High temperature deformation behavior and optimization of hot compression process parameters in TC11 titanium alloy with coarse lamellar original microstructure

The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The processing maps at different strains were then constructed based on the dynamic materials model, and the hot compression process parameters and deformation mechanism were optimized and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the processing maps exhibit two domains with a high efficiency of power dissipation and a flow instability domain with a less efficiency of power dissipation. The types of domains were characterized by convergence and divergence of the efficiency of power dissipation, respectively. The convergent domain in a＋fl phase field is at the temperature of 950-990 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.01 s^-1, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of α＋β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in α＋β phase field is at 950 ℃ and 0.001 s 1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of α＋β phase field. The convergent domain in β phase field is at the temperature of 1020-1080 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^-l, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in ℃ phase field occurs at 1050 ℃ over the strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.01 s^-1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of ,8 phase field. The divergence domain occurs at the strain rates above 0.5 s^-1 and in all the tested temperature range, which correspond to flow instability that is manifested as flow localization and indicated by the flow softening phenomenon in stress-- strain curves. The deformation mechanisms of the optimized hot compression process windows in a＋β and β phase fields are identified to be spheroidizing and dynamic recrystallizing controlled by self-diffusion mechanism, respectively. The microstructure observation of the deformed specimens in different domains matches very well with the optimized results.

Research progress on microstructure evolution and hot processing maps of high strength β titanium alloys during hot deformation

High strength β titanium alloys are widely used in large load bearing components in the aerospace field. At present, large parts are generally formed by die forging. Different initial microstructures and deformation process parameters will significantly affect the flow behavior. To precisely control the microstructures, researchers have conducted many studies to analyze the microstructure evolution law and deformation mechanism during hot compression. This review focuses on the microstructure evolution of high strength β titanium alloys during hot deformation, including dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery in the single-phase region and the dynamic evolution of the α phase in the two-phase region. Furthermore, the optimal hot processing regions, instability regions,and the relationship between the efficiency of power dissipation and the deformation mechanism in the hot processing map are summarized. Finally, the problems and development direction of using hot processing maps to optimize process parameters are also emphasized.

Effect of diboron trioxide on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite pellets

The effect of diboron trioxide(B_2O_3) on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite pellets was investigated in this work. The main characterization methods were X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, mercury injection porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the crushing strength increased greatly with increasing B_2O_3 content and that the increase in crushing strength was strongly correlated with a decrease in porosity, the formation of liquid phases, and the growth and recrystallization consolidation of hematite crystalline grains. The smelting properties were measured under simulated blast furnace conditions; the results showed that the smelting properties within a certain B_2O_3 content range were improved and optimized except in the softening stage. The valuable element B was easily transformed to the slag, and this phenomenon became increasingly evident with increasing B_2O_3 content. The formation of Ti(C,N) was mostly avoided, and the slag and melted iron were separated well during smelting with the addition of B_2O_3. The size increase of the melted iron was consistent with the gradual optimization of the dripping characteristics with increasing B_2O_3 content.

High-efficiency forming processes for complex thin-walled titanium alloys components: state-of-the-art and perspectives

Complex thin-walled titanium alloy components play a key role in the aircraft,aerospace and marine industries,offering the advantages of reduced weight and increased thermal resistance.The geometrical complexity,dimensional accuracy and in-service properties are essential to fulfill the high-performance standards required in new transportation systems,which brings new challenges to titanium alloy forming technologies.Traditional forming processes,such as superplastic forming or hot pressing,cannot meet all demands of modern applications due to their limited properties,low productivity and high cost.This has encouraged industry and research groups to develop novel high-efficiency forming processes.Hot gas pressure forming and hot stamping-quenching technologies have been developed for the manufacture of tubular and panel components,and are believed to be the cut-edge processes guaranteeing dimensional accuracy,microstructure and mechanical properties.This article intends to provide a critical review of high-efficiency titanium alloy forming processes,concentrating on latest investigations of controlling dimensional accuracy,microstructure and properties.The advantages and limitations of individual forming process are comprehensively analyzed,through which,future research trends of high-efficiency forming are identified including trends in process integration,processing window design,full cycle and multi-objective optimization.This review aims to provide a guide for researchers and process designers on the manufacture of thin-walled titanium alloy components whilst achieving high dimensional accuracy and satisfying performance properties with high efficiency and low cost.

