Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C–Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800°C for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450°C and held for 30 s(process A) or rapidly cooled to 350°C and then reheated to 450°C(process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel(DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength(YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient(n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and elongation(A80) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties(YS = 362 MPa, UTS = 638 MPa, A_(80) = 24.3%, n = 0.17) was obtained via process A.

Preparation and hot-dip galvanizing application of CeO_2/Zn nanocomposite

CeO2/Zn nanocomposite was fabricated by high-energy ball milling and subsequent hot-press sintering under vacuum. The produced nanocomposite powders and bulks were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The as-fabricated nanocomposite bulks were added successfully into the hot-dip galvanizing bath to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings. The results show that after milling for 120min, nano-sized CeO2 particles are distributed homogeneously on the surface of fine Zn particles to form spherical-like nanocomposite powder with narrow grain size distribution. The subsequent sintering does not lead to a dramatic grain growth, and the distribution of CeO2 nanoparticles in the composite bulk is also homogeneous. With the addition of as-prepared bulks, the corrosion resistance of the galvanized coatings is improved obviously. It provides a feasible route for adding CeO2 nanoparticles into the hot-dip galvanized coating.

Application of WC cermet sprayed composite coating in hot-dip galvanizing lines

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, the use of galvannealed and galvanized steel sheets in automobiles is on the rise. These sheets must meet very high surface quality requirements. The surface treatment of line rolls is known to have a great impact on strip quality. To prevent dusts such as zinc ash from pressing into the strip surface, we used a composite thermal spray surface treatment technique to treat rolls. The successfully developed tungsten carbide （WC） ＋ Ni-P composite plating technology improved the quality of the tungsten carbide thermally sprayed WC roll surface. This technique is also helpful to control defects such as adhered foreign materials in hot-dip galvanized automobile outer panel surfaces.

Growth and corrosion behavior of rare earth film on hot-dip galvanized steel

Hot-dip galvanized(HDG)steel sheets were treated for 30 s?24 h by the rare earth aqueous solution containing 20 g/L Ce(NO3)3·6H2O,and the growth behavior and corrosion resistance of the rare earth film were investigated by SEM,EDS,AES and NSS.The results reveal that the rare earth film becomes thick while the mass gain of the samples does not distinctly change due to the zinc dissolution with the increase of treatment time.The film grows up more quickly and is apt to cracking in the vicinity of zinc grain boundaries,and eventually the film partly warps and flakes off with increasing film thickness.The NSS results show that the corrosion resistance of the film is dominated by both the film thickness and the cracks.With increasing treatment time,the corrosion resistance of the film increases within 1 h due to the increased film thickness and decreases after 1 h because the cracking and flaking off gradually become dominant factor.

THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE OF BATH ANDAFTER-TREATMENT 0N COLORATION IN COLORING HOT DIPGALVANIZATION

The 08 Al steel sheets were hot dip ped into Zn - Mn bath with 0 1 % Mn and 0 2 % Mn at600 ～420 ℃ bath tem perature , and then w ere treated in different w ays . The after - treat ments include cooling in the air at room tem perature directly , holding at the upper part of thehot dip galvanizing furnace for 60 s an d then holding at 510 ±10 ℃for 90 s . The results in dicated that blue , yellow , and purple , w hose coloration varied with the co m position an d thetem perature of bath and the w ays of after - treat ment . Finally , the mechanism of coloredzinc coating w as discussed .

Hot-Dip Galvanized Sheet Production and Application

Hot-dip galvanized sheet is wildly used in construction,household appliances,ship,vehicle and vessel building and machinery,etc.In last ten years,with the development of automobile industry,the anti-eorrosion requirements for car body are increasingly strict,by which the rapid development in technology has been promoted.The application of hot-dip galvanized sheet,technological progress in production and some Chinese large units were introduced.

