Hot air treatment activates defense responses and induces resistance against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit

The effect of hot air（HA, 45°C, 3.5 h） treatment on reducing gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that HA treatment significantly reduced lesion diameter and enhanced activities of chitinase（CHI）, β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL） in strawberry fruit. Total phenolic contents were also increased by HA treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were higher in HA treated strawberry fruit than those in control. Expression of three defense related genes such as CAT, CCR-1 allele and PLA6 was greatly induced in HA treated strawberry fruit with or without inoculation by B. cinerea. In addition, the in vitro experiment showed that HA treatment inhibited spore germination and tube growth of B. cinerea. These results suggested that HA treatment directly activated disease resistance against B. cinerea in strawberry fruit without priming response and directly inhibiting growth of B. cinerea.

Comparative studies on the hot corrosion behavior of air plasma spray and high velocity oxygen fuel coated Co-based L605 superalloys in a gas turbine environment

An improvement in the corrosion resistance of alloys at elevated temperature is a factor for their potential use in gas turbines. In this study, Co Ni Cr Al Y has been coated on the L605 alloy using air plasma spray(APS) and high-velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF) coating techniques to enhance its corrosion resistance. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on uncoated and coated samples in a molten salt environment at 850°C under cyclic conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the corrosion kinetics. The samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction for further investigation. In coated samples, the formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 in the coating acts as a diffusion barrier that could resists the inward movement of the corrosive species present in the molten salt. Coated samples showed very less spallation, lower weight gain, less porosity, and internal oxidation as compared to uncoated sample.HVOF-coated sample showed greater corrosion resistance and inferred that this is the best technique under these conditions.

Mathematical Modeling and Effect of Various Hot-Air Drying on Mushroom(Lentinus edodes)

An experimental study was performed to determine the characteristics and drying process of mushroom （Lentinus edodes） by 6 different hot-air drying methods namely isothermal drying, uniform raise drying, non-uniform raise drying, uniform intermittent drying, non-uniform intermittent drying and combined drying. The chemical composition （dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total sugars, dietary fiber, and energy）, color parameters （L, a＊, b＊, c＊, and h~） and rehydration capacities were determined. Among all the experiments, non-uniform intermittent drying reached a better comprehensive results due to the higher chemical composition, better color quality associated with high bright （26.381＋5.842）, high color tone （73.670＋2.975）, low chroma （13.349a：3.456） as well as the highest rehydration （453.76% weigh of dried body）. Nine kinds of classical mathematical model were used to obtained moisture data and the Midili-kucuk model can be described by the drying process with the coefficient （R2 ranged from 0.99790 to 0.99967）, chi-square （X2 ranged from 0.00003 to 0.00019） and root mean square error （RMSE ranged from 0.000486 to 0.0012367）.

Influence of hot air sintering on dioxin emission

Sintering pot tests with hot air were conducted. Air recovery from exhaust gas from the sintering plant. The effects was heated by using a resistance furnace to simulate heat of the process parameters, such as temperature of hot air, oxygen enrichment, coke consumption and bed depth, on quality of products, energy consumption and dioxin emission were investigated. Good results were obtained under the following conditions ： 200℃ hot air, no oxygen enrichment, lime with high CaO, thinner bed and addition of accelerant.

An Experimental Study on the Performance of Storage Pulverizing System after Renovation of Importing Hot Air

A thermal power plant of Sinopec has 9 boilers, which generally have problems of high exhaust gas temperature and high flying ash carbon content. In order to improve the adaptability of coals, the stability of coal powder ignition, the burn-off rate of pulverized coals and the boiler efficiency, a series of renovation projects about importing hot air into mill exhauster are proposed. For the sake of verifying the renovation effects, an efficiency performance test is conducted on the renovated #5 boiler. The test result shows that the boiler heat efficiency has improved by 0.4% and it operates more safely and reliably after the renovation. At last, this paper recommends an optimized operation mode.

