A comparative evaluation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from harness racing-horses,breeding mares and riding-horses in Italy

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci(MRS)which is a potencial risk factor of transmission between animals and humans in different types of horses(harness racing-horses,breeding mares and riding-horses)and to compare the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates.Methods:A total of 191 healthy horses,housed at different locations of the Campania Region(Italy),were included in the study.Nasal swab samples were collected from each nostril of the horses.The mecA gene was detected by a nested PCR technique.Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for each isolate.Results:MRS was isolated from nasal samples of 68/191(35.6%;95%CI:28.9%-42.9%)healthy horses.All isolates were coagulase-negative with the exception of two coagulase-positive MRS strains,identified as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.2/83(2.4%;95%,CI:0.4%-9.2%).Interestingly,both coagulase-positive MRS isolates were from harness racing-horses.These horses also presented a significantly higher positivity for MRS(53.3%;95%CI:40.1%-66.1%)than the breeding mares and riding-horses groups.Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed difference between isolates due to different origins except for an almost common high resistance to aminopenicillins,such as ampicillin and amoxicillin.Conclusions:It can be concluded that harness racing-horses may act as a significant reservoir of MRS as compared to breeding mares and riding-horses.

Molecular investigation of the Arabian horse breeds of racing, productivity and longevity

The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of the Arabian and English horses designated for race, productivity and longevity in order to investigate their genetic variation. The sequenced genes were NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), cyto-chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). ATP6 discriminated among the different breeds where seven substitutions were recorded of which 2 were non-synonymous. The other loci recoded 8 synonymous substitutions of transitions most of which were among the breeds of longevity. The data of CO1 gene were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian horse to the thoroughbreds. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-joining (NJ) analytical methods were used. The two analytical methods showed clustering of the Arabian breeds in one group and the non-sister relationship within the thoroughbreds. One of the thoroughbreds clustered within the Arabian breeds suggesting the possibility of their out breeding. Increasing tendency in the variation of the studied genes was proportional to the utility of these genes in energy production within the mitochondria. The present study is therefore a preliminary step in the conservational efforts of the Arabian horse of equestrian..

Ascending to the Throne After Winning the Horse Race

ＡｓｃｅｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＴｈｒｏｎｅＡｆｔｅｒＷｉｎｎｉｎｇｔｈｅＨｏｒｓｅＲａｃｅ￥／／Ｔｈｅｇｒａｎｄｈｏｒｓｅｒａｃｅｗａｓａｂｏｕｔｔｏｂｅｇｉｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌＭａｌｕｎｇＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｗａｓａｂｕｚｚｗｉｔｈｍｅｒ...

HORSE RACE IN NORTH TIBET

This annual horse race takes place in every township of the north Tibetan grassland,one by one,starting from August 1st. The principal activities are usually a horse race and a blessing by touching the foreheads of people by a Rinpoche.

Economic Impact of the Horse Industry： A Special Reference to Spain

The economy of the equestrian sector encompasses all the activities related to the equine world. All activities revolving around the use of a horse as entertainment, sport or business play a role in the ＂horse industry＂. These activities take place due to the existence of people demanding horses and a variety of goods and services associated with them Previous studies reveal that as income per capita becomes larger, the equestrian demand increases and, consequently, the global expenditure incurred by those individuals interested in horses. More than 500,000 horse, 9,000 breeders and 50,000 equestrian businesses, show the economic importance of the equestrian sector in Spain. That part of global expenditure that adds to the GDP of a country is what is generally defined as economic impact of the sector. Its relation will depend mostly on： the percentage of the expenditure that adds to national production and the participation in the country＇s global expenditure of those domestic goods and services associated with the equestrian demand. The activities related to sports are those with most economic impact, about 8,000 ∈ per horse, measured as total expenditure or with respect to the employment that they generate in the economy.

Vaccination Statistics and Reality： How Many Horses Are Really Vaccinated against Equine Influenza？

Standard schedules for equine influenza vaccinations have been published in Finland. However, no knowledge about the actual number of vaccinations has been available. Based on previous preliminary studies in slaughterhouses and among horse owners, it was suspected that vaccination recommendations are not always followed. The aims were to investigate vaccination status against equine influenza among Finnish racehorses in regional competitions. Vaccination status was investigated： （1） by utilizing database vaccination information of show jumping and dressage horses and （2） by carrying out a survey among horse industry experts. A total of 400 horses were selected at the beginning of the Finnish competition season in 2012 and five experts （key persons） were invited to a repeated survey implemented by Delphi techniques. Overall, 50%-100% of horses were properly vaccinated depending on the source available. Thirty-four percent （34%） of the horses had the competition license but no vaccination markings in the database. Differences between types of competition （show jumping and dressage） and between Southern and Northern parts of Finland were found. Vaccinations of show jumping horses were registered more often than vaccinations of dressage horses. Ninety percent （90%） of unvaccinated horses in the database were eight years or older. It can be concluded that equine influenza vaccination registry coverage among racehorses in Finland is incomplete. This poses a risk of misunderstanding, and the growing responsibility of competition organizers.

