Management Measures for Preventing Postoperative Incision Infections in General Surgery at Primary Hospitals

Objective:To analyze the management measures and effects of preventing postoperative incision infections in the general surgery department of primary hospitals.Methods:Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers who were admitted to the general surgery department of the primary hospital between August 2021 and August 2022 were selected as the routine group for routine incision infection management.Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers admitted to the same department between September 2022 and September 2023 were selected as the prevention group for prophylactic management of postoperative incision infections.The incision infection rate,knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)scores,and management satisfaction of the patients as well as the management skill scores of healthcare workers were compared between the two groups.Results:The rate of postoperative incision infection in the prevention group was lower than that in the routine group;after implementing management measures,patients in the prevention group had higher KAP scores than those in the routine group;patients in the prevention group were more satisfied with the management than those in the routine group;and healthcare workers in the prevention group had higher scores than those in the routine group,with P<0.05 for the comparison between the groups.Conclusion:The implementation of preventive management for general surgery patients in primary hospitals can reduce the incidence of postoperative incision infection and improve the KAP of patients,with higher management satisfaction.It can also enhance the management skills of healthcare workers,thus improving their overall management level.

Knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among Medical Students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) remain a common cause of death, functional disability, emotional suffering and economic burden among hospitalized patients. Knowledge of HAIs is important in its prevention and control. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among medical students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done in October 2019 among clinical medical students using a Multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: A total of 219 students in the clinical arm of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences were selected. A higher proportion (97.7%) of respondents knew about Hospital Acquired Infections and 85.4% knew that Hospital Acquired infections occur in the hospital, and (86.3%) considered patients contagious with half (58.9%) considered patients as the most important source of HAIs, followed by care givers (13.2%), then doctors including medical students and interns (10.0%) and lastly nurses (8.7%). The majority of respondents (70.8%) considered Surgical Wound Infections to be the most commonly occurring HAI, followed by UTIs (69.9%), RTIs (61.2%), BSIs (37.0%) and others (0.9%). The clinical thermometer was the instrument that most commonly transmits HAIs (82.6%), then followed by stethoscope (62.1%), white coats (53.9%), and blood pressure cuff (51.1%). Most respondents knew the infectious substances, like blood (96.3%), nasal discharge (82.6%), saliva (85.3%), and faeces (79.4%) transmitted HAIs, 72.6% of the respondents said that they were aware of the recommended hand washing techniques by WHO. Conclusion: The majority of students 91.3% had good knowledge while 8.7% had poor knowledge of HAIs. Lower classes had more respondents with poor knowledge. This finding was statistically significant (p = 0.002, Chi-square 12.819). Students are encouraged to keep up the level of knowledge they have about HAIs. These students can help improve the knowledge of those whose knowledge level is low. Government and NGOs should support sponsorship for capacity-building events targeted at HAIs for healthcare workers and medical students.

Construction of competency evaluation system for infection control personnel in traditional Chinese medicine hospitals

Background:This study uses a literature review and the Delphi expert consultation method to construct a competency evaluation model for infection control personnel in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals.The aim is to strengthen infection control management in TCM hospitals,assess the competency of infection control personnel in their positions,and assist them in identifying the competencies that need improvement.Methods:Based on the literature research method and the Delphi expert consultation method,a competency model for the position was constructed through two rounds of expert consultations,analyzing the relationships between various factors and establishing a hierarchical structure model.Pairwise comparisons were made among the elements at the same level to construct a judgment matrix.Through the analytic hierarchy process,the weight coefficients of the indicators at each level in the competency model were obtained.Results:This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of various capabilities and practices related to hospital infection control.The survey results indicate that participants excelled in multiple areas,with a high overall satisfaction rate.95.28%of participants were able to develop hospital infection monitoring plans based on national infection control policies,demonstrating a good understanding and execution of these policies.94.09%of participants were familiar with high-risk populations and key departments in the hospital.91.73%of participants were able to establish monitoring scopes based on the trends of multidrug-resistant bacteria and conduct information monitoring,reflecting strong response capabilities.92.91%of participants were able to collaborate with relevant departments to conduct bacterial resistance monitoring,showing a good team spirit.94.49%of participants were able to perform targeted monitoring,including surgical site infections,indicating that they have effective monitoring strategies.91.34%of participants were able to collect and organize monitoring data and establish a systematic database,demonstrating good data management skills.90.16%of participants were able to interpret laws and regulations related to hospital infection management,indicating a high level of legal knowledge.89.37%of participants generally possessed good communication skills.92.52%of participants were able to guide medical staff on occupational safety and protective knowledge,showing an emphasis on occupational health.Participants demonstrated a strong desire to learn and innovate,with 87.01%actively participating in continuing education and research activities,reflecting a pursuit of professional development.Conclusion:Based on the results of the two rounds of expert consultations,a competency evaluation model for infection control personnel in TCM hospitals was formed.Through the analytic hierarchy process,the weight coefficients of various indicators at different levels in the model were obtained,and the research results have good scientific validity and reliability.