Artificial neural network techniques to predict the moisture ratio content during hot air drying and vacuum drying of Radix isatidis extract

Background:To predict the moisture ratio of Radix isatidis extract during drying.Methods:Artificial neural networks were designed using the MATLAB neural network toolbox to produce a moisture ratio prediction model of Radix isatidis extract during hot air drying and vacuum drying,where regression values and mean squared error were used as evaluation indexes to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes and determine the topological structure of artificial neural networks model.In addition,the drying curves for the different drying parameters were analyzed.Results:The optimal topological structure of the moisture ratio prediction model for hot air drying and vacuum drying of Radix isatidis extract were“4-9-1”and“5-9-1”respectively,and the regression values between the predicted value and the experimental value is close to 1.This indicates that it has a high prediction accuracy.The moisture ratio gradually decreases with an increase in the drying time,reducing the loading,initial moisture content,increasing the temperature,and pressure can shorten the drying time and improve the drying efficiency.Conclusion:Artificial neural networks technology has the advantages of rapid and accurate prediction,and can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for online prediction during the drying process of the extract.

Measurements of Absolute Atomic Nitrogen Density by Two-Photon Absorption Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Hot Air Plasma Generated by Microwave Resonant Cavity

For the first time, absolute densities of atomic nitrogen in its ground state (N4S) have been measured in hot dry and humid air plasma columns under post-discharge regime. The determination of space-resolved absolute densities leads to obtain the dissociation degrees of molecular nitrogen in the plasma. The hot plasmas are generated inside an upstream gas-conditioning cell at 600 mbar when the air gas flow is directly injected at 10 slm in a microwave resonant cavity (2.45 GHz, 1 kW) placed in the downstream side. Density measurements based on laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy with two-photon excitation (TALIF), are more particularly performed along the radial and axial positions of the plasma column. Calibration of TALIF signals is performed in situ (i.e. in the same gas-conditioning cell but without plasma) using an air gas mixture containing krypton. Optical emission spectroscopy is considered to estimate the rotational gas temperature by adding a small amount of H2 in dry air to better detect OH (A-X) spectra. The rotational temperatures in humid air plasma column (50% of humidity) are larger than those of dry air plasma column by practically 30% near the nozzle of resonant cavity on the axis of the plasma column. This is partly due to attachment heating processes initiated by water vapor. A maximum of the measured absolute nitrogen density is also observed near the nozzle which is also larger for humid air plasma column. The obtained dissociation degrees of molecular nitrogen in both dry and humid air plasma along the air plasma column are lower than the cases where only thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed. This is characteristic of the absence of chemical and energetic equilibria not yet reached in the air plasma column dominated by recombination processes.

Thermal Feature Analysis of a New Hot-Air Anti-Icing Structure

Ice accretion on surfaces of the aircraft and engine is a serious threat to the flight safety.In this paper,a novel hot air anti-icing method is proposed based on the porous foam.Taking the NACA0012 airfoil as an example,the traditional thermal protection structure is proved to exist the deficiency in balancing the heat exchange caused by route loss of the heat.By dividing the hot chamber into multiple regions to fill with various foam metal,flow resistance characteristics and heat transfer characteristics for this protection mode are analyzed in order to derive the maximized benefit in anti-icing process.The calculation results reveal that,under the same condition,the region filled with foamed copper not only improves the temperature uniformity on the anti-icing area,but also achieves a better protection effect for enhancing heat transfer between the tube and the hot gas,averagely above 20℃higher than it without porous foam filling in surface temperature.Additionally,the minimum mass flow rate of the protection hot air is reduced by 16.7%.The gratifying efficiency of the porous filler in fortifying heat transfer confirms the potential of replacing the efficient but complex heat transfer design with simple structure filled with foam metal.

Hot Air Generator Using Natural Convection Flow in a Heated Channel

Hot air producing is one of the most important engineering applications in recent years.It is a technique used in various thermodynamic systems,such as home heating systems,food dryers.One of the main problems impeding the spread of hot air producing technology is the lack of homogeneity of the heat flow coming from hot air generators as well as an inadequate flow rate.The most of the existing hot air generators require to be supported by systems that can increase the low volumetric flow and the air temperature of these generators,through increasing the speed of the flow of air emitted or lifting the drawer Heat,which contributes to raising the overall cost.However,to improve the thermal and dynamic quality of the hot air flow produced by the generator,a numerical investigation of the free convection flow inside two different configurations is presented in this thesis.The primary objective of this work is to predict the behavior of the flow inside tow configurations,the first one consists of a vertical cylinder with heated walls,and the second configuration is an open-ended vertical cylinder with a hot disc placed at the entrance(configuration A,configuration B).This work characterizes through the examination of this flow,the variables that control an air emission with high flow rate and a high and homogeneous temperature to represent the appropriate criteria that should be respected to obtain a hot air generator overcoming the previously mentioned constraints.Furthermore;the results of this work show the influence the boundary conditions and Rayleigh number on the resulting flow.

