A rapid and accurate two-point ray tracing method in horizontally layered velocity model

A rapid and accurate method for two-point ray tracing in horizontally layered velocity model is presented in this paper. Numerical experiments show that this method provides stable and rapid convergence with high accuracies, regardless of various 1-D velocity structures, takeoff angles and epicentral distances. This two-point ray tracing method is compared with the pseudobending technique and the method advanced by Kim and Baag (2002). It turns out that the method in this paper is much more efficient and accurate than the pseudobending technique, but is only applicable to 1-D velocity model. Kim's method is equivalent to ours for cases without large takeoff angles, but it fails to work when the takeoff angle is close to 90°. On the other hand, the method presented in this paper is applicable to cases with any takeoff angles with rapid and accurate convergence. Therefore, this method is a good choice for two-point ray tracing problems in horizontally layered velocity model and is efficient enough to be applied to a wide range of seismic problems.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger in Frozen Soil Layer

A simplified numerical model of heat transfer characteristics of horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) in the frozen soil layer is presented and the steady-state distribution of temperature field is simulated. Numerical results show that the frozen depth mainly depends on the soil′s moisture content and ambient temperature. The heat transfer loss of horizontal GHE tends to grow with the increase of the soil′s moisture content and the decrease of ambient temperature. Backfilled materials with optimal thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal loss effectively in the frozen soil. The applicability of the Chinese national standard “Technical Code for Ground Source Heat Pump (GB 50366-2005)” is verified. For a ground source heat pump project, the feasible layout of horizontal GHE should be determined based on the integration of the soil′s structure, backfilled materials, weather data, and economic analysis.

A new approach for time effect analysis of settlement for single pile based on virtual soil-pile model

A new approach is proposed to analyze the settlement behavior for single pile embedded in layered soils. Firstly, soil layers surrounding pile shaft are simulated by using distributed Voigt model, and finite soil layers under the pile end are assumed to be virtual soil-pile whose cross-section area is the same as that of the pile shaft. Then, by means of Laplace transform and impedance function transfer method to solve the static equilibrium equation of pile, the analytical solution of the displacement impedance fimction at the pile head is derived. Furthermore, the analytical solution of the settlement at the head of single pile is theoretically derived by virtue of convolution theorem. Based on these solutions, the influences of parameters of soil-pile system on the settlement behavior for single pile are analyzed. Also, comparison of the load-settlement response for two well-instrumented field tests in multilayered soils is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. It can be noted that the presented solution can be used to calculate the settlement of single pile for the preliminary design of pile foundation.

Horizontal structure of convergent wind shear associated with sporadic E layers over East Asia

At present,the main detection instruments for observing sporadic E(Es)layers are ground-based radars,dense networks of ground-based global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receivers,and GNSS radio occultation,but they cannot capture the whole picture of the horizontal structure of Es layers.This study employs the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension model(WACCM-X 2.1)to derive the horizontal structure of the ion convergence region(HSICR)to explore the shapes of the large-scale Es layers over East Asia for the period from June 1 to August 31,2008.The simulation produced the various shapes of the HSICRs elongated in the northwest-southeast,northeast-southwest,or composed of individual small patches.The close connection between Es layer critical frequency(foEs)and vertical ion convergence indicates that the HSICR is a good candidate for revealing and explaining the horizontal structure of the large-scale Es layers.

Large Eddy Simulation and Study of the Urban Boundary Layer

Based on a pseudo-spectral large eddy simulation (LES) model, an LES model with an anisotropy turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model and an explicit multi-stage third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is established. The modeling and analysis show that the LES model can simulate the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with a uniform underlying surface under various stratifications very well. Then, similar to the description of a forest canopy, the drag term on momentum and the production term of TKE by subgrid city buildings are introduced into the LES equations to account for the area-averaged effect of the subgrid urban canopy elements and to simulate the meteorological fields of the urban boundary layer (UBL). Numerical experiments and comparison analysis show that: (1) the result from the LES of the UBL with a proposed formula for the drag coefficient is consistent and comparable with that from wind tunnel experiments and an urban subdomain scale model; (2) due to the effect of urban buildings, the wind velocity near the canopy is decreased, turbulence is intensified, TKE, variance, and momentum flux are increased, the momentum and heat flux at the top of the PBL are increased, and the development of the PBL is quickened; (3) the height of the roughness sublayer (RS) of the actual city buildings is the maximum building height (1.5-3 times the mean building height), and a constant flux layer (CFL) exists in the lower part of the UBL.