Infectious ENT Emergencies: A One-Year Experience at the ENT Department of Mamou Regional Hospital

Introduction: ENT infectious emergencies encompass all infectious pathologies affecting the ear, nose, sinuses, throat, and neck. A good understanding of these emergencies is essential for organizing appropriate care. In Guinea, few studies have described ENT infectious pathologies in rural areas. Objective: To study ENT infectious emergencies in the Otorhinolaryngology department of the Mamou Regional Hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective and prospective descriptive study, conducted from August 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. All patients admitted to the ENT department of the Mamou Regional Hospital for an infectious emergency were included. Results: Among the 1854 recorded consultations, 261 cases involved ENT infectious emergencies, representing a prevalence of 14.07%. The most represented age group was 0 to 10 years (31.03%), with a majority of female patients (59%) and a predominantly urban origin (81.61%). Students accounted for 32.18% of the cases. The main reasons for consultation were odynophagia/dysphagia (32.42%) and otalgia (22.94%). The primary etiologies were tonsillitis (28.73%) and otitis (27.20%). Treatments administered included probabilistic antibiotic therapy (38.80%), analgesics (32.03%), and corticosteroid therapy (10.47%). The outcome was favorable in 98.85% of cases, with only 0.38% lost to follow-up. Conclusion: The results of our study confirm the frequency of ENT infectious pathologies. Their management requires joint actions for population awareness, staff training, and services equipment, particularly in rural areas.

Investigation on the Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Characteristics of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius-Associated Veterinary Hospital Infections

A retrospective analysis of the diagnostic laboratory submissions from 2016 to 2020 was performed to assess the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and determine locations in the hospital which might be acting as environmental source(s). Previous studies have identified a significant increase in infections with S. pseudintermedius. Samples were taken from the hospital environment by swabbing areas in the intensive care unit and anesthesia preparation room and bacterial species identified. Isolates obtained from patients were then examined regarding the ability to form biofilm, an important phenotype on hospital-related infection. In addition, veterinary hospital associated strains of S. pseudintermedius were used to determine the bactericidal effect of the used disinfectant, applying the hospital current protocol, by comparing the efficacy against S. pseudintermediius and a strain of Staphylococcus aureus from a dog. The isolates identified were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as enrofloxacin and cephalosporins, and 45% percent of those were methicillin resistant. The environmental survey in the hospital identified S. pseudintermedius in the pre-anesthesia area, although the isolate was killed by the current used disinfection protocol. A few disease associated bacteria were evaluated for biofilm formation in comparison to a dog isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating strong ability to form biofilms.

Epidemiological, Clinical, Bacteriological Profile of Urinary Tract Infection in the Internal Medicine Unit of the Fousseyni Daou Hospital in Kayes

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is one of the most frequent public health problems in the world and concerns all ages. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and biological profile of urinary tract infection in the internal medicine unit of the Fousseyni Daou hospital in Kayes. Methodology: It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection which took place from January 1 to December 31, 2020 at the Internal Medicine Unit of the Fousseyni Daou Hospital in Kayes. It covered all outpatients and hospitalized patients presenting with a urinary tract infection during the study period. Results: We identified 79 cases of urinary tract infection out of 145 requests for ECBU, that is a positivity rate of 53.10% and out of a total of 1883 admissions that is a hospital prevalence of 4.19%. The age groups of 36 to 45 years and 46 to 55 years were more represented in 28 cases (35.44%) and 25 cases (31.64%) with an average age of 45 years ± 10. The female sex was predominant, 42 cases (53.16%) with a sex ratio of 0.88. Housewives were more represented 28 cases (34.44%). The majority of patients resided in rural areas 49 cases (62.03%). The history was dominated by the following pathologies: hypertension 48.10%, diabetes 36.70% and gastropathy 30.37%. The main clinical manifestations were: Urinary burning 67 cases (84.81%), Dysuria 65 cases (82.27%), Pelvic pain 59 cases (74.68%), Fever 57 cases (72.15%). The epidemiological profile of the isolated strains was dominated by enterobacteriaceae, followed by gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. The main bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections in order of frequency: Escherichia coli (45.56%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.39%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.86%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.59%), Streptococcus sp (6.33%), Enterobacter cloacae (3.79%), Acinetobacter sp (3.79%). The study of the susceptibility and resistance profiles of the isolated strains showed significant sensitivity of enterobacteriaceae to colistin and resistance to amoxicillin and to the amoxicillin + clavulanic acid combination. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections are a major public health problem since they are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and a high cost of care. Knowledge of the epidemiological-clinical and bacteriological profile of these infections is essential for efficient management.

