Edible spices with strong smells or heavy tastes may be a promising resource of feeding deterrents. We compared the feeding deterrence of the ethanol extracts of 21 common spices against the larvae of a generalist pes...Edible spices with strong smells or heavy tastes may be a promising resource of feeding deterrents. We compared the feeding deterrence of the ethanol extracts of 21 common spices against the larvae of a generalist pest species, Helicoverpa armigera, using a multiple-choice leaf disc bioassay. The results show that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract (as a reference) always evoked significant feeding deterrence, while Piper nigrum (both black pepper and white pepper), Piper longum, and Angelica dahurica evoked the strongest and equivalent feeding deterrence. The potent feeding deterrent activity of Piper species may be a common characteristic at genus level.展开更多
Until now the Islamic Republic of Iran's adoption of an independent active deterrence strategy,a strategy based on threat assessment and self-assessment,has overall been a success.The sole exception involved Iraq ...Until now the Islamic Republic of Iran's adoption of an independent active deterrence strategy,a strategy based on threat assessment and self-assessment,has overall been a success.The sole exception involved Iraq in 1980 and was due to Iran's initial vulnerability following the revolution.As Saudi Arabia maneuvers with influence from US President Donald Trump,and given that Iran is unlikely to withdraw its military nuclear program under the existing security environment,the US and Israel ought to strengthen their nuclear deterrence capabilities against Iran.They need to issue clear,open,official retaliation commitments under a hypothetical nuclear scenario and bolster them with corresponding military and diplomatic capability.展开更多
Concentration distribution of the deterrent in single-base propellant during the process of firing plays an important role in the ballistic properties of gun propellant in weapons. However, the diffusion coefficient c...Concentration distribution of the deterrent in single-base propellant during the process of firing plays an important role in the ballistic properties of gun propellant in weapons. However, the diffusion coefficient calculated by molecular dynamics(MD) simulation is 6 orders of magnitude larger than the experimental values. Meanwhile, few simple and comprehensive theoretical models can explain the phenomenon and accurately predict the concentration distribution of the propellant. Herein, an onion model combining with MD simulation and finite element method of diffusion in propellants is introduced to bridge the gap between the experiments and simulations, and correctly predict the concentration distribution of deterrent. Furthermore, a new time scale is found to characterize the diffusion process. Finally, the time-and position-depended concentration distributions of dibutyl phthalate in nitrocellulose are measured by Raman spectroscopy to verify the correctness of the onion model. This work not only provides guidance for the design of the deterrent, but could be also extended to the diffusion of small molecules in polymer with different crystallinity.展开更多
Deterrence and coercion are two kinds of strategies,the latter being more aggressive than the former.The U.S.Asia-Pacific Rebalancing strategy is an important diplomatic legacy of Obama's administration.For the is...Deterrence and coercion are two kinds of strategies,the latter being more aggressive than the former.The U.S.Asia-Pacific Rebalancing strategy is an important diplomatic legacy of Obama's administration.For the issues involving the Diaoyu Islands,the South China Sea,cyber security,DPRK's nuclear program,and Iran's nuclear program,the U.S.has carried out military deterrence and non-force coercion against China.But generally,these are low-level coercive measures and distinct from the severe economic sanction and diplomatic isolation imposed by the U.S.on Russia,Syria,DPRK and Iran in recent years.Concerning issues where the U.S.and China hold distinct views,there would be less strategic leeway for the two countries.If the U.S.is to strengthen deterrence and coercion towards China,China can respond more actively and effectively,but it will be more difficult to build a new model of China-U.S.major-country relationship.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral impact of varying LED （light emitting diode） spectral emissions on avian species. A novel oculo-neuro-motor response to monochromatic LEDs has been identified....The purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral impact of varying LED （light emitting diode） spectral emissions on avian species. A novel oculo-neuro-motor response to monochromatic LEDs has been identified. LED colored light of sufficient intensity matched to the short-wavelength cones of avian species can efficiently diminish overall visual perception leading to an augmented behavioral response. The study method involved monitoring the change in behavioral response after exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light to wild Osprey （Pandion haliaetus） foraging and nesting in their natural environment. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant change in foraging behaviors with wild Osprey （p = 0.005） and in nesting behavior as a result of exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light. An augmented behavioral responses was observed which is believed to be analogous to human reaction to solar glare and glint. The neuroimaging mechanism of avian species is discussed. This novel augmented behavioral response provides a new technique of studying the neuroscience of temporal and spatial light stimulus. A non-lethal deterrence technique involving the augmented behavioral response could mitigate mortality and morbidity of avian-human conflict in areas such as airports, airplane bird strikes, and wind turbines.展开更多