Analysis of causes and influence factors of small black spot defects in hot-dip galvanized pure Zn products

In this study,the factors affecting the formation of small black spot defects on the surface of a hot-dip galvanized pure zinc strip are analyzed. These defects are primarily formed w hen the iron-aluminum inhibition layer is incompletely formed or fails to form or when foreign matter adheres to the surface or embeds in the zinc layer.The defects can be reduced by controlling the cleanliness and activity of the strip base before coating,regulating the zinc pot process parameters,and ensuring the cleanliness of the passline and workshop.

The new technical progress of hot dip galvanizing process without sink roll

In this paper,the recent state and problems of the sink roll in CGL are described.Several methods of increasing its operational life span are introduced,such as surface coating technology and sleeve material technology.Fundamentally they cannot solve the problems of surface quality caused by the contact between strip and roll.On this basis,the newly developed principle and solutions for hot dip galvanizing technology without sink roll are highly emphasized,they are Float Technology,Electromagnetic pump technology,Electromagnetic enclosed slot by high-frequency AC,Electromagnetic enclosed slot by high-frequency DC.A comparison among their functions and characteristics is made and the possibility of its application is also discussed.Finally it comes to a conclusion that electromagnetic enclosed slot represents the direction of a continuous hot-dip galvanizing steel strip in the the 21st century.It has a very broad application prospects.Baosteel Technology Center is focused on the research and development of this technology.As technology advances,industrial applications is possible.

Simulation analysis of hot dip galvanizing process parameters based on orthogonal experimental design

An iron and steel company＇ s hot galvanizing technology was chosen as the object. An orthogonal experimental scheme with 5 factors of mixed level was designed, according to the various factors affecting the distribution of slag. For each scheme, the amount of slag and slag height in different orthogonal schemes by simulation were obtained with FLUENT software. Then, range and variance analyses were selected to compare the trend of slag height in the different process parameters of the hot dip galvanizing process. Finally, the optimal combination of the process parameters was obtained.

Development of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances

China has become the maximum household appliances manufacturing base worldwide.It is a new challenge facing the steel industry to develop the low-cost and environment-friendly sheet for household appliance industry,so Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances is the upgraded product which satisfies the requirement of China household appliance industry' s nuisanceless treatment.The paper discusses the technical key points of development on Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances,including the development of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the production technology of Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances.The paper elaborates the main compositions,physical features and properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical, surface quality control technology,anti-fingerprint coating quality control technology,influence of anti-fingerprint film weight on corrosion resistance,conductibility,high-temperature discolouration resistance,acid resistance,alkaline resistance and solvent resistance of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet, influence of anti-fingerprint coating uniformity on paintability of the sheet,influence of strip surface roughness on corrosion resistance and conductivity of the sheet and influence of strip surface quality on corrosion resistance of the sheet.Adopting the suitable Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the reasonable production process parameters,the properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet conform to the delivery technical norms and the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet becomes the new material for household appliances such as computer case.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Development of Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Strip and Its Application in Automobile Industry

Hot dip galvanized product is widely used in architecture, household electric appliance, ship vehicle, vessel, mechano-electronic device and other fields including clothing, food, housing, and travel. The history, development, market need, and technological advancement of hot dip galvanized strip, production situation, and development tendency in China are briefly introduced. The fact that it is necessary to build new and auto galvanized strip line with the development of the iron and steel industry in China.

Growth and corrosion behavior of molybdate passivation film on hot dip galvanized steel

Hot dip galvanized steel sheets were passivated by molybdate aqueous solution containing 10 g/L Na 2MoO 4·2H 2O, and the growth behavior and corrosion resistance of the passivation film were investigated. In the initial stage of passivation, the mass gain of film increases with passivation time proportionally. The film grows up more quickly and is apt to cracking at grain boundaries of zinc, then the cracks spread gradually on the whole surface of the film, and eventually the film will flake off with the increasing of film thickness. XPS results indicate that Mo compounds are present in Mo(Ⅵ) state on the surface of the film, and Mo(Ⅵ) and Mo(Ⅳ) states inside the film. NSS test shows that, the corrosion resistance of the passivation film decreases as the cracks occur, but in AASS test, the thicker the film is, the better the corrosion resistance is, the cracks of film have little effect on the corrosion resistance.

