Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Relationship between SSR Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Hot Pepper

[Objective] This study aimed to predict the heterosis of hot pepper using SSR genetice distance. [Method] Twenty-five hybridized combinations between 10pepper parents were obtained through NCⅡ incomplete diallel cross to analyze the relationship between SSR genetic distance and heterosis. [Result] The genetic distance of the parents varied in a range from 0.13 to 0.33, and the average genetic distance was 0.25, indicating that the genetic difference was not obvious among the parents, namely, they shared a close genetic relationship. In addition, the SSR genetic distance was closely related to yield per plant and fruits per plant, but showed no obvious correlation with other traits. [Conclusion] This study proved that in a certain range the combinations between the parents with a distant genetic distance possessed stronger heterosis and a larger possibility to produce a high yield and vice versa.

Light Intensity Affects Pungency of Hot Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

This study was carried out both laboratory and field experiment to research the effects of three different light intensity on capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits during the growing stage, the varieties in the study were in different hot levels named No.4 Xiangyan(mid-hot) and No.3 Jingjianjiao(very hot). The study showed that capsaicin content increased accompanied with light intensity weakening. There was an inverse relationship between capsaicin content and peroxidase activity.

RAPD Technique Used to Determine the Purity of Hybrid Hot Pepper Seeds

Two hybrid hot pepper varieties Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10, and their parents were analyzed the polymerase chain reaction with MJ /PT 200 Peltrier Themal Cycler and DS 800 White-ultravilot Transilluminator to set up a RAPD system adaptable to the purity determination of the hy-brid seeds. Among the 39 random primers, 2 and 4 primers were found to be used effectively in Xiangyan 5 and Xiangyan 10 respectively.

Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Pungency of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits

The response of pungency of hot pepper fruits nitrogenous fertilizer on was invesigated. The results indicated that nitrogenous fertilizer had a significant effect on the capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits at 35 and 42 days after flowering;, capsaicin content gradually decreased, while peroxidase activity increased with nitrogenous fertilizer increasing.

Comparisons of Several Similarity Coefficients for Cluster Analysis of Hot Pepper Germplasm Resources

An appropriate genetic similarity coefficient is particularly important for accurately estimating the genetic similarity and phylogenetic relationship between individuals and evaluating the genetic diversity of populations. In this study, five genetic similarity coefficients were compared for analysis of phylogenetic relationship among 31 hot pepper inbred lines based on SRAP. The applicability of different genetic similarity coefficient was investigated by means of SRAP data of hot pepper inbred lines. According to the experimental results, the variation ranges of Nei ＆ Li, Jaceard, Sorensen, Simple matching and Yule coefficients were 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0. 427 - 0. 947, 0. 598 - 0. 973, 0.427 - 0. 947 and 0. 133 - 0. 997, respectively. Results of cluster analysis based on different similarity coefficients varied greatly. To be specific, clustering results based on Nei ＆ Li, Jaccard and Sorensen coefficients were consistent; clustering with Simple matching and Yule coef ficients led to consistent classification of category in different order and slightly different classification of subcategory. Comprehensively comparing the results of cluster analysis and the dendrograms of hot pepper inbred lines, Yule coefficient is suitable for SRAP analysis of hot pepper.

Genome-wide Identification and Expression of ARF Gene Family during Adventitious Root Development in Hot Pepper(Capsicum annuum)

Auxin response factors(ARFs) are transcription factors that activate or repress the expression of primary/early auxin response genes by binding to auxin-responsive elements(Aux REs) in their promoter regions. The ARFs play important roles in diverse developmental processes.To explore the ARF gene family in hot pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), we performed a genome-wide identification and expression analysis. In this study, 19 pepper ARF genes(Ca ARFs) clustered into three phylogenetic groups(I, II, and III) were comprehensively analyzed. Conserved domain analysis showed that all Ca ARFs contained a B3 DNA-binding domain and a middle domain, but two members lacked the carboxyterminal dimerization(CTD) domain. The number of introns in Ca ARF genes ranged from 1 to 13 and the gene structure was similar among genes in the same phylogenetic group. Additionally, prediction of Ca ARFs promoter elements and putative targets for micro RNAs suggested that the regulation of Ca ARFs may occur at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Most Ca ARFs were expressed in more than one tested tissue, and most Ca ARFs were identified as being responsive to exogenous auxin. Moreover, time-course transcription profiles of Ca ARFs revealed their roles in adventitious rooting of hypocotyl cuttings from pepper seedlings. Therefore, our results will provide a foundation for better understanding the regulatory mechanisms and molecular functions of Ca ARFs in hot pepper.