Immunization status and hospitalization for vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infections in liver-transplanted children

BACKGROUND Infections and associated morbidity and mortality may be more frequent in children who have undergone liver transplant than in healthy children.Immunization strategies to prevent vaccine-preventable infections(VPIs)can effectively minimize this infection burden.However,data on age-appropriate immunization and VPIs in children after liver transplant in Asia are limited.AIM To evaluate the immunization status,VPIs and non-VPIs requiring hospitalization in children who have undergone a liver transplant.METHODS The medical records of children who had a liver transplant between 2004 and 2018 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital(Bangkok,Thailand)were retrospectively reviewed.Immunization status was evaluated via their vaccination books.Hospitalization for infections that occurred up to 5 years after liver transplantation were evaluated,and divided into VPIs and non-VPIs.Hospitalizations for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus were excluded.Severity of infection,length of hospital stay,ventilator support,intensive care unit requirement,and mortality were assessed.RESULTS Seventy-seven children with a mean age of 3.29±4.17 years were included in the study,of whom 41(53.2%)were female.The mean follow-up duration was 3.68±1.45 years.Fortyeight children(62.3%)had vaccination records.There was a significant difference in the proportion of children with incomplete vaccination according to Thailand’s Expanded Program on Immunization(52.0%)and accelerated vaccine from Infectious Diseases Society of America(89.5%)(P<0.001).Post-liver transplant,47.9%of the children did not catch up with ageappropriate immunizations.There were 237 infections requiring hospitalization during the 5 years of follow-up.There were no significant differences in hospitalization for VPIs or non-VPIs in children with complete and incomplete immunizations.The risk of serious infection was high in the first year after receiving a liver transplant,and two children died.Respiratory and gastrointestinal systems were common sites of infection.The most common pathogens that caused VPIs were rotavirus,influenza virus,and varicella-zoster virus.CONCLUSION Incomplete immunization was common pre-and post-transplant,and nearly all children required hospitalization for non-VPIs or VPIs within 5 years posttransplant.Infection severity was high in the first year post-transplant.

Strategy and technology to prevent hospital-acquired infections:Lessons from SARS,Ebola,and MERS in Asia and West Africa

Hospital-acquired infections(HAIs) are serious problems for healthcare systems, especially in developing countries where public health infrastructure and technology for infection preventions remain undeveloped. Here, we characterized how strategy and technology could be mobilized to improve the effectiveness of infection prevention and control in hospitals during the outbreaks of Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) in Asia and West Africa. Published literature on the hospital-borne outbreaks of SARS, Ebola, and MERS in Asia and West Africa was comprehensively reviewed. The results showed that healthcare systems and hospital management in affected healthcare facilities had poor strategies and inadequate technologies and human resources for the prevention and control of HAIs, which led to increased morbidity, mortality, and unnecessary costs. We recommend that governments worldwide enforce disaster risk management, even when no outbreaks are imminent. Quarantine and ventilation functions should be taken into consideration in architectural design of hospitals and healthcare facilities. We also recommend that health authorities invest in training healthcare workers for disease outbreak response, as their preparedness is essential to reducing disaster risk.

Infection Prevention Strategy in General Hospital under Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control

New coronavirus pneumonia spread rapidly all over the world in the first half of 2020, which is a new respiratory disease with strong infectiousness. At present, the epidemic situation in China has been effectively controlled, but the global epidemic situation remains grim, and the National Health Commission has instructed that the prevention and control of new coronavirus pneumonia should become normalized. As outposts for surveillance of public health events, hospitals are an important front in the fight against the epidemic. Therefore, it is very crucial to construct infection prevention and control system actively to contain the outbreak. This paper analyzes and summarizes the normal prevention and control management strategy of Infection Control Branch Management (hereinafter referred to as Hospital Infection-Control Dept) in a certain designated comprehensive third-grade hospital in Guangdong Province and transforms the prevention and control means in emergency state into measures for sustainable development, which also provides basis and reference for Hospital Infection-Control Dept of medical institutions to formulate prevention and control guidelines.