High-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with titanium diboride (TiB_2) particles

The physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composites were improved by the addition of reinforcements. The mechanical properties of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites based on aluminium alloys （6061 and 7015） at high temperatures were studied. Titanium diboride （TiB2） particles were used as the reinforcement. All the composites were produced by hot extrusion. The tensile properties and fracture characteristics of these materials were investigated at room temperature and at high temperatures to determine their ultimate strength and strain to failure. The fracture surface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. TiB2 particles provide high stability of the alumin- ium alloys （6061 and 7015） in the fabrication process. An improvement in the mechanical behaviour was achieved by adding TiB2 particles as reinforcement in both the aluminium alloys. Adding TiB2 particles reduces the ductility of the aluminium alloys but does not change the microscopic mode of failure, and the fracture surface exhibits a ductile appearance with dimples formed by coalescence.

Influence of TiO2 on the melting property and viscosity of Cr-containing high-Ti melting slag

A study on the melting and viscosity properties of the chromium-containing high-titanium melting slag(CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3–TiO2–Cr2O3) with TiO2 contents ranging from 38.63 wt% to 42.63 wt% was conducted. The melting properties were investigated with a meltingpoint apparatus, and viscosity was measured using the rotating cylinder method. The FactSage 7.1 software and X-ray diffraction, in combination with scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy(SEM–EDS), were used to characterize the phase equilibrium and microstructure of chromium-containing high-titanium melting slags. The results indicated that an increase in the TiO2 content led to a decrease in the viscosity of the chromium-containing high-titanium melting slag. In addition, the softening temperature, hemispheric temperature, and flowing temperature decreased with increasing TiO2 content. The amount of crystallized anosovite and sphene phases gradually increased with increasing TiO2 content, whereas the amount of perovskite phase decreased. SEM observations revealed that the distribution of the anosovite phase was dominantly influenced by TiO2.

High strain rate superplasticity of TiN_p/1N90Al composite prepared by powder metallurgy method

TiN_p/1N90Al composite was fabricated by powder metallurgy method with a reinforcement volume fraction of 15%. The tensile experiment, DSC and SEM were used to study the high strain rate superplasticity of the TiN_p/1N90Al composite. The DSC result shows that the incipient melting temperature of the TiN_p/1N90Al composite is 906K. The tensile tests were carried out over a range of deformation temperature from 918 to 928K and strain rate from 1.7 to 1.7×10 -3 s -1. The maximum elongation of 201% is realized at 923K with a strain rate of 1.7×10 -1 s -1. Otherwise all the elongations are higher than 100% in the strain rate range of 3.3×10 -2-6.7×10 -1 s -1 at the three deformation temperatures. The curves of m value of the TiN_p/1N90Al composite can be divided into two stages with the variation of strain rate at different deformation temperatures and the critical strain rate of 10 -1 s -1. When the strain rate is higher than 10 -1 s -1, the m values of the three curves are smaller than 0.3, but the m values of the three curves are about 0.37 when the strain rate is higher than 10 -1 s -1.

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of titanium alloy Ti-Al-Zr-Sn-Mo-Si-Y

Samples of Ti-Al-Zr-Sn-Mo-Si-Y alloy were compressed on the Gleeble-1500 heat stimulation machine. The compression test was carried out in the temperature range from 800 ℃ to 1 100 ℃ and strain rate range from 0.001 s-1 to 10 s-1. Stress-strain behavior and variation of microstructure of the alloy during hot compression were investigated. The experimental results show that the alloy is sensitive to temperature and strain rate,and the flow softening behavior is more obvious with the decrease of deformation temperature. At higher strain rate,discontinuous yielding is observed in β phase region. When deformed in α+β phase region,with the increment of deformation temperature,the lamellar α structures globularization is more quick and more uniform. When deformed in β phase region,coarse β grains can be got because of high deformation temperature.

