基于HOST标准的硬件管理平台设计与实现

基于HOST标准的硬件管理平台设计,从硬件管理平台的硬件架构设计、管理总线的选型分析、模块管理器设计、软件设计策略等方面介绍了设计方案。此外,对管理总线的选型进行对比分析和测试,针对目前嵌入式计算机环境,CAN总线优于其他总线来实现硬件管理。设计方案可有效解决嵌入式计算机的复杂性不断增加带来的可靠性、稳定性、维护性等问题,利用机箱管理器、模块管理器、系统管理总线等机制,可有效实现嵌入式计算机的健康信息监控、硬件状态管理、故障管理等功能。

Two intestinal microbiota-derived metabolites, deoxycholic acid and butyrate, synergize to enhance host defense peptide synthesis and alleviate necrotic enteritis

Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is a major enteric disease in poultry,yet effective mitigation strategies remain elusive.Deoxycholic acid(DCA)and butyrate,two major metabolites derived from the intestinal microbiota,have independently been shown to induce host defense peptide(HDP)synthesis.However,the potential synergy between these two compounds remains unexplored.Methods To investigate the possible synergistic effect between DCA and butyrate in regulating HDP synthesis and barrier function,we treated chicken HD11 macrophage cells and jejunal explants with DCA and sodium butyrate(NaB),either individually or in combination,for 24 h.Subsequently,we performed RNA isolation and reverse transcrip-tion-quantitative PCR to analyze HDP genes as well as the major genes associated with barrier function.To further determine the synergy between DCA and NaB in enhancing NE resistance,we conducted two independent trials with Cobb broiler chicks.In each trial,the diet was supplemented with DCA or NaB on the day-of-hatch,followed by NE induction through sequential challenges with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens on d 10 and 14,respectively.We recorded animal mortality after infection and assessed intestinal lesions on d 17.The impact of DCA and NaB on the microbiota in the ileum and cecum was evaluated through bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results We found that the combination of DCA and NaB synergistically induced multiple HDP genes in both chicken HD11 cells and jejunal explants.Additionally,the gene for claudin-1,a major tight junction protein,also exhibited synergistic induction in response to DCA and NaB.Furthermore,dietary supplementation with a combination of 0.75 g/kg DCA and 1 g/kg NaB led to a significant improvement in animal survival and a reduction in intestinal lesions compared to either compound alone in a chicken model of NE.Notably,the cecal microbiota of NE-infected chickens showed a marked decrease in SCFA-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides,Faecalibacterium,and Cuneatibacter,with lactobacilli becoming the most dominant species.However,supplementation with DCA and NaB largely restored the intestinal microbiota to healthy levels.Conclusions DCA synergizes with NaB to induce HDP and claudin-1 expression and enhance NE resistance,with potential for further development as cost-effective antibiotic alternatives.

Turnip mosaic virus pathogenesis and host resistance mechanisms in Brassica

Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)is a devastating potyvirus pathogen that infects a wide variety of both cultivated and wild Brassicaceae plants.We urgently need more information and understanding of TuMV pathogenesis and the host responses involved in disease development in cruciferous crops.TuMV displays great versatility in viral pathogenesis,especially in its replication and intercellular movement.Moreover,in the coevolutionary arms races between TuMV and its hosts,the virus has evolved to co-opt host factors to facilitate its infection and counter host defense responses.This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the viral factors that contribute to the TuMV infection cycle and the host resistance mechanism in Brassica.Finally,we propose some future research directions on TuMV pathogenesis and control strategies to design durable TuMV-resistant Brassica crops.