The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

Clinical study on prevalence and social determinants of postoperative infection at Kiziguro District Hospital, Rwanda

Background:Cesarean delivery is the commonest surgical procedure carried out worldwide in maternity.Cesarean delivery is accompanied by many complications among which surgical site infection is the most frequent.Surgical site infection is the second cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the postpartum period after postpartum haemorrhage.Social factors,such as health insurance,may have an impact on different maternal morbidities and quality of care for pregnant women attending health facilities.The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with surgical site infection following caesarean delivery at Kiziguro District Hospital.Methods:It was the facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study.The sample size of 414 women was simply and randomly selected from 1001 women who underwent caesarean section from January 2018 to December 2018.Results:The prevalence of surgical site infection was 7.7%and its associated factors were the absence of health insurance and meconium-stained amniotic fluid.Women with health insurance were 99%(adjusted odds ratio:0.01,95%confidence interval:0.001–0.201)less likely to develop surgical site infections compared to women without health insurance,while women with clear amniotic fluid were 98.6%less likely to acquire surgical site infections(adjusted odds ratio:0.014,95%confidence interval:0.002–0.128)compared to women with meconiumstained amniotic fluid.Conclusion:surgical site infections prevalence among women delivered by cesarean section at Kiziguro District Hospital was found to be significant and women without health insurance and those with meconium-stained amniotic fluid are most vulnerable thus,infection and prevention control policymaker at the facility and national level are advised to assess at large all social barriers to health service accessibility and include them in their infection and prevention control policy.Kiziguro District Hospital is advised to take infection and prevention control precaution for women without health insurance and women with meconium-stained amniotic fluid.

Surgical Site Infection Prevention Practices and Associated Factors among Nurses Working in Government Hospitals of Harari Regional State and Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern Ethiopia

Background:Surgical site infections are the most frequent type of preventable hospital acquired infections with a serious and undesirable outcome of surgery associated with increase morbidity,mortality rate,hospital stay,readmission and excess cost.Surgical site infection prevention is one of the most important challenge in delivering optimal nursing care.Studies suggest that the nurses’practices of surgical site infection prevention is not well addressed.Moreover,there is clearly paucity of information,in Africa including the study area.Objective:The aim of this study was to assess surgical site infection prevention practices and associated factors among nurses working in government hospitals of Harari Regional State and Dire Dawa City Administration,Eastern Ethiopia from March 01 to 28,2019.Method and Materials:An institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed for a total of 515 nurses.Simple random sampling method was used to select study participants.Data were collected using pretested structured self-administered questionnaire supplemented by observation.Data were checked,coded,entered and cleaned using Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis.Bivariate and multivariate analysis were undertaken and P values less than 0.05 at 95%confidence interval were considered as statistically significant.Result:The overall self-reported level of SSI prevention practice was found to be 40.8%(95%CI:36.9%,45.4%).Nurses with BSc and above[Adjusted odds ratio(AOR)=2.52,95%CI(1.14,5.54)],trained on infection prevention[AOR=2.22,95%CI(1.29,3.82)],good knowledge[AOR=2.21,95%CI(1.32,3.71)],good attitude[AOR=5.11,95%CI(3.05,8.57)],got supply of personal protective equipment[AOR=2.57,95%CI(1.46,4.49)],had management support[AOR=3.41,95%CI(1.90,6.12)],experience of 5 to 10 years[AOR=5.38,95%CI(2.82,10.27)]and≥11 years[AOR=3.48,95%CI(1.47,8.25)],were found to be statistically and positively associated with nurses SSI prevention practice.Conclusion:In this study,the level of surgical site infection prevention practice was poor.Being BSc and above,being knowledgeable and good attitude,got personal protective equipment,had management support,serving for≥5 years and trained on infection prevention were found to be significantly associated with surgical site infection prevention practice.Updating knowledge and practice of nurses through in-service education and training on latest evidence-based practice,regularly supplying of personal protective equipment,developing hospital policy and procedures for surgical site infection prevention practice is recommended.