烧结熔剂对钒钛磁铁矿液相高温行为的影响

为了改善钒钛磁铁矿的烧结液相行为,采用微型烧结方法研究了不同熔剂对钒钛磁铁矿液相高温行为的影响.结果表明:从钒钛磁铁矿的液相高温行为考虑,白云石适合做低钛型钒钛矿的烧结熔剂,石灰石适合做低钛型或中钛型钒钛矿的烧结熔剂;与高钛型钒钛矿相匹配的熔剂为高活性的生石灰,菱镁石并不适合做钒钛矿的烧结熔剂.因此,优化钒钛磁铁矿的液相高温行为应根据矿石中的钛含量,调节烧结熔剂中石灰石和高活性生石灰的配比,以及不同性能石灰石和高活性生石灰的使用量.

Microstructural evolution and FCC twinning behavior during hot deformation of high temperature titanium alloy Ti65

Although the development of titanium alloys with working temperatures above 600?C faces enormous difficulties and challenges,the related research has not stopped.In the present work,detailed analyses on microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of a new temperature resistant 650?C titanium alloy Ti65 were investigated from micrometer scale to nanometer scale.The results revealed that lamellarαgrains gradually fragmentized and spheroidized during theα+βphase region compression and the orientation of the c-axis ofαgrains gradually aligned to radial directions,forming two high Schmid factors(SFs)value texture eventually with the increase of strain to 0.7.Moreover,there were some strengthening characters in theα+βphase region such as lenticularαsand nano silicide(TiZr)6 Si3.In theβphase region,fine equiaxed dynamic recrystallized(DRX)βgrains were formed.Besides,the variant selection ofαm′artensite followed Burgers orientation relationship during the compression process.The main deformation mechanisms of theα+βphase region were dislocation slip and orientation dependent spheroidization.Whereas,the deformation process in theβphase region was controlled byβgrain DRX.Interestingly,many nano scale FCC twins were generated at the interface ofαl′ath during deforming in theβphase region,which was firstly observed in Ti65 alloy.

Interface Analysis and Hot Deformation Behaviour of a Novel Laminated Composite with High-Cr Cast Iron and Low Carbon Steel Prepared by Hot Compression Bonding

A hot compression bonding process was developed to prepare a novel laminated composite consisting of high-Cr cast iron （HCCI） as the inner layer and low carbon steel （LCS） as the outer layers on a Gleeble 3500 ther- momechanicat simulator at a temperature of 950 ℃ and a strain rate of 0. 001 s 1. Interfacial bond quality and hot deformation behaviour of the laminate were studied by mierostructural characterisation and mechanical tests. Experi- mental results show that the metallurgical bond between the constituent metals was achieved under the proposed bonding conditions without discernible defects and the formation of interlayer or intermetallic layer along the inter- face. The interfacial bond quality is excellent since no deterioration occurred around the interface which was deformed by Vickers indentation and compression test at room temperature with parallel loading to the interface. After well cladding by the LCS, the brittle HCCI can be severely deformed （about 57 % of reduction） at high temperature with crack-free. This significant improvement should be attributed to the decrease of crack sensitivity due to stress relief by soft claddings and enhanced flow property of the HCCI by simultaneous deformation with the LCS.