Crystallographic research of spangle on hot dip galvanized steel sheets

The spangles on hot dip galvanized steel sheet were investigated on an X-ray diffraction(XRD) meter by the rotating crystal method. The correlations between the crystallographic orientations of spangles and their morphologies were analyzed. The results show that the correlation can be classified into three types: β=0°, 0°<β<90° and β=90° by β. Crystallographic model of single spangle under the ideal condition was established based on the experimental results. The correlation between α and β can be deduced by their geometric relation as an equation.

Effect of Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Surface Chemistry and Morphology on Titanium Hexafluoride Pretreatment

Titanium hexafluoride pretreatments are known to improve paint adhesion and function as a barrier between the coating and the hot dip galvanized (HDG) steel surface. Interactions at the zinc/pretreatment interface are of utmost importance for the formation of pretreatment layers and the corrosion resistance of color coated hot dip galvanized steels. Removal rate of inert aluminum oxide from HDG steel samples by chemical dissolution was studied. XPS measurements showed that the surface Al2O3 layer thickness decreased rapidly already at mild alkaline cleaning, while complete removal of Al required severe etching. Low reactivity of an Al2O3-rich surface was confirmed by impaired formation of a titanium hexafluoride pretreatment layer. Grain boundaries and deformation twinnings were shown to be of importance for the reactivity of the HDG surface and for the precipitation of the pretreatment chemical. Helium ion microscopy images and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of a pretreated sample showed accumulation of the pretreatment chemical at the grain boundaries. Al removal rate was fast at the deformation twinnings at the grain plateaus. Slow Al removal was observed at dendritic valleys and grain boundaries. The results increase understanding of the reactivity of hot dip galvanized steel surface.

Imitation design of temperature field in coloring hot dip galvanization process

Colors were generated by preferential oxidation of the metals in coloring hot dip galvanization process, and the evolution of temperature field during cooling after hot dip would be responsible for the coloration results directly. The influences of bath temperature and velocity of steel strip moving on temperature field of the strip were calculated in continuous coloring hot dip galvanization process by means of the ANSYS/Thermal module. The factors were considered including convection heat transfer, latent heat during cooling, and heat radiation in calculation. The effects of temperature field on coloration of sheet steel samples were investigated.

ZZZZ+WSC-133.0 mm高强度密封钢丝绳研制

密封钢丝绳具有高的破断拉力,良好的弹性模量、耐腐蚀性及抗旋转性能。为满足客户需求,研究开发了ZZZZ+WSC-133.0 mm高强度密封钢丝绳,结构采用四层全密封设计,充分考虑相邻层钢丝捻角匹配和同层钢丝间的合理间隙,相邻层钢丝捻角为16.5°~18.5°,同层钢丝间隙为0.1~0.3 mm。钢丝采用热镀锌铝合金生产工艺,内层绳圆钢丝公称抗拉强度级别为1960 MPa,Z形钢丝公称强度级别为1770 MPa。研制结果表明,制绳钢丝符合相关标准要求,实测钢丝绳直径135.7~136.0 mm,偏差为2.0%~2.3%,实测整绳破断拉力20709 kN,比客户要求的最小破断拉力20571kN高138 kN。

