Ballistic performance of titanium-based layered composites made using blended elemental powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti-6Al-4V(Ti64)alloy,reinforced with 10,20,and 40(vol%)of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy(BEPM)and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing(HIP).The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance.The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates.The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate.Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP,which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites.It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies,BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually.

Effects of microstructure characteristics on the tensile properties and fracture toughness of TA15 alloy fabricated by hot isostatic pressing

Powder hot isostatic pressing(HIP) is an effective method to achieve near-net-shape manufacturing of high-quality complex thinwalled titanium alloy parts, and it has received extensive attention in recent years. However, there are few reports about the microstructure characteristics on the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of powder hot isostatic pressed(HIPed) titanium alloys. Therefore, TA15powder was prepared into alloy by HIP approach, which was used to explore the microstructure characteristics at different HIP temperatures and the corresponding tensile properties and fracture toughness. Results show that the fabricated alloy has a “basket-like structure” when the HIP temperature is below 950℃, consisting of lath clusters and surrounding small equiaxed grains belts. When the HIP temperature is higher than 950℃, the microstructure gradually transforms into the Widmanstatten structure, accompanied by a significant increase in grain size. The tensile strength and elongation are reduced from 948 MPa and 17.3% for the 910℃ specimen to 861 MPa and 10% for the 970℃ specimen.The corresponding tensile fracture mode changes from transcrystalline plastic fracture to mixed fracture including intercrystalline cleavage.The fracture toughness of the specimens increases from 82.64 MPa·m^(1/2)for the 910℃ specimen to 140.18 MPa·m^(1/2)for the 970℃ specimen.Specimens below 950℃ tend to form holes due to the prior particle boundaries(PPBs), which is not conducive to toughening. Specimens above 950℃ have high fracture toughness due to the crack deflection, crack branching, and shear plastic deformation of the Widmanstatten structure. This study provides a valid reference for the development of powder HIPed titanium alloy.

Effect of hot isostatic pressing processing parameters on microstructure and properties of Ti60 high temperature titanium alloy

Hot isostatic pressing parameters are critical to Ti60 high temperature titanium alloy castings which have wide application perspective in aerospace.In order to obtain optimal processing parameters,the effects of hot isostatic pressing parameters on defects,composition uniformity,microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti60 cast high temperature titanium alloy were investigated in detail.Results show that increasing temperature and pressure of hot isostatic pressing can reduce defects,especially,the internal defects are substantially eliminated when the temperature exceeds 920℃or the pressure exceeds 125 MPa.The higher temperature and pressure can improve the microstructure uniformity.Besides,the higher pressure can promote the composition uniformity.With the temperature increases from 880℃to 960℃,α-laths are coarsened.But with increasing pressure,the grain size of prior-βphase,the widths ofα-laths andα-colony are reduced.The tensile strength of Ti60 alloy is 949 MPa,yield strength is 827 MPa,and the elongation is 11%when the hot isostatic pressing parameters are 960℃/125 MPa/2 h,which exhibits the best match between the strength and plasticity.

Effects of hot isostatic pressing temperature on casting shrinkage densification and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy

The Ti6Al4V alloy castings were produced by the investment casting process, and the hot isostatic pressing(HIP) was used to remove shrinkage from castings. The processing pressure and holding time for HIP were 150 MPa and 20 min, respectively. Four different HIP temperatures were tested, including 750 ℃, 850 ℃, 920 ℃ and 950 ℃. To evaluate the effects of temperature on densification and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy treated by HIP, non-destructive testing and metallographic observation was performed. The experimental results show that the shrinkage was completely closed at 920 ℃ and 950 ℃. The densification of Ti6Al4V alloy increased as the HIP temperature increased below 920 ℃. The lamel ae were more uniform, the thickness of lamel ae was obviously broadened and the structure was coarsen. Besides, the Norton creep equation was used to simulate the effect of different temperatures on the densification of Ti6Al4V alloy during HIP. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. It was also found that 920 ℃ is a suitable temperature for HIP for Ti6Al4V alloy.