In today＇s complex web of relations due to the end of the confrontation between the East and West, nuclear materials, technologies, know-how, and scientists have been diffused to states and non-state actors that act ...In today＇s complex web of relations due to the end of the confrontation between the East and West, nuclear materials, technologies, know-how, and scientists have been diffused to states and non-state actors that act irrationally most of the time. The precedent example of nuclear North Korea has given rise to new concerns like whether the low levels of military casualties stemming from nuclear or near-nuclear capable countries will damage the credibility of US/North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO） extended deterrence. The ambiguity about how the future of the Iranian Geneva interim agreement will be finalized certainly feeds such kinds of concerns among Tehran＇s neighbors. Till now, both Turkey and South Korea have directly felt and lived through similar kinds of threats. It is true that, during the Cold War years, these two countries have enjoyed the benefit of American assured nuclear security guarantee. However, the current US/NATO extended deterrence due to the mentioned newly arising threats of our times has fallen short of stopping the skirmishes that are occurring at low levels of confrontation. That is why this paper will try to analyze and compare South Korean and Turkish cases so as to comprehend whether there is a necessity to re-think extended deterrence mechanisms that are differently dispatched to meet Ankara＇s and Seoul＇s peculiar security needs.展开更多
In the organizational setting of marine engineering,a significant number of information security incidents have been arised from the employees’failure to comply with the information security policies(ISPs).This may b...In the organizational setting of marine engineering,a significant number of information security incidents have been arised from the employees’failure to comply with the information security policies(ISPs).This may be treated as a principal-agent problem with moral hazard between the employer and the employee for the practical compliance effort of an employee is not observable without high cost-.On the other hand,according to the deterrence theory,the employer and the employee are inherently self-interested beings.It is worth examining to what extent the employee is self-interested in the marine ISPs compliance context.Moreover,it is important to clarify the proper degree of severity of punishment in terms of the deterrent effect.In this study,a marine ISPs compliance game model has been proposed to evaluate the deterrence effect of punishment on the non-compliance behavior of employee individuals.It is found that in a non-punishment contract,the employee will decline to comply with the marine ISPs;but in a punishment contract,appropriate punishment will lead her to select the marine ISPs compliance effort level expected by the employer,and cause no potential backfire effect.展开更多
文摘Edible spices with strong smells or heavy tastes may be a promising resource of feeding deterrents. We compared the feeding deterrence of the ethanol extracts of 21 common spices against the larvae of a generalist pest species, Helicoverpa armigera, using a multiple-choice leaf disc bioassay. The results show that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract (as a reference) always evoked significant feeding deterrence, while Piper nigrum (both black pepper and white pepper), Piper longum, and Angelica dahurica evoked the strongest and equivalent feeding deterrence. The potent feeding deterrent activity of Piper species may be a common characteristic at genus level.
文摘Until now the Islamic Republic of Iran's adoption of an independent active deterrence strategy,a strategy based on threat assessment and self-assessment,has overall been a success.The sole exception involved Iraq in 1980 and was due to Iran's initial vulnerability following the revolution.As Saudi Arabia maneuvers with influence from US President Donald Trump,and given that Iran is unlikely to withdraw its military nuclear program under the existing security environment,the US and Israel ought to strengthen their nuclear deterrence capabilities against Iran.They need to issue clear,open,official retaliation commitments under a hypothetical nuclear scenario and bolster them with corresponding military and diplomatic capability.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91834301, 22078088, 22005143)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Groups (51621002)。
文摘Concentration distribution of the deterrent in single-base propellant during the process of firing plays an important role in the ballistic properties of gun propellant in weapons. However, the diffusion coefficient calculated by molecular dynamics(MD) simulation is 6 orders of magnitude larger than the experimental values. Meanwhile, few simple and comprehensive theoretical models can explain the phenomenon and accurately predict the concentration distribution of the propellant. Herein, an onion model combining with MD simulation and finite element method of diffusion in propellants is introduced to bridge the gap between the experiments and simulations, and correctly predict the concentration distribution of deterrent. Furthermore, a new time scale is found to characterize the diffusion process. Finally, the time-and position-depended concentration distributions of dibutyl phthalate in nitrocellulose are measured by Raman spectroscopy to verify the correctness of the onion model. This work not only provides guidance for the design of the deterrent, but could be also extended to the diffusion of small molecules in polymer with different crystallinity.
