Bench-Scale Testing of Zinc Ferrite Sorbent for Hot Gas Clean-up

Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle （IGCC） power generation systems require the development of high-temperature, regenerable desulfurization sorbents, which are capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gasifier gas to very low levels. In this paper, zinc ferrites prepared by co-precipitation were identified as a novel coal gas desulfurization sorbent at high temperature. Preparation of zinc ferrite and effects of binders on pore volume, strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite desulfurizer were studied. Moreover, the behavior of zinc ferrite sorbent during desulfurization and regeneration under the temperature range of 350-400 ℃ are investigated. Effects of binders on the pore volume, mechanical strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite sorbents indicated that the addition of kaolinite to zinc ferrite desulfurizer seems to be superior to other binders under the experimental conditions.

Effect of binder on the properties of iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization

The most difficult problem in hot gas desulfurization in Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle （IGCC） is the pulverization of sulfur removal sorbents.Appropriate binders for hot gas sulfur removal sorbents can solve the pulverization problem.In this paper,six sorbents with binders of different argillaceous minerals were prepared by mechanical mixing method.Desulfurization behavior for hot gas desulfurization sorbents was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor.Result showed that sorbent NTKW2 with binder of clay had a better sulfidation performance.NTKW2 had a more stable performance than other sorbents in the continuous sulfidation-regeneration cycles.Sulfur capacity of sorbent remained the same in each cycle.The desulfurization efficiency and mechanical strength of NTKW2 were the best among the tested sorbents.The behavior of NTKW2 at different temperatures showed different performances,and the best reaction temperature was 550 ℃.Higher heat stability,sulfur capacity and desulfurization efficiency were found on NTKW2 in six continuous sulfidation-regeneration cycles.

DEVELOPMENT OF SMOVEN PROCESS FOR HOT GAS DESULFURIZATION

The Beijing Research lnstitute of Coal Chemistry (BRICC) is developing the SMOVEN process for hot gas desulfurization. The SMOVEN process features sulfidation in an entrained bed,regeneration in a low velocity fluid bed or a moving bed with oxygen and sorbent circuIation con-trolled by gas stream. A series of tests on the bench scale unit and the continuous process devel-opment unit were carried out. The regenerable metal oxide sorbents were adopted for the sulfur-related components removing from coal gas at the temperature of 550-650℃. A fluidized bed gasifier of 100 mm (id) generated coal gas for tests. The principle of SMOVEN process has been positively verified.

Research on improvement in Zn-based sorbent for hot gas desulfurization

Two Zn-based sorbents, L-991 and L-992 used for hot gas desulfurization (HGD) were introduced. Zn/Ti ratio of the two sorbent was 1:1 and 2:3 resptively and a certain proportion of Cu and Mn metal oxide were added into L-992, which provided better performance than L-991 in aspects of suitable work temperature, sulfur capacity and agglomeration on the surface of sorbent particles. The evaluation tests were done on both sorbents include multi cycles tests. ARD and SEM analysis were done on fresh and post tests sorbent. During continuous sulfidation/regeneration, the H2S concentra- tion can be reduced from about 10 g/m3 to less than 20 mg/m3, the H2S removal effi- ciency >99 %.

Thermal Performance Test of the Hot Gas Duct of10MW High Temperature Reactor Test Modulegh

he thermal performance test of the horizontal coaxial double tube hot gas duct (HGD) with an internal thermal insulation for the 10MW High Temperature Reactor Test Module (HTR10) was conducted on a Helium Test Loop(HETL). The present paper deals with the technical feature of the HETL, the test section and the thermal performance test of the HGD. The HGD test section with a triple tube structure includes an inner heater, a HGD model and a coldhot gas mixer. A counterflow of cold and hot helium gas under the pressure of about 3.0 MPa and the minimum temperature of 100℃ in the annular passage and the maximum of 950℃ in the central tube of the HGD model was formed. The HGD model was undergone 20 times of pressure cycle test under the pressure ranging from 0.1 to 3.4 MPa, 18 times of the temperature cycle test under the temperature ranging from 100 to 950℃ and high temperature (700 to 950℃) helium flow test for a period of more than 350 hours. The effective thermal conductivity (λeff) of the internal insulation of the HGD was investigated experimentally. The relationship of the effective thermal conductivity with the average tmperature of the internal insulation layer is λeff(W/m/℃)=0.3512+0.0003T(℃). The test results indicate that the HGD model has good abilities to resist heat flux from the central tube to the annular passage, temperature variations, and pressure variations.