Influence of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure,properties and deformability of selective laser melting TC4 alloy

The influence of different hot isostatic pressing regimes on microstructure,phase constitution,microhardness,tensile properties and deformability of TC4 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM)technology was studied.The results show that the microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy is composed of acicular martensiteα’phase,and the sample exhibits high microhardness and strength,but low plasticity.After hot isostatic pressing,acicular martensiteα’phase transforms intoα+βphase,and with the increase of hot isostatic pressing temperature and duration,αphase with coarse lath is gradually refined,and the proportion ofαphase is gradually reduced.Because of the change of phase constitution in SLM TC4 alloy after hot isostatic pressing,the grain refinement strengthening is weakened,the density of dislocation is reduced,so that both microhardness and tensile strength are decreased by around 20%,the elongation is increased by more than about 70%,even over 100%,compared with as-deposited TC4 alloy.When the hot isostatic pressing regime is 940°C/3 h/150 MPa,the tensile strength and the elongation achieve optimal match,which are about890 MPa and around 14.0%in both directions.The fracture mechanism of alloy after 940 oC/3 h/150 MPa HIP is dultile fracture.Hot isostatic pressing causes concave deformation of SLM TC4 alloy thin-walled frames,and the deformation degree increases with the increase of temperature.

Diffusion bonding of Ti−6Al−4V titanium alloy powder and solid by hot isostatic pressing

The Ti−6Al−4V(TC4)alloy powder and forged solid were diffusion bonded by hot isostatic pressing(HIP)to fabricate a powder−solid part.The microstructure of the powder−solid part was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).The microhardness and tensile tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties.The results showed that the powder compact was near-fully dense,and the powder/solid interface was tight and complete.The microhardness of the interface was higher than that of the powder compact and solid.The fractures of all powder−solid tensile specimens were on the solid side rather than at the interface,which indicated that a good interfacial strength was obtained.The tensile strength and elongation of the powder compact were higher than those of the solid.It is concluded that the HIP process can successfully fabricate high-quality Ti−6Al−4V powder−solid parts,which provides a novel near net shape technology for titanium alloys.

Finite element simulation of real cavity closure in cast Ti6Al4V alloy during hot isostatic pressing

The healing behavior of shrinkage cavity inside the cast Ti6Al4V alloy during hot isostatic pressing(HIP)was investigated experimentally by interrupted hot isostatic pressing tests.The X-ray micro computed tomography was used to record the morphology changes before and after hot isostatic pressing.The two-dimensional geometry obtained by the microCT scan was used in simulation to study the evolution of the real shrinkage cavity during hot isostatic pressing.Shrinkage cavities,shrinkage porosity and small gas pores can be effectively eliminated under proper HIP conditions.The two-dimensional morphology in the simulation results agrees well with the experimental results.This study reveals that plastic deformation,creep and diffusion are the main mechanisms of cavity closure during hot isostatic pressing.In addition,the simplified elliptical pores with aspect ratios at different positions were used to replace the real pores to further study the factors affecting the position of dimples after HIP by simulation.It is found that the position of the dimples mainly depends on the aspect ratio of the elliptical pore and the distance between the pore surface and the external surface of the geometric model.

Influence of Hot Isostatic Pressing Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of AlSi7Cu2Mg Alloys

The roles of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) temperatures (490 ℃/100 MPa/2 h,510 ℃/100 MPa/2 h,530 ℃/100 MPa/2 h) in the microstructure and properties of AlSi7Cu2Mg alloy step castings with three types wall thicknesses were studied.The experimental results show that HIP at 490 ℃ could effectively eliminate the internal closed porosity of the castings with a wall thickness of ≤40 mm,but for heavy castings (70 mm),even HIP at 530 ℃,a few loose defects remained inside the castings.Two types of incipient eutectics containing Al5Mg8Si6Cu2 and Al2Cu were observed in the samples that HIP at 530 ℃,which was responsible for the decrease of the tensile strength of the castings within the medium wall thickness (40 mm) compared with that HIP at 490 ℃.HIP could greatly reduce the difference of the tensile strength values of castings with wall thicknesses 17 mm and 70 mm from 117.93 MPa (without HIP) to 25.7 MPa (with HIP at 530 ℃).