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global wanning. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for （CoupModel） the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the CoupModel for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination （R2） is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0-20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water ex- changes between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thaw- ing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeoer and permafrost degradation.

Study on Characteristics of Underground Horizontal Electric Field Caused by Lightning Return Stroke Based on FDTD Method

Based on the MTLL lightning return stroke model,a two-dimensional cylindrical finite-difference time-domain( FDTD) model for underground horizontal electric field was established,and the effects of distance from lightning channel,depth,soil electrical conductivity and its distribution,and return stroke current on the characteristics of underground horizontal electric field were analyzed. The results showed that as long as the electrical conductivity of soil existed,the peak of underground horizontal electric field decreased with the increase in the horizontal distance from lightning channel. When the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was much smaller than that of the lower soil,the peak of corresponding horizontal electric field was larger than the electric field peak as the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was larger than that of the lower soil. When the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was less than that of the lower soil,the growth and decay of the horizontal electric field were faster than the growth and decay as the electrical conductivity of the upper soil was larger than that of the lower soil.

Shrubs proliferated within a six-year exclosure in a temperate grassland—Spatiotemporal relationships between vegetation and soil variables

Overgrazing has been considered one of the maj or causes that trigger shrub encroachment of grassland. Proliferation of shrubs in grassland is recognized as an important indicator of grassland degradation and desertification. In China, various conservation measures, including enclosures to reduce livestock grazing, have been taken to reverse the trend of grassland desertification, yet shrubs have been reported to increase in the grasslands over the past decades. In late 2007, we set up a 400-m-by-50-m exclosure in a long-term overgrazed temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, with the ob- jective to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between vegetation dynamics, soil variables, and grazing exclusion. Soil moisture was continuously monitored within the exclosure, and cover and aboveground biomass of the shrubs were measured inside the exclosure in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013, and outside the exclosure in 2012 and 2013. We found the average shrub cover and biomass significantly increased in the six years by 103 % and 120%, respectively. The result supported the hypothesis that releasing grazing pressure following long-term overgrazing tends to trigger shrub invasion into grassland. Our results, limited to a single gradient, suggest that any conservation measures with quick release of overgrazing pressure by enclosure or other similar means might do just the opposite to accelerate shrub en- croachment in grassland. The changes in vegetation cover and biomass were regressed on the temporal average of the soil moisture content by means of the generalized least square technique to quantify the effect of the spatial autocor- relation. The result indicates that the grass cover and biomass significantly increased with the top, but decreased with the bottom layer soil moisture. The shrub cover and biomass, on the other hand, decreased with the top, but increased with bottom soil moisture, although the regression coefficients for the shrubs were not statistically significant. Hence this study supports the two-layered soil model which assumes grasses and shrubs use belowground resources in dif- ferent depths.

Performance comparison of permafrost models in Wudaoliang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of permafrost and the effects of climate on ground temperature are important for land use and infrastructure development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP). Different permafrost models have been developed to simulate the ground temperature and active layer thickness(ALT). In this study, Temperature at Top of Permafrost(TTOP) model, Kudryavtsev model and modified Stefan solution were evaluated against detailed field measurements at four distinct field sites in the Wudaoliang Basin to better understand the applicability of permafrost models. Field data from 2012 to 2014 showed that there were notable differences in observed ground temperatures and ALTs within and among the sites. The TTOP model is relatively simple, however, when driven by averaged input values, it produced more accurate permafrost surface temperature(Tps) than the Kudryavtsev model. The modified Stefan solution resulted in a satisfactory accuracy of 90%, which was better than the Kudryavtsev model for estimating ALTs. The modified Stefan solution had the potential of being applied to climate-change studies in the future. Furthermore, additional field investigations over longer periods focusing on hydrology, which has significant influence on permafrost thaw, are necessary. These efforts should employ advanced measurement techniques to obtain adequate and extensive local parameters that will help improve model accuracy.