EB态TA10钛合金高温变形行为及热加工图

以电子束冷床(EB)炉单次熔铸的TA10钛合金扁锭为研究对象,利用Gleeble−3800热模拟试验机开展高且宽应变速率范围(0.01~30 s^(−1))下的等温压缩试验,研究该合金在800~1000℃下变形60%时的高温力学行为及铸态组织演变特征,建立基于峰值应力的高温塑性本构方程,绘制考虑应变的热加工图,深入讨论能量耗散效率因子与宏观、微观组织、力学响应间的关联关系。结果表明:随着变形温度升高或应变速率降低,TA10钛合金流变应力减小;变形温度高于或低于相变点时,峰值应力与变形温度均呈线性相关。Arrhenius方程能较好地预测该合金变形抗力与工艺参数间的变化规律。该合金不适合单道次大变形,较为适合变形量中等且较慢应变速率下的成形方式,可尝试开展高速率多次小变形的方式成形。该合金在两相区慢应变速率下热变形时的流变软化机制为动态球化或塑性流动局部化,而高应变速率下应力塌陷现象的主要原因为宏观失稳,且其在单相区的软化机制以动态回复为主。

钛/钢异种金属连接技术研究现状

钛材有着多种优异的性能,在多个领域得到了广泛应用。但由于钛与钢之间物理化学性能的差异,两种金属焊接时会出现大量脆性间隙相,导致焊接接头失效。为解决因金属间隙相导致的接头失效,需尽量避免钛与钢的熔焊,采用合理的中间层是避免生成金属间隙相的有效途径,适当的连接方式及工艺是提高接头使用性能的有效手段。文章从压力焊、高能密度焊、钎焊、塞焊等几个角度对钛/钢异种金属连接的研究现状进行探讨,并展望了未来钛/钢异种金属连接的研究和发展方向。

建筑用高性能热轧钛-钢复合材料的力学性能研究

以钢板和钛板为原材料,经预处理、组胚、焊接、热轧等制备建筑用高性能热轧钛-钢复合材料。用万能试验机等设备测试不同变形量、不同钛含量、不同卷曲温度下该复合材料的抗拉强度、屈曲强度等力学性能。结果表明:变形量为30%时,热轧钛-钢复合材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度适宜,拉伸断口呈韧性断裂;钛的质量分数为0.6%时,复合材料的抗拉强度、屈曲强度均最高;卷曲温度为600℃时复合材料的力学性能最佳,继续升高卷曲温度,力学性能反而降低。

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G冶炼工艺优化实践

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G研发时经常出现水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,尤其是铸坯夹渣导致轧制后盘条表面出现连续性锯齿状结疤缺陷,严重影响盘条表面质量。引起水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”的主要原因是存在TiO_(x)、TiN等高熔点非金属夹杂物。通过控制钢水中氧氮含量、使用纯净合金、降低渣中SiO_(2)活度、调整钛合金化时机及温度等手段,解决了水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,将高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G连浇炉数提高至10炉,盘条成材率提高至97%,优化效果显著。

攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿中硫含量测定方法优化

硫是钒钛磁铁矿中重要的质量和环保指标,准确测定其含量对后续工艺控制和污染评价具有重要意义。攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿中硫赋存形态多样且含量范围宽,采用高频燃烧红外吸收法测定硫时,部分矿区样品易出现积分延迟、低硫精密度差的问题。本文结合扫描电镜技术及红外碳硫仪的程序升温功能,通过大量实验,得出钒钛磁铁矿中硫化物形态及含量的差异是造成上述问题的主要原因,并通过优化仪器分析功率、助熔剂及添加顺序、样品质量等分析条件,实现高频燃烧红外吸收法对攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿中0.0004%~1.52%硫的测定。优化后的实验条件如下:样品质量0.30g、助熔剂为0.30g铁粒、0.20g铜粒和1.0g钨粒,助熔剂和样品的添加顺序为铁粒—铜粒—样品—钨粒,分析功率95%。采用不同硫含量的钒钛磁铁矿标准物质建立标准曲线,硫的质量分数为0.0004%~0.200%时(低硫),标准曲线线性方程为y=1.0028x−1.35×10^(−6)(r=0.9998);硫的质量分数为0.201%~1.52%时(高硫),标准曲线线性方程为y=1.0062x−1.49×10^(−6)(r=0.9998),方法检出限为0.0004%。采用本方法对标准物质及攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿实际样品进行测定,标准物质硫含量测定值在标准值的允许范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.72%~1.40%;实际样品硫含量测定值的RSD为0.40%~0.67%。