Research and Development of Hot Primary Air Heater for Coal-Fired Boilers in Power Plant

The reasons of introducing cold air into pulverizer are analyzed for boilers with large capacity and high parameters. The temperature rises of the exhaust gas are calculated when varying the amount of the cold air. The hot primary air heater, a new technology, is developed to eliminate the cold air from the pulverized coal system. The applications, advantages and disadvantages are introduced in detail for the new device and system. It is concluded that introducing cold air into pulverizer is one of the major factors that causes the exhaust gas temperature of boilers with large capacity to be high. The amount of the cold air could be reduced signif icantly, even to zero in some cases by adopting the hot primary air heater, which drops the exhaust gas temperature of the boiler effectively. The hot primary air heater, which could play part roles of the steam-air heater or the hot air recirculation system, could also be used to adjust the exhaust gas temperature within the range of 20 ℃ by controlling the flow rate of the cooling medium. Moreover, the startup period of the steam-air heater or the hot air recirculation system will be shortened, which is a unique advantage of the hot primary air heater among the measures to drop the exhaust gas temperature.

从hot air谈起

What he said was just a lot of hot air. 若将这句话中的hot air理解成“热空气”就错了,因为它的意思是“大话,吹牛皮”。hot在和其他一些词连用时,也容易引起误解,须根据上下文来认真判断。如:The problem is a hot potato.(这是个棘手的问题。)

Study and Application of W-Flame Boiler Startup Aided by Adjacent Hot Primary Air

In this paper,the designed features of a W-flame coal-fired boiler are introduced.A scheme of joint primary air for two boilers is made and technical measures are also taken based on corresponding analyses and studies.The scheme and the measures provide a reference for technicians to improve the efficiencies and reduce the startup costs of other similar large boilers.

苹果丁冷冻-热风联合干燥体积收缩机制

为降低冻干苹果能耗,同时获得具有良好外观的脱水产品,该研究将冷冻-热风联合干燥应用于苹果脱水加工,并从水分迁移角度探究此过程中产品的收缩机制。选取4个水分转换点(干基含水率分别为1.00、0.76、0.53和0.33 g/g)对苹果进行联合干燥处理,并对脱水产品的收缩率、质构特性、微观结构、孔隙分布及样品在热风干燥阶段的水分迁移与分布进行测定及分析。结果表明,联合干燥样品的收缩情况显著(P<0.05)优于单一热风干燥样品,且转换点对样品收缩率影响较大(收缩率6%~45%),当转换点干基含水率低于0.53 g/g时,联合干燥样品没有出现明显的体积收缩现象。随着转换点干基含水率的升高,样品的收缩程度增大,并出现不同程度的中心塌陷,且孔隙率逐渐减小,但相应能耗降低。产品收缩主要发生在热风干燥过程的升速阶段,在此阶段样品自由水含量大幅减少,结合水与不易流动水未发生明显改变,样品内部水分在湿度差的作用下向表面迁移,这是导致联合干燥样品发生体积收缩的关键机制。该研究结果可为冷冻-热风联合干燥高效生产良好外观的脱水苹果提供数据支撑及理论参考。

热风加热沥青路面冲击射流共轭传热特性

为提高热风加热沥青路面的就地再生加热效果,基于热风冲击射流对流换热和沥青路面内部导热的共轭传热过程,建立了热风加热沥青路面的冲击射流共轭传热理论模型,选取有限容积法得到了共轭传热模型的通用离散方程,采用压力-速度耦合半隐式算法(semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations,SIMPLE)获得了整个求解域内温度场分布,选取平均热流密度和平均换热系数反映沥青路面加热效果,通过正交试验研究了热风出口速度和热风出口温度对路面加热效果的影响程度。仿真和试验结果表明:理论计算与实验温度场分布趋势吻合度高,两者平均误差为8.4%;平均热流密度和平均换热系数在加热初期均从最大值急剧下降,而后下降幅度逐渐减小趋于平衡,两者的仿真计算与实验结果趋势相同,平均误差分别为6.4%和7.8%;热风出口速度和热风出口温度对平均热流密度均有显著影响,热风出口速度对平均换热系数有显著影响,热风出口温度对平均换热系数的影响相较于平均热流密度指标表现为不显著。研究结果为后续沥青路面就地热再生热风加热温度控制和加热器设计提供了理论依据。