Exploration of Infection Prevention and Control Practice of Designated Hospitals in During Corona Virus Disease 2019 Epidemic Period

Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is a new infectious disease that appeared in whan in December 2019 Since January23,the national health and fitmess commission has required hospitals to be designated in accordance with the principle of"concentrating patients,experts,resources and treatment".Designated hospitals are often the strength of the general hospital and general hospital complex layers of various kinds of personnel,campus area is large,multi-channel,ordinary outpatient accepts people more,for emergency and severe cases treatment in patients with normal difficulty pressuure big,suspected/confirmed cases,combined with the COVID-19 occurred when the traditional holiday,the country launched the emergency response since,process reform faces a difficult labor,shortage of mampower,protective shortages,short time limit,and many other difficulties,hospital infection prevention and control is facing unprecedented pressure.In this paper,the West China-Guang'an Hospital,Sichuan University(Guang'an people's hospital)as a designated hospital,on the basis of the relevant scheme of the national health committee,epidemic prevention and control of the actual,combined with comprehensive hospital leadership,mampower allocation,protection,security,patient management,disinfection isolation,preview triage,preventive measures,training,monitoring,etc.,with practical experience summary for the COVID-19 diring the hospital infection prevention and control to improve the practice exploration.

Clinical Research of Pre-Hospital Emergency Care, Nursing, Infection Prevention and Control for Senile Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture during Epidemic Period

Background: Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) are the high incidences of diseases in the elderly. During the epidemic period, if not treated in time, the complications are high and the mortality is high. If we do not pay attention to infection prevention and control in pre-hospital emergency care, it will lead to the first time infection of medical staff and in-hospital cross infection in emergency outpatient receiving area. The correct consideration of both and the establishment of perfect pre-hospital emergency treatment and infection prevention and control synchronous strategy is an important premise to ensure the stable, orderly and safe medical treatment. Objective: To explore the effect of synchronous implementation of pre-hospital emergency care, nursing and infection pre-vention and control for senile OVCF during the epidemic. In order to improve the efficiency of pre-hospital emergency care and prevent the spread of infection. Method: A total of 92 elderly patients with OVCF who received pre-hospital treatment in 18 hospitals in Zhangjiakou City during the epidemic prevention and control period from January 2020 to November 2022 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as research objects, including 24 males and 68 females, aged 65 - 82 (74.2 ± 2.2) years. All patients were associated with concomitant injuries and underlying diseases. All patients in this group underwent predictive pre-hospital rescue and infection prevention and control procedures. Results: All the 92 elderly patients with OVCF received timely pre-hospital treatment during the epidemic period, and no aggravation occurred of the 92 patients, 35 were in the high risk area, 10 were in the medium risk area, and 47 were in the low risk area. Exclude OVCF for NCP Patients were treated according to the conventional diagnosis and treatment principles. Suspected and confirmed cases are transferred to designated surgical hospitals for treatment. All patients were followed up 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after treatment. There was no death rate, high satisfaction of pre-hospital first aid, high diagnostic accuracy, and good curative effect. None of the rescue personnel had any infection rate, and no hospital infection transmission and nosocomial cross infection occurred. Conclusion: It is the first step to safely treat patients and prevent cross infection to establish a perfect synchronous strategy of pre-hospital first aid and infection prevention and control.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Risk Factors of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection among ICU Patients in Guizhou,China During 2019-2022

Objective:This study aims to explore the prevalence,features,and risk factors of lower respiratory tract infections(LRTIs)in the intensive care unit(ICU)of a newly established hospital in Zunyi City.The goal is to devise strategies for preventing LRTIs in the ICU of new hospitals,thereby mitigating the incidence of nosocomial LRTIs in ICU patients.Methods:A case-control study was conducted from March 2019 to December 2022 to investigate the incidence rate of LRTIs in the ICU of a newly constructed hospital in Zunyi City.Patients with LRTIs constituted the case group,while those without LRTIs constituted the control group,where a 1:1 matching principle was adhered to.A single-factor chi-square(χ2)test was employed to analyze the risk factors,with independent risk factors being explored using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:A total of 169 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated,comprising 66.28%gram-negative bacteria,17.75%gram-positive bacteria,and 15.97%fungi.The most prevalent pathogens included Acinetobacter baumannii(43.20%),Candida albicans(10.65%),and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(8.88%).Of the 82 strains infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with LRTIs,81.7%were carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,9.8%were multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and 6.1%were carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli.Identified risk factors included smoking history,total hospitalization days,ICU stay length,hypoproteinemia,indwelling gastric tube,intubation type,duration of mechanical ventilation,usage of antibacterial drugs,and administration of protein drugs(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that these factors were independent risk factors for nosocomial LRTIs in ICU patients(P<0.05).Conclusion:ICU patients in our hospital were mainly infected by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.To prevent LRTIs in patients,tailored preventive measures should be developed and the rational use of antibacterial drugs should be promoted.