Hatching and development of maize cyst nematode Heterodera zeae infecting different plant hosts

The occurrence, distribution, and rapid molecular detection technology of Heterodera zeae Koshy et al. 1971, have been reported in China. We explored the biological characteristics of H. zeae sampled in Henan Province, China to understand its interaction with plants. Cysts and second-stage juveniles(J2s) were identified under an optical and scanning electron microscope, internal transcribed spacer(ITS) phylogenetic tree, and sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR)-PCR analyses. The optimum hatching temperatures of H. zeae were 30°C and 28°C, with cumulative hatching rates of 16.5 and 16.1%, respectively, at 30 days post-hatching(dph). The hatching rate of H. zeae eggs was improved by 20-and 50-time maize soil leachate and root juice, and 10-time root exudates. The hatching rate in 10-time root exudates was the highest(25.9%). The 10-time root exudates of maize and millet produced the highest hatching rate at 30 dph(25.9 and 22.9%, respectively), followed by wheat(19.9%), barley(18.3%), and rice(17.6%). Heterodera zeae developed faster in maize than in other crops. Fourth-stage juveniles(J4s) were detected in maize roots 8 days post-inoculation(dpi) at 28°C but not in other crops. Combined with hatching tests, the Huang–Huai–Hai summer maize region and the south and central-southwest mountainous maize areas are highly suitable for H. zeae in China. This is the first systematically study of the hatching and infection characteristics on different plant hosts of corn cyst nematode H. zeae in temperate regions. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid spread and high environmental adaptability of corn cyst nematode.

Understanding host-graft crosstalk for predicting the outcome of stem cell transplantation

Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)hold great promise for tissue regeneration in debilitating disorders.Despite reported improvements,the short-term outcomes of MSC transplantation,which is possibly linked to poor cell survival,demand extensive investigation.Disease-associated stress microenvironments further complicate outcomes.This debate underscores the need for a deeper understanding of the phenotypes of transplanted MSCs and their environment-induced fluctuations.Additionally,questions arise about how to predict,track,and comprehend cell fate post-transplantation.In vivo cellular imaging has emerged as a critical requirement for both short-and long-term safety and efficacy studies.However,translating preclinical imaging methods to clinical settings remains challenging.The fate and function of transplanted cells within the host environment present intricate challenges,including MSC engraftment,variability,and inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical data.The study explored the impact of high glucose concentrations on MSC survival in diabetic environments,emphasizing mitochondrial factors.Preserving these factors may enhance MSC survival,suggesting potential strategies involving genetic modification,biomaterials,and nanoparticles.Understanding stressors in diabetic patients is crucial for predicting the effects of MSC-based therapies.These multifaceted challenges call for a holistic approach involving the incorporation of large-scale data,computational disease modeling,and possibly artificial intelligence to enable deterministic insights.

Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2

The spike protein(S)of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry,thus a major factor for host suscep-tibility,tissue tropism,virulence and pathogenicity.The S is divided with S1 and S2 region,and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain(RBD),while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell.Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various c leavage sites.In this article,we review host proteases including furin,trypsin,transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2)and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S.Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin.The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2,and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2'site to proteases such as type Il transmembrane serine proteases(TTPRs)including TMPRSS2.In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells,SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane.In the absence of TMPRSS2,SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry.Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed.This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2,and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.

Robust Malicious Executable Detection Using Host-Based Machine Learning Classifier

The continuous development of cyberattacks is threatening digital transformation endeavors worldwide and leadsto wide losses for various organizations. These dangers have proven that signature-based approaches are insufficientto prevent emerging and polymorphic attacks. Therefore, this paper is proposing a Robust Malicious ExecutableDetection (RMED) using Host-based Machine Learning Classifier to discover malicious Portable Executable (PE)files in hosts using Windows operating systems through collecting PE headers and applying machine learningmechanisms to detect unknown infected files. The authors have collected a novel reliable dataset containing 116,031benign files and 179,071 malware samples from diverse sources to ensure the efficiency of RMED approach.The most effective PE headers that can highly differentiate between benign and malware files were selected totrain the model on 15 PE features to speed up the classification process and achieve real-time detection formalicious executables. The evaluation results showed that RMED succeeded in shrinking the classification timeto 91 milliseconds for each file while reaching an accuracy of 98.42% with a false positive rate equal to 1.58. Inconclusion, this paper contributes to the field of cybersecurity by presenting a comprehensive framework thatleverages Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods to proactively detect and prevent cyber-attacks.