Processing and Properties of Flexible Hot Gas Sealing Materials for Ceramic Membrane

Ceramic membranes are effective to reduce PM2.5 emission when used for hot flue gas filtration.The properties of the sealing material play a decisive role infiltration efficiency.However,there are few studies on sealing materials for hot flue gas filtration above 700 ℃.This investigation was performed to develop flexible sealing materials which can be used for a long time at high temperatures.In order to obtain sufficient mechanical strength and continuous flexibility,three kinds of binders were selected as coating binders.The sealing materials based on high silica fiber fabric and aluminum silicate fiber fabric were successfully prepared.The effect of aging on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the composites subjected to coating had been investigated by XRD,SEM and EDS.The results show that waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is a suitable coating binder for the sealing materials,which can be used for a long time at 1 000 ℃ and 700 ℃,respectively,without significant decrease in strength.However,the other two binders,aluminum dihydrogen phosphate and aluminum chromium phosphate will weaken the flexibility,resulting in frangibility and reducing sealing performance.The developed composites possess required thermo-stability and desired mechanical strength as flexible sealing materials,indicating their strong application possibility in hot flue gas filtration.

Theoretical modelling of hot gas ingestion through turbine rim seals

The rim seals of gas turbines are used to prevent or reduce the ingestion of hot mainstream gas into the wheel-space between the turbine rotor and its adjacent stationary casing.The ingestion is caused by local pressure differences between the mainstream and the wheel-space;ingress usually occurs where the mainstream pressure is higher than that in the wheel-space and egress occurs where it is lower.Sealing air,which is supplied to the wheel-space,flows through the seal clearance and joins the mainstream flow.Too much sealing air is inefficient;too little can lead to disastrous consequences.The nozzle guide vanes create three-dimensional(3D)variations in the distribution of pressure in the mainstream annulus and the turbine blades create unsteady effects.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is both time-consuming and expensive for these 3D unsteady flows,and engine designers tend to use correlations or simple models to predict ingress.This paper describes the application of simple‘orifice models’,the analytical solutions of which can be used to calculate the sealing effectiveness of turbine rim seals.The solutions agree well with available data for externally-induced ingress,where the effects of rotation are negligible,for rotationally-induced ingress,where the effects of the external flow are small,and for combined ingress,where the effects of both external flow and rotation are significant.

Fe-doped olivine and char for in-bed elimination of gasification tars in an air-blown fluidised bed reactor coupled with oxidative hot gas filtration

Gasification experiments were carried out in a pilot scale fluid bed reactor operated under allothermal mode and low fluidisation regime with iron-doped olivine and char as catalyst for in-situ tar abatement.The catalyst combination resulted in a reduction of 50%in the overall tar yield with respect to the reference values.Furthermore,the integration of an oxidative Hot Gas Filtration unit downstream the gasification reactor led to a further reduction in overall tar yield and relatively clean gas was obtained(approx.1 g/Nm3,benzene-free).The tar dew point of the resulting producer gas was estimated to 80℃,only 40℃ above the threshold value recommended for its valorisation in standard internal combustion engines.Moreover,catalyst elutriation and char hold-up took place to a large extent inside the reactor.The analysis of catalyst samples at different Time-On-Stream(TOS)revealed:(i)a considerable loss of iron oxides during the first hour of test because of the interparticle mechanical attrition(mostly surface abrasion)and partial reduction of hematite to magnetite and wustite but,stable composition at higher TOS,(ii)the loss of the iron oxide coverage of Fe/olivine particles and the formation of agglomerates with increasing TOS and,(iii)the amount of carbon deposited in the surface of the Fe/olivine particles increased with TOS,but in any case,these carbon deposits can be completely oxidized above 650℃.