Analysis of Nosocomial Infections in Selected Teaching Hospitals, Qazvin, Iran

Introduction: Hospital infections prolong patient hospitalization, necessitate additional treatment, increase mortality rate, raise hospital expenses, and even reduce the level of health in the society. The purpose of this research was to study hospital infections in selected hospitals of Qazvin. Methods and Materials: This was an analytic-cross-sectional study. The research population consisted of 25,628 hospitalized patients in the first eight months of 2012 in three selected hospitals of the Qazvin Province. The algorithm of reporting hospital infections, the National Program of Controlling Hospital Infections, and 223 patient files hospitalized due to hospital-acquired infections were used to collect information. The collected information was analyzed using the SPSS V. 17 software;the descriptive statistics was used to analyze the qualitative variables;and the descriptive statistics together with chi-square and t-test were employed for the quantitative variables. Results: The ICU units had the most cases of hospital infections. Respiratory pneumonia and urinary infections topped the list of hospital infections. The most invasive treatments carried out on patients with hospital infections were surgery, urinary catheter, and venous catheter, respectively. More than 50 percent of patients with hospital infections were hospitalized for 2 to 21 days. Results and Conclusions: Because of the high rate of hospital infections, especially in the ICU ward, authorities must give top priority in their plans to designing suitable educational programs to inform hospital staff and patients of hospital infections and to provide suitable resources for dealing with this problem.

Nosocomial Infection Surveillance in a Tuberculosis Specialized Hospital in China

Nosocomial infections（NIs） are a critical issue affecting the quality of healthcare. In this study, we performed a retrospective study to explore the incidence rates, mortality rates, and microbial spectrum of NIs in Beijing Chest Hospital, a tuberculosis（TB） specialized hospital in China. Our data demonstrate that the overall incidence rate of inpatients with NIs slightly decreased from 2012 to 2016, which may be associated with the implementation of hand hygiene measures, while the mortality rates associated with NI did not significantly change. In addition, the species distribution of NIs was quite different from that presented in previous reports, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated microorganism.

Norovirus Infection and Histo-blood Group Antigens in Children Hospitalized with Diarrhea in Lulong and Chenzhou in China

Norovirus （NOV） is a pathogen that commonly causes viral diarrhea in children. Studies indicate that NoV recognizes human histo-blood group antigens （HBGAs） as cell attachment factors. In order to explore the correlation between of NoV infection and HBGAs, a cross-sectional study was conducted in children less than five years old who were hospitalized with diarrhea in two areas of China between November 2014 and February 2015. Of the paired stool and saliva samples taken from 424 children,

Incidence and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections in Urological Surgery at Brazzaville Teaching Hospital

Aim: To evaluate the incidence of surgical site infection in the Urology Department of Brazzaville teaching hospital. Methods: This was a prospective study performed in the Urology Department and operating room of the Brazzaville teaching hospital during six months from February 2nd to July 2nd 2017. The study concerned all patients who had undergone surgery, selected during the operating program and those who had been in emergency and then hospitalized in the urology department. These patients were followed for one month after the intervention date. Results: 209 patients were operated on of whom 48 had surgical site infection, a cumulative incidence of 22.96%. The average age of infected patients was 58.3 years ± 17.73 ds (extremes from 13 to 85 years). 43.75% infected patients had co-morbidity factors. The SSI rate was 70% in patients with positive urine culture. Urinary catheters were found in 33.33% of patients. The average length of preoperative hospital stay was two days. The rate of SSI in patients classified Asa I was 10.41%, Asa II 37.5% and Asa III 52.09%. The SSI rate was respectively 5.21%, 56.76% and 38.03%. The infected patients operated first in the operative program accounted for 10.42%. The group of patients who underwent prostatic surgery accounted for 42.58% of patients with an SSI rate of 47.91%. The practice of aseptic measures by staff was found in 70% of cases. The infection rate in patients with drain was 73.23%. The infection rate in patients with catheters was 54.26%. The SSI was superficial in 66.67% of cases, deep in 25% of cases and organ in 8.33% of cases. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated germ 50%. Conclusion: Surgical site infection (ISO) is a common feature in our practice. The advanced age of patients and comorbidity factors are associated with a high risk of occurrence of SSI. These infections were not inevitable, their incidence can be greatly reduced by specific preventive measures.