文摘Deterrence and coercion are two kinds of strategies,the latter being more aggressive than the former.The U.S.Asia-Pacific Rebalancing strategy is an important diplomatic legacy of Obama's administration.For the issues involving the Diaoyu Islands,the South China Sea,cyber security,DPRK's nuclear program,and Iran's nuclear program,the U.S.has carried out military deterrence and non-force coercion against China.But generally,these are low-level coercive measures and distinct from the severe economic sanction and diplomatic isolation imposed by the U.S.on Russia,Syria,DPRK and Iran in recent years.Concerning issues where the U.S.and China hold distinct views,there would be less strategic leeway for the two countries.If the U.S.is to strengthen deterrence and coercion towards China,China can respond more actively and effectively,but it will be more difficult to build a new model of China-U.S.major-country relationship.
基金This work was supported by grant No. IIP-1350562 from the National Science Foundation. NH Audubon Society provided assistance in tabulating the field results. Support at the test sites was provided by US Cellular, and NH Fish and Game Department--Milford Fish Hatchery.
文摘The purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral impact of varying LED （light emitting diode） spectral emissions on avian species. A novel oculo-neuro-motor response to monochromatic LEDs has been identified. LED colored light of sufficient intensity matched to the short-wavelength cones of avian species can efficiently diminish overall visual perception leading to an augmented behavioral response. The study method involved monitoring the change in behavioral response after exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light to wild Osprey （Pandion haliaetus） foraging and nesting in their natural environment. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant change in foraging behaviors with wild Osprey （p = 0.005） and in nesting behavior as a result of exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light. An augmented behavioral responses was observed which is believed to be analogous to human reaction to solar glare and glint. The neuroimaging mechanism of avian species is discussed. This novel augmented behavioral response provides a new technique of studying the neuroscience of temporal and spatial light stimulus. A non-lethal deterrence technique involving the augmented behavioral response could mitigate mortality and morbidity of avian-human conflict in areas such as airports, airplane bird strikes, and wind turbines.
文摘In today＇s complex web of relations due to the end of the confrontation between the East and West, nuclear materials, technologies, know-how, and scientists have been diffused to states and non-state actors that act irrationally most of the time. The precedent example of nuclear North Korea has given rise to new concerns like whether the low levels of military casualties stemming from nuclear or near-nuclear capable countries will damage the credibility of US/North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO） extended deterrence. The ambiguity about how the future of the Iranian Geneva interim agreement will be finalized certainly feeds such kinds of concerns among Tehran＇s neighbors. Till now, both Turkey and South Korea have directly felt and lived through similar kinds of threats. It is true that, during the Cold War years, these two countries have enjoyed the benefit of American assured nuclear security guarantee. However, the current US/NATO extended deterrence due to the mentioned newly arising threats of our times has fallen short of stopping the skirmishes that are occurring at low levels of confrontation. That is why this paper will try to analyze and compare South Korean and Turkish cases so as to comprehend whether there is a necessity to re-think extended deterrence mechanisms that are differently dispatched to meet Ankara＇s and Seoul＇s peculiar security needs.
基金funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.70972058,No.71272092 and No.71431002)。
文摘In the organizational setting of marine engineering,a significant number of information security incidents have been arised from the employees’failure to comply with the information security policies(ISPs).This may be treated as a principal-agent problem with moral hazard between the employer and the employee for the practical compliance effort of an employee is not observable without high cost-.On the other hand,according to the deterrence theory,the employer and the employee are inherently self-interested beings.It is worth examining to what extent the employee is self-interested in the marine ISPs compliance context.Moreover,it is important to clarify the proper degree of severity of punishment in terms of the deterrent effect.In this study,a marine ISPs compliance game model has been proposed to evaluate the deterrence effect of punishment on the non-compliance behavior of employee individuals.It is found that in a non-punishment contract,the employee will decline to comply with the marine ISPs;but in a punishment contract,appropriate punishment will lead her to select the marine ISPs compliance effort level expected by the employer,and cause no potential backfire effect.