Preparation, Characterization and Optical Properties of Host-guest Nanocomposite Material Mordenite-silver Iodide

Silver iodide nanoclusters were successfully prepared in the channels of mordenite by a heat diffusion method. Powder X ray diffraction, adsorption technique and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared materials, which showed that the guest silver iodide had been encapsulated in the channels of mordenite. The optical properties of the solid phase diffuse reflectance absorption of nanocomposite material NaM AgI were studied, showing that the absorption bands of the diffuse reflectance absorption of the prepared material moved to the region of high energy. The absorption peak of the material prepared shifted to the region of high energy. Namely, blue shift was caused. This has demonstrated the incorporation of silver iodide into the channels of the zeolite. We observed the luminescence and surface photovoltage spectra of NaM AgI sample, proposing the mechanisms of the photoluminescence and photovoltaic responses.

Highly Luminescent Host-Guest Systems Based on Zeolite L and Lanthanide Complexes

Supramolecular incorporation of lanthanide complex has been obtained by loading of organic ligand into Eu3+-exchanged zeolite L. This was achieved by a two-step procedure: (1) zeolite L was ion-exchanged with Eu(Ⅲ) ions; (2) organic ligand was then loaded into the channels of the Eu3+-exchanged zeolite by gas diffusion procedure. Loading of ligand into the channels of zeolite L was confirmed by element analysis. Luminescence spectroscopy has confirmed that lanthanide complex are formed in the nanochannels of zeolite L crystals. In addition to the sharp emissions of lanthanide ions, broad band ranged from 350～500 nm can also be observed. This study provides alternative method for fabricating full-color display materials.

Microcalorimetric study on host-guest complexation of naphtho-15-crown-5 with four ions of alkaline earth metal

Thermodynamic parameters of complexation of naphto- 15-crown-5 with four alkaline earth ions in aqueous media was determined using titration microcalorimetry at 298.15 K. The stability of the complexes, thermal effect and entropy effect of the complexation is discussed on the basis of the guest ions structure and the solvent effect. The stability constants tendency to vary with ion radius was interpreted. Complex of naphtha-15-crown-5 with calcium ion is very stable due to the synergism of static electric interaction and size selectivity between the host and the guest.

Host-guest interaction of β-cyclodextrin with isomeric ursolic acid and oleanolic acid:physicochemical characterization and molecular modeling study

Ursolic acid(UA) and oleanolic acid(OA) are insoluble drugs. The objective of this study was to encapsulate them into β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) and compare the solubility and intermolecular force of β-CD with the two isomeric triterpenic acids. The host-guest interaction was explored in liquid and solid state by ultraviolet-visible absorption,1H NMR, phase solubility analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry, and molecular modeling studies. Both experimental and theoretical studies revealed that β-CD formed 1: 1 water soluble inclusion complexes and the complexation process was naturally favorable. In addition, the overall results suggested that ring E with a carboxyl group of the drug was encapsulated into the hydrophobic CD nanocavity. Therefore, a clear different inclusion behavior was observed, and UA exhibited better affinity to β-CD compared with OA in various media due to little steric interference, which was beneficial to form stable inclusion complex with β-CD and increase its water solubility effectively.

Lattice dynamics study of low energy guest-host coupling in clathrate hydrate

Our lattice dynamics simulation of Xe-hydrate with four-site TIP4P oxygen-shell model can accurately reproduce each peak position in the inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectrum at the acoustic band （below 15 meV） and yield correct relative intensity. Based on the results, the uncertain profile at ～6 meV is assigned to anharmonic guest modes coupled strongly to small cages. Blue shift is proposed in phonon dispersion sheet in the case of anticrossing and found to be an evident signal for guest-host coupling that explains the anomalous thermal conductivity of clathrate hydrate.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Host-Guest NanocompositeMaterial Zeolite Y-Iron Bipyridine

This paper reports the synthesis of host-guest nanocomposite material [Fe(bpy)(3)]Y2+ (where bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) using the flexible ligand method. X-ray diffraction analysis. adsorption technique, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the material. The results show that [Fe(bpy)(3)](2+) has been entrapped in the supercage of zeolite, its electron transfer is realized by electron hopping of [Fe(bpy)(3)](2+) within the supercage of zeolite.