Desulfurization kinetics of ZnO sorbent loaded on semi-coke support for hot coal gas

Zn-based sorbent （Z20SC） prepared through semi-coke support in 20 wt% zinc nitrate solution by high-pressure impregnation presents an excellent desulfurization capacity in hot coal gas,in which H2 S can not be nearly detected in the outlet gas before 20 h breakthrough time.The effects of the main operational conditions and the particle size of Z20SC sorbent on its desulfurization performances sorbent were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor and the desulfurization kinetics of Z20SC sorbent removing H2 S from hot coal gas was calculated based on experimental data.Results showed that the conversion of Z20SC sorbent desulfurization reaction increased with the decrease of the particle size of the sorbent and the increases of gas volumetric flow rate,reaction temperature and H 2 S content in inlet gas.Z20SC sorbent obtained from hydrothermal synthesis by high-pressure impregnation possessed much larger surface area and pore volume than semi-coke support,and they were significantly reduced after the desulfurization reaction.The equivalent grain model was reasonably used to analyze experimental data,in which k s=4.382×10-3 exp（-8.270×103/RgT） and Dep=1.262×10-4exp（1.522×104/RgT）.It suggests that the desulfurization reaction of the Z20SC sorbent is mainly controlled by the chemical reaction in the initial stage and later by the diffusion through the reacted sorbent layer.

Helium,Argon and Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Spring Gases in the Hainan Island,China

Chemical and isotopic compositions have been measured for N2-He-rich bubbling gases discharging from hot springs in the Hainan Island, Southern China. Observed 3He/4He ratios （0.1-1.3 RA） indicate the occurrence of a mantle component throughout the island, which has been highly diluted by a crustal radiogenic 4He component. The occurrence of mantle-derived helium is high in the northern island （12%-16% of total He） and gradually decreases towards southern coast （1%-3% of total He）. Such a distribution pattern is most likely controlled by the Pleocene-Quaternary volcanic activities in the northern island and groundwater circulation along the deep major faults. The 4~Ar/36Ar and N2/Ar ratios suggest that N2 and Ar of the hot spring gases are mostly meteoric. Although 13C values of CO2 （-20%0 to -27%0） with low concentrations are consistent with the biogenic origin, the combination of SHe/4He and 51SCco2 suggests a two end-member mixing of mantle and crustal components with CO2/3He ratios of 2x 109 and 8 1011, respectively. However, the low CO2/3He ratios （1- 22106） can not be ascribed in terms of the simple mixing but has to be explained by the addition of radiogenic 4He and loss of CO2 by calcite precipitation in the hydrothermal system, which is most likely controlled by the degree of gas-water-rock interaction.

Breakdown Electric Field of Hot 30% CF_3I/CO_2 Mixtures at Temperature of 300–3500 K During Arc Extinction Process

We calculated the uniform dielectric breakdown field strength of residual 30% CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures during the arc extinction process over the temperature range 300-3500 K at 0.1 MPa. The limiting reduced field strengths are decided by a balance of electron generation and loss based on chemical reactions estimated by the electron energy distribution function （EEDF）, which employs the Boltzmann equation method with two-term expanding approximation in the steady-state Townsend （SST） condition. During the insulation recovery phase, the hot CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures have maximum dielectric strength at a temperature of about 1500 K. At room temperature 300 K, the electric strength after arc extinction （90.3 Td, 1 Td=10-21 V.m2） is only 38% of the original value before arc （234.9 Td）. The adverse insulation recovery ability of CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures in arc extinction hinders its application in electric circuit breakers and other switchgears as an arc quenching and insulating medium.