Compressive behavior of NiAl/(Cr,Mo)Hf alloy prepared by high-pressure die casting and hot isostatic pressing

The NiAl-28Cr-5.85Mo-0.15Hf alloy was prepared by high-pressure die casting (HPDC) and subsequent hot isostatic pressing(HIP), and tested for compressible strength and fracture behavior at 300-1 373 K. The results show that the elevated temperature 0.2% compressible yield strength as well as the room-temperature compressible fracture strain of as-HIP alloy are larger than those of the same alloy prepared by directional solidification (DS). It suggests that the fine structures with a homogeneous distribution of fine Cr (Mo) and Hf-rich phase created by high-pressure die casting lead to these improvements.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of CuAgZn/GH909 diffusion bonded joint fabricated by hot isostatic pressing

The hot isostatic pressing-diffusion bonding(HIP-DB)was proposed to achieve the joining of CuAgZn and GH909 directly without an interlayer.The microstructure of joint was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The microhardness and shear strength were tested to investigate the mechanical properties of joint.The results showed that the interface was complete,and the joint was compact,uniform and free of unbonded defects.The maximum microhardness of joint was HV 443,higher than that of two base alloys,and the average shear strength of joint reached 172 MPa.It is concluded that a good metallurgical bonding between CuAgZn and GH909 can be obtained by HIP-DB with the process parameters of 700℃,150 MPa and 3 h.

Simultaneously improved the strength and ductility of laser powder bed fused Al-Cr-Fe-Ni-V high-entropy alloy by hot isostatic pressing:Microcrack closure and precipitation strengthening

Hot isostatic pressing(HIP)is usually applied to reduce the defects including cracks and pores in the materials prepared by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF).In the present research,in order to improve the relative density and mechanical property,HIP was employed on the LPBF-processed Al-Cr-Fe-Ni-V high-entropy alloy(HEA)with microcracks and pores.The microstructure evolution and property improvement induced by HIP were investigated.In the LPBF-processed HEA,the microcracks were caused by residual stress and element segregation,and these microcracks as well as the pores reduced significantly after HIP treatments.Remarkably,HIP temperature has a more critical effect on the microcrack closure than the holding time,thus,microcracks and pores still existed after HIP-1 treatment(1273 K,8 h),while HIP-2 treatment(1473 K,4 h)could close the microcracks significantly.The crack closure was attributed to the interfacial diffusion of the alloying element under high temperature accompanied by high pressure,and the degree of element diffusion at both interfaces of the cracks determined the bonding strength after crack closure.Higher temperatures at high pressure induced more adequate element diffusion and higher bonding strength.The above high temperature and high pressure also induced the growth of the L1_(2) phase and the precipitation of the B2 phase in HEA.Consequently,the tensile strength and elonga-tion of the LPBF-processed HEA after HIP-2 treatment were simultaneously enhanced(80.7%and 222.5%higher than that of LPBF-processed HEA,respectively).This could be attributed to the combined effect of microcrack/pore closure and precipitation strengthening.The strengthening effect of the B2 phase and L1_(2) phase accounted for 53%(dislocation by-pass mechanism)and 47%(dislocation shearing mechanism)of the total precipitation strengthening,respectively.