SP700钛合金热变形行为及组织演变

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对SP700钛合金进行热压缩试验,研究合金在变形温度为800~880℃、应变速率为1~10 s–1、压缩变形量为30%和50%条件下的流变行为及显微组织演变.结果表明,随着变形温度升高和应变速率降低,SP700钛合金热压缩变形的峰值流变应力降低.合金在800℃压缩变形时,流变应力曲线呈明显的动态软化,其显微组织中α片层逐渐破碎球化,部分α片层发生动态再结晶.随变形温度升高,合金压缩真应力–应变曲线呈稳态流变状态.在相同变形温度下,随应变速率和压缩变形量增加,α片层球化程度增加.热变形过程中,平行于压缩轴的α片层在压应力作用下弯曲扭折,片层内取向差不连续存在,并于不连续处存在新α/α界面.垂直于压缩轴的α片层在压应力作用下界面发生起伏,片层内部存在累积取向差.在界面起伏处β相楔入α片层,最终导致α片层的破碎球化.

基于HTO的LDMOS器件结构及其热载流子注入退化研究

为满足中低压消费电子的市场需求,小尺寸高密度Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS技术得到了蓬勃发展,低损耗和高可靠成为Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS技术中横向双扩散金属氧化物半导体场效应管(Lateral Double-diffused Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor field effect transistor,LDMOS)设计的重点和难点.本文介绍了一种基于高温氧化层(High Temperature Oxidation layer,HTO)结构的LDMOS,并对其热载流子注入退化机制进行了研究分析,利用高温氧化层结构改善了传统浅槽隔离(Shallow Trench Isolation,STI)结构中氧化物台阶嵌入半导体内部对器件热载流子注入造成的不利影响,提高器件可靠性,同时还缩短了器件导通情况下的电流路径长度,降低损耗.此外本文还提出了对P型体区的工艺优化方法,利用多晶硅作为高能量离子注入的掩蔽层,改善阱邻近效应对器件鲁棒性的影响,同时形成更深的冶金结,可以辅助漂移区杂质离子耗尽,降低漂移区表面电场,在不需要额外增加版次的情况下提高了器件击穿电压.最终得到的基于HTO结构的LDMOS击穿电压为43 V,比导通电阻为9.5 mΩ·mm^(2),线性区电流在10000 s之后的退化量仅为0.87%.

航空航天领域常用高温钎料研究现状

近年来随着航空航天工业的发展,各类飞行器核心功能部件面临着使役环境愈发极端化的问题。超高速、高温等服役环境对各类零部件的整体性能提出了更高的要求,因此针对航空航天领域用高温钎料的研究尤为重要。在航空航天领域常用的高温钎料包括镍基钎料、钴基钎料、钛基钎料、锰基钎料、贵金属钎料和高熵钎料等,通常应用于不锈钢、高温合金、钛合金以及新型陶瓷材料等的钎焊连接。主要针对在航空航天领域中常用的几种高温钎料,对钎料的元素组成和特性进行总结,对钎料的成形特点和工艺进行介绍,对研究和应用现状进行分析,并对航空航天领域的钎料与钎焊技术提出建议与展望,以期为提升钎焊技术在航空航天领域的应用价值提供参考和指导。

高温钛合金支架制件热成形工艺研究

高温钛合金因其卓越的机械性能和耐高温特性,在航空、航天和高性能汽车工业中展示出广泛的应用潜力。尽管如此,高温钛合金在加工与成形过程中仍面临许多挑战,难以在保持材料性能的同时,实现精确成形。对此,须详细探究高温钛合金的重要性及其在各个领域中的应用,并分析高温钛合金支架制件的热成形工艺,探讨在热成形过程中对质量检测和控制的关键点,提供相关的参考信息。