Biomarkers of Stress and Inflammation in Assessing the Quality of Welfare of Conditioned Vaquejada Horses

In recent decades, the intensity of training and equestrian competitions has significantly increased, thus the assessment of the well-being of the equine athlete has become essential in all equestrian modalities. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether equine athletes submitted to a vaquejada simulation test (VqST), comprised of three races, presented changes in blood biomarkers related to stress and health status. Fourteen healthy Quarter Horses, used as pull horses in this equestrian modality, were evaluated. Ten animals were submitted to the VqST and the remaining four were used as a control group. Blood samples were collected pre-test (during fast), immediately after, and at 1, 4 and 24 hours of recovery. The assessed blood biomarkers included cortisol, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, iron, urea, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations and results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA (time) with the SigmaStat 13.0 software. No differences between sample times were detected in both groups (p > 0.05) and no differences were found between groups (p > 0.05). The results suggest that all horses were well conditioned for the level of effort imposed by the three vaquejada races. The adaptation to physical exercise may enable the regulation of the acute response to stress in the tissues involved in the exercises, with no differences being observed in stress and health biomarkers, such as IL-6, IL-1β and cortisol. In conclusion, well-conditioned vaquejada horses exhibit a balanced regulation of biological processes, which contributes an increased athletic longevity and better quality of athletic life.

Dark Horse

Herbert Sutcliffe and Harold Berman'A dark horse,' is one thatshows unexpected racing speed and 'comes in first, even though theexperts said he had little chance of winning. In politics, an unknown candidate for office whowins a nomination or election is called 'a dark horse.' British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is believedto have been the first to use the phrase. In his novel,'The Young Duke,' published in 1831, Disraeli de-

“一带一路”框架下藏族赛马节的保护和传承研究

主要运用文献资料、实地调研等方法对“一带一路”框架下藏族赛马节保护和传承的价值、困境及策略进行了深入分析,旨在为“一带一路”人文交流和藏族赛马节保护传承提供参考。“一带一路”框架下藏族赛马节保护和传承的意义和价值主要表现在保护和弘扬藏族赛马文化的重要利器,助力藏族赛马节申报非物质文化遗产;满足藏族人民对美好体育生活的向往,搭建“一带一路”人文交流互动平台;推进体育赛事创新发展,打造“一带一路”概念中西藏及涉藏省份体育品牌。本文从政策、文化、经济、生态4个维度分别提出加强藏族赛马节与“一带一路”倡议的深度融合、夯实藏族赛马节保护和传承的体育文化土壤环境、打造西藏和四省涉藏州县赛马节保护区域共同体、健全藏族赛马节保护和传承的社会生态保障体系等策略。

希腊色雷斯民间体育比赛研究

目的:描述和探究希腊北部不确定族群的赛马、摔跤、竞走等民间体育比赛项目的起源与发展,同时力求客观反映和呈现色雷斯民间体育比赛情况,为后续研究色雷斯体育赛事提供参考依据。方法:运用文献资料和历史研究等方法,对已发表的有关该主题的文献进行深入研究,同时查阅了同时期色雷斯的历史文化和宗教等有关文献资料,全面分析色雷斯民间体育比赛情况。结果:色雷斯人主要通过摔跤比赛或赛马活动来庆祝节日和庆祝活动,这些体育比赛往往是在宗教节日上进行的,得胜者奖品多为羊羔和山羊。结论:色雷斯人以自然为灵感,以民族文化为指导,组织和参与了民间体育比赛,没有遵循当今体育赛事的比赛规则和形式。这些自发的体育运动和体育比赛与宗教有关,因为它们经常在宗教节日举行。由于这些民间游戏,希腊的体育赛事一直延续到今天,作为青年人日常活动的一种表现,作为他们身体和心理正直的一种表现。

藏族赛马节赋能乡村振兴的价值、困境与策略

藏族赛马节契合以文化产业赋能乡村经济社会发展的要求,是文化产业赋能乡村振兴的鲜活案例和生动样本。藏族赛马节赋能乡村振兴的价值体现在助力乡村振兴的重要抓手、传承地方文化的重要载体、提升社会经济效益的重要方式等方面;困境表现在传统与现代冲突、资源保护问题、乡村发展阻碍以及社会认知误解等。鉴于此,提出坚持保护与传承相结合、旅游与文化融合相结合、农牧业与产业联动相结合、社区参与与自治相结合等促进策略。