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-25Ta Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting and Hot Isostatic Pressing

Ti-25Ta alloy samples were fabricated by selective laser melting,and the relative density,microstructure,microhardness and tensile properties of the as-built and hot isostatic pressing(HIP)-prepared samples were characterized.Results show that the track width and penetration depth are increased with the increase in laser power,and the surface morphology is improved.The maximum relative density improves from 95.31%to 98.01%after HIP process.Moreover,the microstructure is refined into the lath martensite and cellular grains with the increase in input power.After densification treatment,the subgrain coalescence occurs and high angle grain boundaries are formed.In addition,HIP process stabilizes the microhardness and enhances the tensile strength and elongation.

Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing Loading Route on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy Ti_2AlNb Alloys

In this work, hot isostatic pressing （HIPing） technique was used to densify the Ti2AINb pre-alloyed powder. The influence of HIPing loading route parameters （temperature and rates of heating and pressurizing） on microstructure and properties of PM Ti2AINb alloys was studied. The results showed that HIPing loading route parameters affected the densification process and mechanical properties （especially high temper- ature rupture lifetime） of PM Ti2AINb alloys in the present work. A finite element method （FEM） model for predicting the final densification was developed and was used to optimize the HIPing procedure.

Effect of Argon-Induced Porosity on Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloy Components using Hot Isostatic Pressing

This work reported the Ar-induced porosity in powder metallurgy Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn alloy prepared by hot isostatic pressing(HIPing).The obtained microstructures of powder compacts were studied through optical and scanning electron microscopes,X-ray tomography,and the mechanical properties evaluated through tensile and impact tests.The results showed that the Ar-induced porosity is related to the hollow powder with gas bubble and the Ar leakage of sealed container during the powder densification.The hollow powder with gas bubble shows no obvious effects on mechanical properties of as-HIPed powder compacts.The Ar content decreases with the increasing shrinkage of encapsulated powder.0.7%Ar-induced porosity degrades the impact toughness,but no reductions of tensile properties were obtained.Ar content test is an effective method to detect the powder compacts with Ar concentration.

Powder Size Influence on Tensile Properties and Porosity for PM Ti2AlNb Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Pre-alloyed powder of Ti2AlNb alloy was prepared by electrode induction gas atomization method, and the powder was screened into fi ve kinds of powder size distribution. Fully dense Ti2AlNb alloy was prepared by powder metallurgy(PM) using hot isostatic pressing. The properties of pre-alloyed powder and PM Ti2AlNb alloy were tested. Results show that mean grain size of PM Ti2AlNb alloy is infl uenced by powder particle size, but particle size has no signifi cant infl uence on tensile properties. Finer Ti2AlNb powder has low Argon gas bubble ratio and high oxygen content, and poor fl owability of fi ner powder increases the degree of diffculty during degassing. As a result, big pores(> 50 μm) are observed in PM Ti2AlNb alloy prepared by fi ner powder and cause plasticity loss of tensile properties. In order to get a better comprehensive properties of PM Ti2AlNb alloy, powder with an average size(~ 100 μm) is suggested.

Diffusion behavior of Nb element in high Nb containing TiAl Alloys by reactive hot pressing

Diffusion behavior of Nb in elemental powder metallurgy high Nb containing TiAl alloys was investigated. The results show that Nb element dissolves into the matrix by diffusion. Pore nests are formed in situ after Nb diffusion. With the increase in hot pressing temperature, the diffusion of Nb will be more sufficient, and the microstructure is more homogeneous. Nb element diffuses completely at 1400℃. Meanwhile, compression deformation and agglomeration phenomena of pores are observed in some pore nests. Hot isostatic pressing （HIP） treatment can only efficiently decrease but not eliminate porosity completely.