High-efficiency forming processes for complex thin-walled titanium alloys components: state-of-the-art and perspectives

Complex thin-walled titanium alloy components play a key role in the aircraft,aerospace and marine industries,offering the advantages of reduced weight and increased thermal resistance.The geometrical complexity,dimensional accuracy and in-service properties are essential to fulfill the high-performance standards required in new transportation systems,which brings new challenges to titanium alloy forming technologies.Traditional forming processes,such as superplastic forming or hot pressing,cannot meet all demands of modern applications due to their limited properties,low productivity and high cost.This has encouraged industry and research groups to develop novel high-efficiency forming processes.Hot gas pressure forming and hot stamping-quenching technologies have been developed for the manufacture of tubular and panel components,and are believed to be the cut-edge processes guaranteeing dimensional accuracy,microstructure and mechanical properties.This article intends to provide a critical review of high-efficiency titanium alloy forming processes,concentrating on latest investigations of controlling dimensional accuracy,microstructure and properties.The advantages and limitations of individual forming process are comprehensively analyzed,through which,future research trends of high-efficiency forming are identified including trends in process integration,processing window design,full cycle and multi-objective optimization.This review aims to provide a guide for researchers and process designers on the manufacture of thin-walled titanium alloy components whilst achieving high dimensional accuracy and satisfying performance properties with high efficiency and low cost.

Effect of processing parameters on bulge-forming Polycarbonate parts

According to the data of the experiment made in mechanical tensile of Polycarbonate in high temperature, experiments were done to polycarbonate sheet by hot gas pressure bulge-forming. It was found that selecting and combination of the processing parameters were vital to the quality. In the experiments and numerical simulation with the software of DYNAFORM, the processing parameters have been studied.The results showed that the method of discontinuous pressure and pressure preservation advantage the forming; when temperature and pressure meet the forming conditions, the longer time of pressure preservation promotes sufficient forming.

Dynamic analysis of particle temperaturein HVOF spray

Based on “Gas Dynamics”, “Thermodynamics”, “Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems” and other theories, dynamic analyses of the particle temperature in a HVOF spray have been accomplished. The relationship between the temperature of the particle and the heated time has been proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, the influences of the temperature of the hot gas of a HVOF gun and the particle size on the temperature of a particle for depositing have been discussed in detail. It is evident that the velocity of a particle heated in the hot gas of a HVOF gun is very high, and the maximum theoretic temperature of a particle heated is mostly equivalent to the temperature of the hot gas.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of corn stover in a fluidized bed heated by hot flue gas:Physicochemical properties of bio-oil and its application

Fast pyrolysis of corn stover was performed at temperatures in the range of 450℃-525℃ in a fluidized bed.The chemical composition of the bio-oil acquired was analyzed by GC/MS,and its pH,kinetic viscosity and calorific values were determined.In the pyrolysis system used in this experiment,some improvements to former pyrolysis systems were done.Two screw feeders were used to prevent jamming the feeding system,and the condenser was equipped with some nozzles and a heat exchanger to cool quickly the cleaned hot gas into bio-oil.The results showed that the bio-oil yield increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature and then declined with a further increase in pyrolysis temperature.The highest bio-oil yield of 43.3 wt.%was obtained at 500℃ with the dolomite as bed material.The char yield always decreased with the increase of temperature.The major chemical compounds of bio-oil included acetol,butanone,acetic acid,propionic acid,ethylene glycol,phenol,etc.Pyrolysis oil was completely immiscible in diesel,but homogeneous emulsions were obtained when mixing the pyrolysis oil,emulsifier with diesel in different ratios.

Desulfurization performance of iron-manganese-based sorbent for hot coal gas

A series of iron-manganese-based sorbents were prepared by co-precipitation and physical mixing method,and used for H_(2)S removal from hot coal gas.The sulfidation tests were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with space velocity of 2000 h^(-1)(STP).The results show that the suitable addition of manganese oxide in iron-based sorbent can decrease H_(2)S and COS concentration in exit before breakthrough due to its simultaneous reaction capability with H_(2)S and COS.Fe3O4 and MnO are the initial active components in iron-manganese-based sorbent,and FeO and Fe are active components formed by reduction during sulfidation.The crystal phases of iron affect obviously their desulfurization capacity.The reducibility of sorbent changes with the content of MnO in sorbent.S7F3M and S3F7M have bigger sulfur capacities(32.68 and 32.30 gS/100 g total active component),while S5F5M has smaller sulfur capacity(21.92 gS/100 g total active component).S7F3M sorbent has stable sulfidation performance in three sulfidation-regeneration cycles and no apparent structure degradation.The sulfidation performance of ironmanganese-based sorbent is also related with its specific surface area and pore volume.

