提出构建“三个体系”和搭建“两个平台”模式,鼓励学生参与国家级和省市级别的纵向项目科技立项和开发与参加国家级、省市级横向科技竞赛相结合的方式,来实现大学生科技创新能力的提升和创新精神的培养。此外,通过建立“三库+三制度”保障体系,坚持以赛促学、以赛促教和以赛促改,实现赛教全方位融合,形成师生优势互补的新态势,培养一大批实践能力强、理论知识广的应用技能型工程师,最终实现应用型本科院校培养模式从“学历提升型人才”向“职业技能型工程师”的转变。该成果在校内和校外三年来的推广与应用证明“两纵一横”创新培养模式具有可操作性和可复制性,在应用型大学建设过程中取得显著效果,发挥引领示范作用。

内撑式基坑围护结构水平变形的表征函数研究

随着城市地下空间的开发与发展,基坑开挖引起的围护结构水平变形日益成为工程技术人员关注的焦点。针对现有围护结构水平变形规律及其表征方法研究的不足,提出了一套适用于内撑式基坑变形曲线的表征函数和指标体系。首先基于大量实测数据,针对内支撑式基坑围护结构变形,进行模式分类,将其分为上凹型、下凹型、上凹下凹型和上下无凹型这4种类型;基于围护结构变形模式和上下分段特征,利用分段正态分布函数,建立了围护结构水平变形曲线的表征方法,并提出了以水平变形最大值、两个分段反弯点位置值和变形曲线包络面积为核心的围护结构变形曲线表征指标体系。最后利用最小二乘法开展回归分析,对分段正态分布函数表征方法进行验证,证实了该函数在围护结构水平变形表征中的适用性和有效性。提出的分段正态分布函数变形表征方法目前并未涉及到变形预测方面,但可以为后续开展围护结构水平变形预测研究提供一条新的思路。

仪器偏心对纵横波衰减影响的正演实验

近年来,水平井得到了越来越广泛的应用,在页岩气等非常规油气藏以及海上油气藏的勘探开发中发挥了至关重要的作用。但水平井测井在影响因素校正、资料处理和解释等方面尚存在诸多问题。针对仪器偏心对水平井声波测井响应影响的问题,开展了相关的物理模拟实验研究和数值模拟分析。提取了不同偏心率条件下的模式波的能量参数,分析了模式波能量随仪器偏心率的变化关系。结果表明,当仪器处于偏心状态时,模式波的能量均与仪器偏心率呈现类似负指数关系;仪器偏心率与模式波的能量衰减系数呈现S形曲线变化关系。研究结果有助于厘清仪器偏心对水平井声波测井响应的影响规律并为进一步开展仪器偏心对阵列声波测井响应影响校正方案研究提供指导。

渤海曹妃甸低幅底水稠油油田特高含水期开发模式研究与实践

曹妃甸油田群为渤海规模最大的底水稠油油田,构造幅度低、油柱高度低、地层原油黏度大,经过十多年开发进入了特高含水期,目前采油速度低、水驱采收率低,亟需综合调整。通过室内实验与水驱模型推导,研究了底水稠油油藏水平井水脊特征与水驱波及系数变化规律。结果表明,水平井开采过程中单区脊进严重、沿程驱替不均衡;水平井水驱波及系数“早期缓慢上升、后期持续增大”,这说明提高产液量可以提高水驱波及系数。在此基础上,提出了基于水脊演化规律的水平井网加密调整技术、融合构造与储层描述的水平井精准布井技术、基于孔隙有效动用的水平井大排量提液技术等关键技术,进而建立了特高含水期老区与新区并举、老井与新井交错、纵向分带、平面分区的水平井整体加密调整模式。按照本文模式调整后,油田储量动用程度提高了21.3个百分点,采油速度提高了1.3倍,水驱采收率提高了10.9个百分点,实现了特高含水期快速上产并持续稳产,为海上油田中长期持续稳产和高效开发提供借鉴。

渤海陆相砂岩油田高含水期整体加密调整技术现状及展望

渤海在生产陆相砂岩油田探明原油地质储量占渤海总探明原油地质储量超80%,目前主力油田均已进入高含水开发期,受海上平台丛式井网开发方式制约,持续稳产难度加大。为进一步改善油田开发效果、提高油田采收率,近10多年来攻关形成了油藏精细描述、剩余油定量评价、注采井网加密调整、纵向注采细分等4项整体加密调整关键技术,建立了两种海上陆相砂岩稠油油田立体井网开发模式,应用于绥中36-1、秦皇岛32-6等20多个在生产油田整体加密调整,共实施开发井超过1000口,主力油田采油速度提高1.5倍以上、采收率提高10个百分点以上。本文系统总结了渤海油田高含水期整体加密调整关键技术和实践认识,并对今后特高含水期开发技术发展进行了展望,对推动海上油田中长期持续稳产和高效开发具有重要借鉴意义。

移动车辆激励下梁桥位移影响面重构及损伤诊断方法

针对桥梁影响线只考虑荷载一维状态而无法得到结构横向荷载效应,以及车辆激励下提取桥梁时程响应时受结构动力响应和车辆多轴效应影响的问题,提出基于变分模态分解和L2正则化的梁桥影响面重构及损伤诊断方法。首先,将车辆简化为线荷载,通过单辆重车多车道分别加载得到桥梁各车道原始时程响应,利用变分模态分解剥离时程响应中的动力成分,再根据车辆轴距和采样频率建立车辆信息矩阵及影响线识别的数学模型进而剔除车辆多轴效应;其次,利用L2正则化识别桥梁影响线,通过横向插值将各车道影响线重构为影响面;最后,利用影响面差值指标定位桥梁损伤。根据实际三跨钢混组合梁桥建立有限元模型,使用频率相对误差与模态置信准则修正该结构动力模型,基于动力修正后的模型验证该方法的可行性。研究结果表明:该方法可较准确地重构真实桥梁影响面,通过桥梁影响面对结构损伤进行定位的结果更直观、可靠。

基于纵横向协同控制的路径跟踪策略研究

为了提高智能车的路径跟踪精度和行驶稳定性,针对智能车路径跟踪控制提出了一种考虑车辆纵横向协同的跟踪策略。从车辆整体系统出发,对纵向运动和横向运动进行解耦,采用分层控制的结构,上层控制器利用基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的自适应滑模变结构控制对车辆运动学耦合进行解耦,并用RBF神经网络对模型不确定性造成的系统扰动实时追踪;下层控制器以轮胎利用附着系数作为优化目标,将轮胎力约束在附着椭圆内。基于纵横向协同控制对纵横向轮胎力进行优化分配,从而提高极限工况下车辆路径跟踪的精确度和稳定性。

寒区系杆拱桥桥面横向温度模式及静力性能

为研究寒区系杆拱桥桥面横向温度模式及结构静力性能,基于寒区气象资料和现场温度实测数据,研究系杆拱桥桥面的纵向和横向温度,提出桥面100 a横向温度模式。利用Midas软件建立桥梁温度场力学模型,分析横向升温载荷对桥梁静力性能的影响。研究表明:系杆拱桥桥面的横向温差呈非线性分布,距桥面中线越远温差越大。系杆拱桥桥面的横向温度以桥面中线为对称轴,在半幅桥面内呈幂指数对称分布。在桥面100 a横向温度模式下,各控制断面的应力和位移均大于我国铁路规范横向温度模式下的应力和位移,研究结果为工程应用提供理论指导。