热镀锌线中轴套衬瓦的锌腐蚀-磨损交互行为研究

目的明确轴套、衬瓦间锌腐蚀-磨损的交互作用机制对合理选材、有效控制磨损的重要意义。方法使用陶瓷纤维马弗炉将纯锌粒加热到460℃后,对轴套、衬瓦试样进行液锌浸蚀试验,利用Ansys模拟出三辊轴套、衬瓦间的接触应力,采用多功能磨损试验机测出试样的摩擦系数以及磨损量,使用三维视频显微镜观察试样的三维形貌,使用扫描电镜对试样进行表面形貌观察和微观组织分析。结果当316L不锈钢试样浸入高温锌液1 h后,可以看到基体外表面出现多个合金层,总厚度达600~800μm。在带钢张力20 kN,矫正辊插入量10 mm的常见工况下,沉没辊轴套、衬瓦间接触应力可达65.14 MPa,稳定辊轴套、衬瓦间接触应力可达17.79 MPa,矫正辊轴套、衬瓦间接触应力可达26.69 MPa。无渗锌处理,垂直施加载荷为81 N时,在900 s以后摩擦系数稳定到0.03;当载荷为154.5 N时,摩擦系数维持在较低水平。渗锌处理时,无论载荷是81 N还是154.5 N,摩擦系数均在0.1上下波动。渗锌处理并加入硬质锌渣时,摩擦系数进一步的升高,波动幅度更大。无论施加的垂直施加载荷是81 N还是154.5 N,磨损量在无渗锌处理、渗锌处理、渗锌处理并加入硬质锌渣3种工况下依次递增。结论316L不锈钢经高温渗锌腐蚀形成的渗锌层、硬质锌渣显著提升了轴套、衬瓦间的摩擦系数以及磨损量,使表面低硬度合金层快速磨损。磨损磨去合金层,使新鲜基体持续暴露,促进了高温锌腐蚀的持续进行,不断形成新的腐蚀层,又不断被磨损掉,两者间的交互协同使得不锈钢轴套磨损速率提高而迅速失效。

热浸镀Zn-11Al-3Mg镀层黑点缺陷形成机理研究

目的研究Zn-11Al-3Mg镀层黑点缺陷位置与正常位置组织特征差异,阐明黑点缺陷的形成机理,寻找导致黑点缺陷的原因,从而控制和消除黑点缺陷。方法以工业生产的Zn-11Al-3Mg镀层钢板表面的黑点缺陷为研究对象,综合运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、双束聚焦离子束显微镜(FIB-SEM)等,详细对比了缺陷位置和正常位置镀层显微组织的差异,分析了引起镀层组织差异的根本原因,揭示了Zn-11Al-3Mg镀层表面黑点缺陷的形成机理。结果Zn-11Al-3Mg镀层组织由初生Al枝晶和枝晶间第二相组成,缺陷位置和正常位置枝晶间第二相显微组织存在明显差异,宏观上表现为局部黑点缺陷。缺陷位置枝晶间第二相的平均成分与原始镀液成分接近,组织为细小的颗粒状Zn/Al/MgZn_(2)三元组织,未出现明显的Zn/MgZn_(2)二元共晶;而正常位置枝晶间第二相由大量的层片状Zn/MgZn_(2)二元共晶及少量Zn/Al/MgZn_(2)三元共晶组成。造成上述镀层组织差异的根本原因是镀后凝固过程中冷却速率不均匀。结论在镀后冷却速率局部过高的位置,在初生Al枝晶析出后,剩余液相被快速冷却至三元共晶反应温度以下,促使熔融态的镀层快速凝固,从而形成了与镀液成分相近、组织细小的枝晶间第二相。而在镀后冷却速率较低的区域,依次发生了初生Al枝晶析出、二元共晶反应、三元共晶反应,形成了不同的镀层组织。

Investigation of the transformation of sink-roll groove-mark defect in the galvannealing process

The influence of galvannealing on the transformation of the sink-roll groove-mark defect was studied by comparing the defects on galvannealed( GA) coating with those on galvanized( GI) coating. It was found that defects on GI coating contained high amounts of aluminum,zinc dross,and a zinc-iron intermetallic outburst structure,as well as slight scratches on the substrate. After being galvannealed,the aluminum content was higher and there was a much greater outburst structure,which made the coating of the defect thicker than the normal coating,while the zinc dross and scratches on the substrate had disappeared due to zinc and iron diffusion during the galvannealing process.