Trend judgment of abandoned channels and fine architecture characterization in meandering river reservoirs: A case study of Neogene Minhuazhen Formation NmⅢ2 layer in Shijiutuo bulge, Chengning uplift, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

Based on well logging responses,sedimentary patterns and sandstone thickness,the distribution characteristics of meandering river sedimentary sand body of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation NmⅢ2 layer in the west of Shijiutuo Bulge,Chengning Uplift,Bohai Bay Basin were investigated.A new approach to calculate the occurrence of the sand-mudstone interfaces using resistivity log of horizontal well was advanced to solve the multiple solution problem of abandoned channel’s orientation.This method uses the trigonometric function relationship between radius,dip and length of the resistivity log to calculate the occurrence qualitatively-quantitatively to help determine the true direction of the abandoned channels.This method can supplement and improve the architecture dissection technique for meandering river sandbodies.This method was used to study the dip angle and scale of the lateral accretion layers in point bar quantitatively to help determine the spatial distribution of lateral accretion layers.The fine architecture model of underground meandering river reservoir in the study area has been established.Different from traditional grids,different grid densities for lateral accretion layers and bodies were used in this model by non-uniform upscaling to establish the inner architecture model of point-bars and realize industrial numerical simulation of the whole study area.The research results can help us predict the distribution of remaining oil,tap remaining oil,and optimize the waterflooding in oilfields.

Some Problems Concerning Geologic Structure with Double Layers in Urban Underground Lifeline Engineering

Underground lifeline engineering (ULE for short) in modern city demands the appreciation of an active fault in buried bedrock . Generally speaking , a large number of urban geological textures of a basement may all be simplified into a dual geological texture model , i. e., the upper part of the basement consists of loose covering layer and the lower part consists of bedrock . The study of an active fault should include three parts of contents , i . e ., to determine the lower time limit of activity of the fault , and the time limit must be recognized by both of designing engineers and geologists ; on the basis of the studies of repetition periods of earthquake occurrence to deter mine whether the fault moves or not during the allowed time of efficacy of buildings and constructions ; for the sake of engineering practice , the active rate of the fault must be given . The fault with different active mechanism has different effects on the ULE . The authors studied the effect of lateral non-uniform overburden site on the ULE by means of the supersonic earthquake modelling . Owing to the lateral non - uniformity of the covering sediments , there occurs an obvious jump of amplitude of the seismic wave propagation near the contact surface between two different sedi ments . In addition , from the modelling experiment curves it may be seen that the different focus mechanisms and different medium characters may also exert an effect in different degrees .

Application of the HELP Model for Landfill Design in Arid Areas: Case Study Babylon Governorate, Iraq

The landfill design is necessary to be implemented in various regions to protect public human health and the factors of environment. The suggested design of landfill was performed in the arid areas, where that Babylon Governorate, Iraq was selected as a case study. Babylon Governorate is located in the middle of Iraq. The suggested design for the selected sites for landfill in the arid areas was consisted of the base liner and final cover systems. The HELP 3.95D model was applied on both systems to check if there is any leakage by leachate from the suggested soil layers of landfill base on the water balance in Babylon Governorate for the years 2005-2016. The suggested design of final cover system was implemented based on weather parameters in the arid areas through storing water that coming from the surface within upper layers that have fine particles and over the top barrier without leakage into the waste body, thereby preventing leachate generation. This is allowing to the stored water to evaporate from the surface of soil or transpire through vegetation due to the high temperature during the most months in the study area. The results showed there was no percolation of leachate through the base liner system. The design of final cover system was acted to reduce the runoff on the surface and increase the actual evaporation.

多源多层土壤湿度实时同化及在实时洪水预报中的应用

准确获取流域土壤湿度(MS)的初始值及过程状态,对提高实时洪水预报精度具有重要意义和实用价值。从新安江模型参数的物理意义出发,基于站点墒情数据和CLDAS土壤湿度数据构建点面转换模型(WKNN),将点面转换后的实时面尺度MS作为观测数据,采用集合卡尔曼滤波法同化新安江模型预报的MS过程,在五强溪区间流域进行实时洪水预报应用。结果表明:WKNN作为点面转换工具,能够捕捉到不同土层MS的点面关系,具有较好的适用性;较不同化模式,多层MS同化后的平均径流深相对误差下降了12.67%,平均确定性系数提高了41.82%;MS的实时同化可以显著降低汛初期洪水的预报误差,提高洪水预报精度,且多层同化较单一层同化效果更优。