牛大力热风干燥工艺参数优化

热风干燥有利于提高鲜制牛大力干燥时的干燥速率和产品品质。为此,对新鲜的牛大力进行单因素热风干燥实验,结果表明:干燥过程中热风温度越高、切片厚度越薄时,牛大力的干燥速率越快;而热风温度过高时,牛大力切片表面会发生褐化和裂纹。结合响应面优化分析方法,建立各因素与指标值之间的回归分析模型。由响应面优化分析和实验结果可知:当热风温度为50~60℃、切片厚度为3~7 mm和热风风速为0.5~1.5 m/s时,牛大力热风干燥的最佳干燥参数为:热风温度60℃,切片厚度5 mm,热风风速1.116 m/s。

蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱流场优化设计及仿真

农产品的烫漂与干燥是农产品加工的关键技术。农产品蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱是集烫漂与干燥一体的新型农产品绿色保质低碳智能干燥技术装备。农产品蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱内部流场均匀性直接影响着农产品烫漂与干燥效果。为提高其内部速度均匀性与温湿度均匀性,同时减少冷凝现象发生,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法建立蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱模型,对其送风方式和送风口数量进行研究。结果表明:侧送侧回的送风方式在速度场以及温湿度场的均匀性总体优于上送下回,能量利用系数提高约18%,箱内壁面冷凝面积小于上送下回。仿真研究表明,当送风口数量为4个时,箱内的温度场和相对湿度场均匀性更好,能量利用系数最高。试验表明,蒸汽烫漂与热风干燥箱的试验值和仿真值最大温度偏差为2.3℃,相对湿度误差不超过1.3%,误差在合理范围内,仿真结果可靠,研究结果可为农产品低碳智能干燥新技术的研究提供参考。

热位差对隧道掌子面热空气蔓延特性影响研究

为解决深埋高铁隧道内热空气对作业人员造成的热害问题,根据能量守恒定律推导热空气在隧道内蔓延时其前锋温度随距离变化的理论模型,运用CFD软件模拟某深埋高铁隧道不同工况下沿程空气温度变化情况。研究结果表明:不通风时,热空气蔓延前锋的温度变化呈现2个明显阶段,即T>297 K时的下降极快阶段和T<297 K时的逐渐平稳阶段;及时通风能够快速降低隧道温度,推荐大小里程侧风管出口距掌子面均为45 m,通风风速分别取20,15 m/s。研究结果可为进一步优化高铁隧道通风降温方式提供参考。

黄芩间歇微波热风组合干燥特性及有效成分变化规律研究

为了提高黄芩等中药材的干燥品质,保证其临床应用安全有效,采用变异系数法研究了鲜黄芩的最优干燥方式,在此基础上分析了黄芩的干燥特性,并应用3种常见的干燥动力学模型及3种反应动力学模型分别探究了不同干燥条件下黄芩的干燥动力学特征和黄芩苷的降解动力学特征.研究结果表明:黄芩间歇微波热风组合干燥方式的综合质量评分最高为90.00分,更适用于黄芩的干燥加工.黄芩的干燥速率随微波功率增大、间歇比的减小而增大,随热风温度的增大先增大后减小.Weibull模型可以用来描述黄芩在不同干燥条件下水分的变化规律,其R2均大于0.993 4,不同干燥条件下黄芩的有效水分扩散系数为1.370 8×10^(-7)~3.250 6×10^(-7)m^(2)/s,活化能为11.415 5 kJ/mol.黄芩苷含量随时间的变化符合2级反应动力学规律,且黄芩苷的降解受到温度、水分、氧气、酶活性以及干燥时间等众多因素协同作用的影响.上述研究可为黄芩等中药材的干燥加工提供一种优质高效的干燥方法,为其干燥工艺优化提供参考,对指导黄芩等中药材实际生产和提高其干燥质量具有重要意义.

不同干燥方式对柠檬片品质的影响

该研究旨在探究不同干燥方式对贮藏期柠檬片品质的影响。分别采用真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)、热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、微波干燥(microwave drying,MD)3种方式加工制备柠檬片,并研究了3种干燥方式对柠檬片色泽、基础品质、营养物质和风味的影响。结果表明,柠檬片经过真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥不同干燥处理后品质与风味不同。冻干组柠檬片具有较小的收缩率(11.65%),较高的复水比(5.14)、亮度值(48.6)和V_(C)含量(3.13 mg/g DW),电子鼻各传感器的响应值较高,即其色泽、品质、风味都优于热风干燥与微波干燥方式。因此,使用冻干工艺可以保证品质。