High temperature deformation behavior and processing map of hot isostatically pressed Ti-47.5Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.2B alloy using gas atomization powders

The hot compressive deformation behavior of hot isostatically pressed Ti-47.5Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.2B alloy using gas atomization powders was systematically investigated and the processing map was obtained in the temperature range of 1323-1473 Kand strain rate range of 0.001-0.5s^（-1）.The calculated activation energy in the above variational ranges of temperature and strain rate possesses a low activation energy value of approximately 365.6kJ/mol based on the constitutive relationship models developed with the Arrhenius-type constitutive model respectively considering the strain rate and deformation temperature.The hot working flow behavior during the deformation process was analyzed combined with the microstructural evolution.Meanwhile,the processing maps during the deformation process were established based on the dynamic material model and Prasad instability criterion under different deformation conditions.Finally,the optimal hot processing window of this alloy corresponding to the wide temperature range of 1353-1453 Kand the low strain rate of 0.001-0.1s^（-1） was obtained.

Anomaly detection of hot components in gas turbine based on frequent pattern extraction

Hot components operate in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The occurrence of a fault in hot components leads to high economic losses. In general, exhaust gas temperature(EGT) is used to monitor the performance of hot components.However, during the early stages of a failure, the fault information is weak, and is simultaneously affected by various types of interference, such as the complex working conditions, ambient conditions, gradual performance degradation of the compressors and turbines, and noise. Additionally, inadequate effective information of the gas turbine also restricts the establishment of the detection model. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes an anomaly detection method based on frequent pattern extraction. A frequent pattern model(FPM) is applied to indicate the inherent regularity of change in EGT occurring from different types of interference. In this study, based on a genetic algorithm and support vector machine regression, the relationship model between the EGT and interference was tentatively built. The modeling accuracy was then further improved through the selection of the kernel function and training data. Experiments indicate that the optimal kernel function is linear and that the optimal training data should be balanced in addition to covering the appropriate range of operating conditions and ambient temperature. Furthermore, the thresholds based on the Pauta criterion that is automatically obtained during the modeling process, are used to determine whether hot components are operating abnormally. Moreover, the FPM is compared with the similarity theory, which demonstrates that the FPM can better suppress the effect of the component performance degradation and fuel heat value fluctuation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on seven months of actual data obtained from a Titan130 gas turbine on an offshore oil platform. The results indicate that the proposed method can sensitively detect malfunctions in hot components during the early stages of a fault, and is robust to various types of interference.

A review on research and development of iron-based sorbents for removal of hydrogen sulfide from hot coal gases

In poly-generation and integrated gasificationcombined cycle(IGCC)systems for clean energy conversion,it is essential to remove impurities such as sulfur species from hot coal gases prior to entering the subsequent units.This paper provides a comprehensive review on previous studies on high temperature removal of hydrogen sulfide from high temperature coal gases using iron-based sorbents.A two-step desulphurization process for hot coal gas cleanup is highlighted,which is integrated with direct production of elemental sulfur during regeneration of ironbased sorbents in the primary desulphurization step.Different kinetic modeling approaches for sulfidation and regeneration were compared.Limited research on activated carbon supported sorbents was also briefly summarized.

Experimental study on filtering mixed solid-liquid dust with a sliding granular bed filter

The filtration of mixed dust that included a small number of melted(liquid)particles was studied in an experimental granular bed filter(GBF).Results show that the collection efficiency of dust containing melted particles is higher than that of dust composed of solid particles but the pressure drop from the former is higher than that of the latter.The collection efficiency and pressure drop increase as the concentration of melted particles increases.A surface sliding GBF exhibits good comprehensive performance when filtering dust,especially dust containing a mix of solid and liquid particles.The effects of the gas temperature,gas velocity,sliding filter bed thickness,and sliding collector flux on filter performance were also examined.Based on the experimental results,correlations for the collection efficiency and pressure drop for mixed dust are presented.