耐力运动对伊犁马血液生理指标的影响

【目的】研究26 km耐力赛对成年伊犁马血液生理指标的影响,为耐力型伊犁马的培育和挑选提供数据支持。【方法】从参加26 km长途耐力赛的207匹参赛马匹中选取成绩为前六名和后六名的12匹成年公马为研究对象,前六名定义为优秀组(N=6),后六名定义为普通组(N=6)。分别于26 km耐力赛赛前、赛后即刻检测血液中白细胞数目(WBC)、淋巴细胞数目(Lym)、单核细胞数目(Mon)、中性粒细胞数目(Neu)、淋巴细胞百分比(Lym%)、单核细胞百分比(Mon%)、中性粒细胞百分比(Neu%)、红细胞数目(RBC)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、红细胞比容(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板数目(PLT)、血小板压积(PCT%)等15项血液生理指标,分析不同耐力性能伊犁马耐力赛前后血液生理指标的差异。【结果】优秀组马匹在经过26 km耐力赛后,血液中Lym、Lym%和Mon%表现显著降低(P<0.05),而Neu%、RBC、HGB和HCT%则显著升高(P<0.05);普通组血液中WBC、Neu、Mon、Neu%和PCT%在比赛后呈显著升高(P<0.05),Lym、Lym%和Mon%则有显著的降低(P<0.05);赛后即刻优秀组血液中WBC、Neu、Mon显著低于普通组(P<0.05),而RBC、HGB和HCT%显著高于普通组(P<0.05)。【结论】马匹在26 km耐力赛中优秀组马匹较普通组在比赛中机体对于运动负荷的损伤更小,有着更高的有氧能力和运动适应性。

速度型伊犁马短途比赛前后血浆代谢组学研究

本研究旨在利用非靶向代谢组学技术筛选伊犁马短途比赛前后血浆差异代谢物。选择6匹新疆速度赛马公开赛2000 m成绩最佳的伊犁马,采集赛前静息状态及赛后即刻颈静脉血并制备血浆,基于液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)对血浆样本进行非靶向代谢组学检测,筛选伊犁马短途比赛前后差异代谢物并进行通路富集分析。结果表明:与赛前相比,赛后筛选出正、负离子模式下差异代谢物,其中烟酰胺、萨利麝香、L-亮氨酸-L-丙氨酸、N-乳酰苯丙氨酸、乙酰肉碱、尿囊素含量显著高于赛前(P<0.05);肌酸酐、皮质醇、硫辛酸、2-氨基己二酸、N-乙酰-L-蛋氨酸、黄苷含量显著低于赛前(P<0.05)。伊犁马2000 m比赛赛后血浆检测结果与赛前相比,筛选出正、负离子模式下差异代谢物,其中烟酰胺、萨利麝香、L-亮氨酸-L-丙氨酸、N-乳酰苯丙氨酸、乙酰肉碱、尿囊素含量显著高于比赛前(P<0.05);肌酸酐、皮质醇、硫辛酸、2-氨基己二酸、N-乙酰-L-蛋氨酸、黄苷含量显著低于比赛前(P<0.05)。差异代谢物显著富集到嘧啶代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、类固醇激素生物合成、胆汁分泌、醛缩酮的合成与分泌等途径。综上所述,短途比赛前后伊犁马体内代谢物发生显著变化,为马匹赛后恢复及优秀马匹选育提供理论依据。

2岁伊犁马心脏维度与运动性能的关联性分析

旨在研究2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马运动性能与心脏维度的内在联系,提高运动型伊犁马选育效率。本研究选取30匹2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马为研究对象,其中公马21匹,母马9匹,按照其最佳比赛用时进行排名,前10名为优秀组,11~20名为普通组,21~30名为较差组,马匹体重无显著差异(P>0.05),健康状况良好,骑师水平相近。使用超声心动图测量马匹心脏维度,分析比赛用时、名次、绩点、奖金等运动性能与心脏维度的相关性,对19个心脏维度指标进行主成分分析,并拟合预测方程。结果表明,在体尺无显著差异的情况下,2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马优秀组的赛事绩点、赛事奖金极显著大于普通组和较差组(P<0.01),比赛用时、名次极显著小于较差组(P<0.01);优秀组的收缩末期左心室游离壁厚度(LVFWs)极显著大于较差组(P<0.01),优秀组和普通组的左心室长轴径(LVLD)极显著大于较差组(P<0.01)。2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马比赛用时与舒张末期左心室内径(LVIDd)、左心室长轴径(LVLD)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);绩点与收缩末期肺动脉内径(PADs)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);名次与舒张末期左心室内径(LVIDd)、左心室长轴径(LVLD)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);奖金与舒张末期左心室内径(LVIDd)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。共取得5个主成分,综合反映出2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马的心脏维度信息。拟合4个预测方程,比赛用时和名次的决定系数均高于0.6。伊犁马舒张末期左心室内径(LVIDd)、左心室长轴径(LVLD)等心脏维度指标对运动性能影响较大。对心脏维度进行主成分分析,构建运动性能与心脏维度间的多元逐步回归方程对2岁2000 m速度赛伊犁马运动性能的评估具有重要意义。