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE OF CAST Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY K17

Rupture and tensile properties of K17 before and after thermal exposure in vacuum,air and hot corrosion environments have been investigated.The results show that vacuum exposure es- sentially does not affect the rupture lives but it results in the decrease of high temperature ten- sile strength and increases of rupture and high temperature tensile ductilities;air or hot corro- sion environmental exposure results in the degradation of alloy:severely reduce the rupture and high temperature tensile properties,hot corrosion environmental exposure being more harmful.The former causes grain boundary oxidation and depletion of Cr,and the later makes the sulphurization at grain boundaries.This results in the concentration of S and de- pletion of Cr at grain boundaries and,consequently,weakens the grain boundaries.

Ti_(2)AlNb合金粉末热等静压成形的组织和性能

分别采用等离子旋转电极雾化法(Plasma rotating electrode process,PREP)和无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法(Electrode induction melting gas atomization,EIGA)制备了Ti_(2)AlNb洁净预合金粉末,并对预合金粉末进行了表征。通过热等静压(Hot isostatic pressing,HIP)工艺制备了Ti_(2)AlNb合金,研究了制粉工艺对Ti_(2)AlNb合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与PREP法相比,EIGA法制备的Ti_(2)AlNb粉末振实密度更高;基于粉末热等静压近净成形技术,在1030℃/140 MPa/3 h的条件下开展了Ti_(2)AlNb叶轮的成形研究,有限元模拟结果显示,粉末振实密度越高,部件热等静压后变形程度越小,综合考虑构件成形,优选振实密度更高的EIGA制粉工艺制备Ti_(2)AlNb粉末合金复杂部件。

热处理技术对3D打印钛合金试件机械性能的影响

背景:近年来,增材制造(又称3D打印)逐渐成为制作可摘局部义齿钛合金支架的主流方式。热处理作为改善3D打印钛合金支架机械性能的重要方法而成为目前的关注热点。目的:总结目前应用于3D打印钛合金试件的主要热处理技术(包括退火处理、固溶时效处理、热等静压处理及其他热处理)以及这些热处理技术对3D打印钛合金试件机械性能、微观结构的影响,为改进可摘局部义齿钛合金支架的热处理技术提供理论依据。方法:采用计算机检索中国知网、PubMed和ScienceDirect数据库中有关3D打印钛合金热处理试件的文献资料,检索时限为2012-2023年,根据纳入和排除标准,最终选取61篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①使用常规退火技术处理3D打印钛合金试件,使其在500-900℃下保持2-4 h,能有效增加3D打印钛合金试件的延伸率。②固溶时效处理相较于常规退火技术更复杂,固溶时效处理后的钛合金试件在屈服强度方面表现突出,并且有更好的耐腐蚀性;但固溶时效处理后的3D打印钛合金试件在延伸性方面没有优势。③热等静压处理可以减少3D打印钛合金试件的内部缺陷,可明显增加3D打印钛合金试件延伸率,并增加其疲劳寿命。④快速热处理可以明显提高3D打印钛合金试件的延伸率,并且速度更快,在延伸率提升和热处理效率方面,比以往常规的退火更具优势。⑤循环热处理对3D打印钛合金试件延伸率的提升超过了常规退火,循环热处理可明显改善3D打印钛合金试件的晶粒结构,但热处理时间过长,效率较低。

热等静压制备TC4合金内筋圆筒件的组织与力学性能

采用有限元模拟技术研究TC4合金内筋筒形件在热等静压(HIP)过程中的致密化行为,通过响应面技术获得优化的HIP工艺参数,并开展优化工艺条件下的HIP实验;分别对HIP制备TC4合金内筋筒形件的不同部位开展致密度、力学性能测试以及微观组织和断口形貌表征。结果表明:TC4合金内筋筒形件的外表面优先致密,筒壁和筒底芯部的致密度最高,HIP压力对致密化的影响高于保温保压时间对致密化的影响;HIP制件筒壁和筒底的组织致密均匀、室温拉伸性能接近,筒壁室温拉伸性能均略优。350℃时,筒壁和筒底的拉伸性能差值进一步缩小,抗拉强度保持率达到近70%。室温和350℃拉伸变形试样均以韧性断裂为主的断裂特征。