A Spectrophotometric Study on the Host-Guest Complexation of β-Cyclodextrin with 3-Indolyl Acetate in Dilute Aqueous Solution by Determining Solubility of Guest Substance

3-Indolyl acetate can be soluhilized in dilute aqueous solution of beta cy clodextrin. dueto the formation of host-guest complex through hydrophobic interaction between the indolyl groupand the inside cave of the cyclodextrin molecule. The thermodynamic pararneters of thecomplexing process can be estimated utilizing the spectrophotometric data.

Characteristic Studies of Arylated β-Cyclodextrins in Host-Guest Complexation with Small Molecules

The aryl moiety which was bonded as a functional group on the primary alcohol side ofβ-CD or the secondary alcohol side of β-CD or the secondary alcohol side of β-CD with anethylenediamino chain could show remarkable different molecular recognition abilities in thecomplexation with small molecular guests such as alkanes, cycloketones etc.

Interaction between Hosts and Guests of Rural Tourism in Northeast China Based on Symbolic Interaction Theory

With constant economic development and continuous improvement of living standards in Northeast China,rural tourism,as a new type of tourism,is increasingly favored. From the perspective of symbolic interaction theory,taking the current situation of rural tourism in Northeast China as an example,this paper explained the semiotic significance between hosts and guests in rural tourism. It established the evaluation indicators for authentic symbolic perception of rural tourism. Also,combined with the theories of sociology and anthropology,it studied the interaction between hosts and tourists of rural tourism in Northeast China.

The dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their applications in animal production

Host defense peptides(HDPs)are small molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against infectious bacteria,viruses,and fungi.Increasing evidence suggests that HDPs can also indirectly protect hosts by modulating their immune responses.Due to these dual roles,HDPs have been considered one of the most promising antibiotic substitutes to improve growth performance,intestinal health,and immunity in farm animals.This review describes the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their recent applications in animal production.

Targeted Deposition in a Lithiophilic Silver-Modified 3D Cu Host for Lithium-Metal Anodes

Lithium-metal batteries are regarded as the"Holy Grail"of next-generation batteries.However,lithium dendrite and anode volume expansion in cycles seriously hinders lithium-metal battery applications.Herein,we propose a precise and efficient strategy for stabilizing lithium-metal batteries via a lithiophilic Ag-modified Cu current host(Li@CuM/Ag).By applying the magnetron sputtering method,the lithiophilic silver layer can be anchored homogeneously on the Cu mesh.The lithiophilic silver layer effectively guides uniform Li deposition in the 3D host and realizes spatial control over Li nucleation.In addition,a dendrite-free lithium anode is successfully realized,which has been proven by in situ optical dynamic tests and Li deposition simulations.The symmetrical cell can maintain a low overpotential(230 mV)and long cycle life(90 h)at a large current of 10 mA cm^(-2)for a plating amount of 3 mAh cm^(-2).Furthermore,Li@CuM/Ag||LiCoO2 cells exhibited a high-capacity retention rate(86.39%)after 150 cycles at 2 C.Lithiophilic hosts based on magnetron sputtering provide a feasible strategy for applications of lithium-metal batteries.

Petrochemical eigenvalues and diagrams for the identification of metamorphic rocks'protolith,taking the host rocks of Dashuigou tellurium deposit in China as an example