军校学员科技创新活动组织模式探索

军校开展学员科技创新活动是培塑学员科技创新实践能力的重要途径.以空军预警学院“空天·创新杯”学员科技创新活动为例,分析了现有组织模式的现状;提出了一种引入“揭榜挂帅-赛马-深化迭代”机制的活动组织模式,并给出了在该模式下的应用实践.应用实践表明,该组织模式在科学引导学员选题、提升项目挑战度和作品质量、提升学员综合创新能力培育等方面均取得了较好效果.

水族端节赛马铸牢中华民族共同体意识实践与启示

运用文献资料、田野调查、逻辑思辨等方法,探析水族端节赛马铸牢中华民族共同体意识的历史意蕴、实践机制,并提出启示。历史意蕴:从家族祭仪活动到家国同构的跨族庆典,从村寨共娱活动到跨域共享的体育项目,从农民业余爱好到各族参与的文旅产业。实践机制:赛马活动共事共乐,提升共同情感的凝聚力量;赛场文化互鉴共融,夯实共同身份的认同基础;赛事产业共建共享,强化共同依存的经济纽带。启示:以价值引领作为凝聚共有情感的认知基础,以守正创新作为促进体育文化互鉴的实践逻辑,以赛事赋能作为推动经济交融发展的动态杠杆。

效能提升视角下政府科研项目资助与管理机制分析:以“揭榜挂帅”“赛马制”和“首席制”为例

在当前财政收入增速放缓、社会经济发展对科技创新需求空前高涨的背景之下,如何有效选择科研项目的资助与管理机制,通过向管理要效率,提升政府科技投入效能成为政府项目资助与管理面临的重要问题。“揭榜挂帅”等新的科研项目管理机制自提出和进行实践探索以来,已有相关研究缺乏对其具体模式进行综合性比较分析,特别是缺乏对其使用条件和选择依据等方面的研究。为此,从政府科研项目的科学目标确定性与资源充分性出发构建政府科研项目资助与管理机制的二维分析模型(以下简称“二维模型”),并基于此以“揭榜挂帅”“赛马制”和“首席制”等3种典型的项目管理机制为例进行比较分析。根据二维模型,政府项目管理机制的重点,对于资源充足、资助目标明确具体的项目主要在于如何快速达成目标,对于资源充足、资助目标不够明确具体的项目在于过程管理,对于资源有限、资助目标明确具体的项目在于如何利用有限的资源最大限度完成资助目标,而对于资源有限、资助目标不够明确的项目则通常不考虑进行资助。综合比较来看,“揭榜挂帅”极其注重研究成果,属于出口竞争,适用于政府资源充足且资助目标明确具体的情境;“赛马制”将资源聚焦优势主体,偏向于出口竞争,适用于政府资源相对有限而资助目标明确具体的情境;“首席制”强调首席角色的战略眼光及个人能力,属于入口竞争,适用于政府资源充足而目标宏观的情境。最后,从理清政府资助目标与资源、基于实际需求有针对性地选择适宜模式并动态灵活调整管理机制,以及兼顾政府宏观指导与市场配置资源作用等方面,提出新形势下中国政府科研项目资助管理机制选择的政策建议。

内蒙古自治区赛马运动空间现状与发展策略研究

随着我国经济文化水平的稳固提升,群众的体育观念不断转化,现代马产业逐渐兴起,赛马运动得到了更多关注,国家对其发展也予以明确的支持态度。本研究首先基于对广义和狭义赛马运动的剖析及现有相关空间的释义,对赛马运动空间的内涵进行解析;其次,利用内蒙古自治区赛马运动空间的兴趣点数据,通过GIS系统对其进行空间分析;最后,结合实地考察,挖掘内蒙古自治区赛马运动空间使用中的现存问题,并提出发展策略。