地震波斜入射下水平成层覆盖层地基波动输入研究

覆盖层具有土体动力非线性和结构成层特征,地震波斜入射下覆盖层地基自由场计算难度增大、人工边界吸能能力受到限制,制约了地震波动输入精度和应用。以水平成层覆盖层为研究对象,引入势函数理论,构建了地震波斜入射下顶层幅值矩阵与任意层幅值矩阵之间的动态传递关系,获得土体时域应变;基于二维应变状态理论,采用等效线性化法反映土体动力非线性,建立了地震波斜入射下非线性水平成层覆盖层地基自由场解析计算方法。利用作者发展的非线性黏弹性人工边界单元模拟远域辐射阻尼效应,近场波动分析中边界单元参数随内层土体单元动剪应变变化,边界单元吸能能力达到最优。结合解析自由场转换得到的等效输入荷载,建立了适用于地震波斜入射下非线性水平成层覆盖层地基地震波动输入方法。该方法能够依据深部斜入射波和地表地震动实现覆盖层地基波动输入,依据地表地震动实现波动输入是避免了通过基底地震动正演自由场等过程。研究了弹性水平双层和非线性水平多层覆盖层地基地震响应,结果表明,波动输入计算获得位移和应力均与解析解有较高拟合度,计算精度高,可为水平成层覆盖层地基上土石坝地震响应研究提供基础。

基于多层土壤湿度数据同化的小流域径流模拟

土壤水分状态在水文循环中起关键作用,对径流预报的准确性影响很大。以美国宾西法尼亚州中部的Shale Hills流域为例,研究多层实测土壤湿度数据同化对径流模拟的作用。首先利用新安江模型对研究区内2008~2012年的日径流进行模拟,同时通过集合卡尔曼滤波算法构建基于新安江模型的水文数据同化模型,并设置未同化的开环试验作为对比,研究模型同化土壤湿度对改善径流模拟和土壤水分的能力。模拟结果显示,新安江模型在该流域有较好的适用性;相比于同化前,模型同化多层土壤湿度后径流量相对误差降低了5.2%,纳什效率系数从0.62提高到0.66,土壤含水率的均方根误差从16.4 mm减小到3.0 mm。其次对单层土壤含水率同化结果进行比较,结果表明,下层土壤含水率同化比上层同化对径流模拟作用更明显,但仅加入上层实测土壤含水率同化能够降低下层土壤水模拟的不确定性。研究结果表明同化多层土壤湿度可提高径流模拟精度,同时也能够有效优化土壤水的模拟结果。

青藏高原风火山流域多年冻土活动层土壤水分入渗特征及变化分析

坡向和坡位是影响坡面活动层土壤水分入渗的重要因素,然而当前对多年冻土区活动层土壤冻融循环影响下不同坡向、坡位土壤水分入渗特征的研究甚少。本文设置了不同时空条件的野外试验点,更加系统地分析了青藏高原多年冻土区活动层土壤水分入渗过程的时空差异性。选取青藏高原腹地风火山流域高寒草甸坡面活动层土壤为试验地,分别在不同的坡向(阳坡、阴坡)和坡位(坡顶、坡中)设置观测点,分析活动层土壤在完全融化期(7—8月)和开始冻结期(9—10月)坡面水分的入渗特征及其时空差异性,评估不同入渗模型在研究区的适用性。结果表明,多年冻土区坡面活动层土壤水分入渗特征具有较强的时空差异性。土壤水分入渗过程可以分为入渗瞬变阶段(0~30 min)、入渗渐变阶段(30~100 min)、入渗稳定阶段(>100 min)三个阶段,入渗速率的大小整体表现为阳坡>阴坡,坡顶>坡中,完全融化期>开始冻结期,瞬变阶段>渐变阶段>稳定阶段。五种模型对入渗过程的模拟结果显示,Horton模型对青藏高原多年冻土区土壤水分入渗过程的模拟效果最佳,而通用经验模型和蒋定生公式对入渗的拟合曲线和统计参数几乎完全相同,但模型表达式不同。本文研究结果可为不同时空条件下的陆地水文过程模型参数化提供数据支持。