The Dashuigou tellurium deposit is the world’s only known independent tellurium deposit.By restoring metamorphic rocks’protolith,we seek to understand not only the development and evolution trajectory of the region but also the origin of the relevant deposits.While there are many ways to restore metamorphic rocks’protolith,we take the host metamorphic rocks of Dashuigou tellurium deposit and leverage various petrochemical eigenvalues and related diagrams previously proposed to reveal the deposit’s host metamorphic rocks’protolith.The petrochemical eigenvalues include molecular number,Niggli’s value,REE parity ratio,CaO/Al_(2)O_(3)ratio,Fe^(3+) /(Fe^(3+) -+Fe^(2+) )ratio,chondrite-normalized REE value,logarithmic REE value,various REE eigenvalues including scandium,Eu/Sm ratio,total REE amount,light and heavy REEs,δEu,Eu anomaly,Sm/Nd ratio,and silicon isotope δ^(30) SiNBS-29‰,etc.The petrochemical plots include ACMs,100 mg-c-(al+alk),SiO_(2)-(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O),(al+fm)-(c+alk)versus Si,FeO+Fe_(2)O^(3+) TiO)-Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO,c-mg,Al_(2)O_(3)-(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O),chondrite-normalized REE model,La/Yb-REE,and Sm/Nd ratio,etc.On the basis of these comprehensive analyses,the following conclusions are drawn,starting from the many mantle-derived types of basalt developed in the study area of different geological ages,combined with the previously published research results on the deposit s fluid inclusions and sulfur and lead isotopes.The deposit is formed by mantle degassing in the form of a mantle plume in the late Yanshanian orogeny.The degassed fluids are rich in nano-sc ale substances including Fe,Te,S,As,Bi,Au,Se,H_(2),CO_(2),N_(2),H_(2)O,and CH_(4),which are enriched by nano-effect,and then rise to a certain part of the crust in the form of mantle plume along the lithospheric fault to form the deposit.The ultimate power for tellurium mineralization was from H_(2)flow with high energy,which was produced through radiation from the melted iron of the Earth’s outer core.The H,flow results in the Earth’s degassing,as well as the mantle and crust’s uplift.

Multi‑omics reveals that the host‑microbiome metabolism crosstalk of differential rumen bacterial enterotypes can regulate the milk protein synthesis of dairy cows

Background Dairy cows’lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabo-lism and host metabolism.However,it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolites,as well as the host metabolism,contribute to regulating the milk protein yield(MPY).Methods The rumen fluid,serum and milk of 12 Holstein cows with the same diet(45%coarseness ratio),parity(2–3 fetuses)and lactation days(120–150 d)were used for the microbiome and metabolome analysis.Rumen metabolism(rumen metabolome)and host metabolism(blood and milk metabolome)were connected using a weighted gene co-expression network(WGCNA)and the structural equation model(SEM)analyses.Results Two different ruminal enterotypes,with abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcus,were identified as type1 and type2.Of these,a higher MPY was found in cows with ruminal type2.Interestingly,[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae(the differential bacteria)were the hub genera of the network.In addition,differential ruminal,serum and milk metabolome between enterotypes were identified,where the cows with type2 had higher L-tyrosine of rumen,ornithine and L-tryptophan of serum,and tetrahydroneopterin,palmitoyl-L-carnitine,S-lactoylglutathione of milk,which could provide more energy and substrate for MPY.Further,based on the identi-fied modules of ruminal microbiome,as well as ruminal serum and milk metabolome using WGCNA,the SEM analysis indicated that the key ruminal microbial module1,which contains the hub genera of the network([Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae)and high abundance of bacteria(Prevotella and Ruminococcus),could regulate the MPY by module7 of rumen,module2 of blood,and module7 of milk,which contained L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Therefore,in order to more clearly reveal the process of rumen bacterial regulation of MPY,we established the path of SEM based on the L-tyrosine,L-tryptophan and related components.The SEM based on the metabolites suggested that[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group could inhibit the energy supply of serum tryptophan to MPY by milk S-lactoylglutathione,which could enhance pyruvate metabolism.Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could increase the ruminal L-tyrosine,which could provide the substrate for MPY.Conclusion Our results indicated that the represented enterotype genera of Prevotella and Ruminococcus,and the hub genera of[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could regulate milk protein synthesis by affecting the ruminal L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Moreover,the combined analysis of enterotype,WGCNA and SEM could be used to connect rumen microbial metabolism with host metabolism,which provides a fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between host and microorganisms in regulating the synthesis of milk composition.