顾及土壤热传导-对流效应的InSAR冻土活动层厚度估计

冻土活动层厚度(Active Layer Thickness,ALT)的变化是反映青藏高原多年冻土发育情况及其状态的一个重要指标,监测活动层厚度变化对寒区景观稳定发展、碳循环等方面具有非常重要的意义.由于合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术具有大范围、高精度、高时空分辨率等优势,近年来逐渐被用于反演活动层厚度.已有研究中基于InSAR和土壤一维热传导模型的活动层厚度估计方法,没有充分考虑到冻土中土壤水分对流引起的热量传递.因此本文提出了基于InSAR时序形变及土壤热传导-对流模型的活动层厚度估计方法,利用土壤热传导-对流模型建立InSAR探测的最大融沉形变与最高地温之间的滞后时间与活动层厚度之间的相关关系,实现了由滞后时间直接推算大范围、高分辨率的冻土活动层厚度.本文以青藏高原五道梁多年冻土区为例,利用116景Sentinel-1影像图作为实验数据,估计了该地区2017—2020年的平均活动层厚度.结果表明,活动层厚度值范围为0~7.0 m,平均活动层厚度为3.06 m,与已有研究中相近时间段相关成果及观测数据结果一致.本文方法兼顾冻土水热过程,证明了土壤热传导-对流模型在冻土活动层厚度反演中具有良好的应用前景,可用于青藏高原其他偏远地区的高空间分辨率活动层厚度反演.

层状地基土水平抗力比例系数反演的杂交粒子群算法

土的水平抗力比例系数是基坑支护结构变形计算的重要参数,针对层状地基土中水平抗力比例系数反演的多目标优化问题,结合支护结构水平位移实测值和杆系有限元法,提出基于粒子群算法(PSO)的层状地基土水平抗力比例系数反分析法。给出水平抗力比例系数和目标函数精度双控的反演计算收敛条件和水平抗力比例系数最优解稳定条件。在利用基坑工程数值模型验证反演参数准确性基础上,运用工程实例进一步验证杂交粒子群算法(breedPSO)在水平抗力比例系数反演计算中的适用性。对比分析优化方法的计算效率和反演参数的收敛特性。结果表明:杂交粒子群算法具有更高的计算效率和计算精度,为合理反演水平抗力比例系数提供了有效途径。

Characteristics of Water Infiltration in Layered Water-Repellent Soils

Water-repellent(WR) soil greatly influences infiltration behavior. This research determined the impacts of WR levels of silt loam soil layer during infiltration. Three column scenarios were utilized, including homogeneous wettable silt loam or sand, silt loam over sand(silt loam/sand), and sand over silt loam(sand/silt loam). A 5-cm thick silt loam soil layer was placed either at the soil surface or 5 cm below the soil surface. The silt loam soil used had been treated to produce different WR levels, wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR. As the WR level increased from wettable to severely WR, the cumulative infiltration decreased. Traditional wetting front-related equations did not adequately describe the infiltration rate and time relationships for layered WR soils. The Kostiakov equation provided a good fit for the first infiltration stage. Average infiltration rates for wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR during the 2 nd infiltration stage were 0.126, 0.021, 0.002, and 0.001 mm min^(-1) for the silt loam/sand scenario,respectively, and 0.112, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.000 5 mm min^(-1) for the sand/silt loam scenario, respectively. Pseudo-saturation phenomena occurred when visually examining the wetting fronts and from the apparent changes in water content(?θ_(AP)) at the slightly WR,strongly WR, and severely WR levels for the silt loam/sand scenario. Much larger ?θAPvalues indicated the possible existence of finger flow. Delayed water penetration into the surface soil for the strongly WR level in the silt loam/sand scenario suggested negative water heads with infiltration times longer than 10 min. The silt loam/sand soil layers produced sharp transition zones of water content. The WR level of the silt loam soil layer had greater effects on infiltration than the layer position in the column.

考虑锚胫作用下拖曳锚在成层土中的嵌入机制

深水系泊系统及其系泊基础的开发已成为发展清洁能源“海上风电”项目的关键课题。拖曳锚由于其较大的承载力和易安装等诸多优势而具有较好的发展前景。基于极限塑性上限分析法,建立了考虑锚胫作用的拖曳锚在成层土中的嵌入轨迹、姿态以及承载力预测模型。利用已有模型试验对本模型进行验证,结果表明:考虑锚胫作用模型轨迹预测误差控制在13.5%,轨迹和角度预测误差相比于未考虑锚胫作用的模型分别降低了78.32%和36.9%。硬土层的强度、厚度和深度共同制约着拖曳锚的嵌入能力。首先,强度比影响最明显,强度比越大,嵌入深度越小,直至无法穿透硬土层;其次,是深度影响,深度越大,承载力越大。能够穿透硬土层的条件下深度对轨迹和角度影响不明显,不能够穿透硬土层条件下深度越大,嵌入深度越大,最终角度越小;最后,是厚度影响,硬土层厚度越大,嵌入过程中承载力越大。