Indoor Inoculation and Identification Technology of Sweet (Hot) Pepper Virus

[Objective] The paper was to establish an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology. [Method] Taking Tobacco Mosaic Virus （TMV） and Cucumber Mosaic Vires （CMV） of sweet （hot） pepper as the sources of virus, an affordable indoor virus inoculation and identification technology was developed in the paper. [ Result] The suitable inoculation concentration of CMV was five to ten times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was five to six leav- es. Suitable inoculation concentration of TMV was 20 to 30 times, and the best seedling age for inoculation was three to six leaves. Single inoculation technology was mainly used for indoor virus inoculation and identification of sweet （hot） pepper, and complex inoculation technology could also be adopted with first, st inoculation of CMV and late inoculation of TMV. For mixed inoculation technology, CMV： TMV should be 1： 1. Complex inoculation and mix inoculation should base on the tech- nology of single inoculation. Disease resistant materials, AID1-W22-dg176, ABgl-W22-48123, AB91-DL-6428, HY031-2-8-1-6, BYT-4-1-3-6-8, JFG-2-1-2-6, JF8S-1-1-5-4-8 and I＇502-1-1-3-5, were identified by this method. [ Conclusion] This research provided scientific basis for standardization of indoor inoculation of sweet （hot） pepper virus.

辣椒的干燥特性和力学性能试验研究

为了降低辣椒在干燥及运输过程中的破损率,提高辣椒的干燥品质,对辣椒进行热风干燥的同时,进行拉伸和三点弯曲力学性能试验研究,并分析了辣椒的干燥特性和力学特性。试验结果表明:当干燥温度为45、60、75℃时,水分有效扩散系数分别为1.160096×10^(-10)、1.713660×10^(-10)、2.380429×10^(-10),随温度升高而升高。由阿伦尼乌斯公式计算得出辣椒活化能为22.0769kJ/mol,表明干燥过程中从辣椒中出去1mol的水分所需的最低能量是22.0769kJ。在75℃干燥温度下的辣椒拉伸力学性能试验中,随着加热时间的增加,平均最大载荷不断增大,加热300min后平均最大载荷曲线开始下降与前面干燥特性吻合,表明辣椒在前300min快速升温,降水速度快,表面自由水失去多,整体韧性增强导致所需载荷增大,干燥后期辣椒含水率较低,脆性增加,拉伸所需最大载荷降低;45℃干燥温度下,随着加热时间的增加,平均最大载荷变化不大。在不同含水率辣椒的三点弯曲试验中,含水率为14%时最大承受载荷约为3.5N,含水率为10%时最大承受载荷为约2.5N,含水率为6%时最大承受载荷约为1.1N,表明随着含水率的减小辣椒所能承受的最大载荷和压缩位移逐渐减小,辣椒抗压能力下降。研究结果可为提高辣椒干燥品质、降低运输过程中的破损提供理论依据。

气候条件对黔北地区辣椒产量的影响与气象产量预测模型研究

【目的】探明影响黔北地区辣椒产量的关键气象因子、关键时段以及气象条件对黔北地区辣椒产量的影响强度,为黔北地区辣椒生产决策、气候影响评估和产量预测提供理论依据。【方法】采用产量分离方法和数理统计对影响黔北地区辣椒产量的关键气象因子、关键时段以及关系进行研究;并以播州区为研究区,研究辣椒气象产量预测模型。【结果】6月的平均气温和最高气温越高,越不利辣椒产量形成;8月下旬至9月中旬的最低气温为产量的限制性因子,最低气温越高则产量越高。在日较差大于8.5℃的情况下,随着日较差的增大,辣椒产量呈缓慢增加趋势。6月下旬的降水量为辣椒生长的水分限制因子,降水量增多则产量增高。4月中旬至5月上旬、6月中旬至下旬的日照时数与气象产量呈负相关。播州区辣椒气象产量预测模型为Y_(w)=-40.836T_(6月中旬至下旬)+40.644T_(8月上旬)-106.159。【结论】黔北地区气象条件对辣椒产量影响程度达±50%左右。不同区域气象条件对辣椒产量影响的关键时段不同,播州区气候条件影响的关键时段在中后期。辣椒生长中期,温度与辣椒产量呈显著负相关;除播州区6月下旬降水量限制辣椒生长外,大部分县市区降水均能满足辣椒生长需要;日照时数对辣椒产量的影响呈前期为正,后期为负。

基于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱的糟辣椒挥发性物质非靶标代谢组学分析

为了探究不同品种辣椒制作的糟辣椒风味特征差异,选取在贵州地区广泛种植的4个辣椒品种成熟果实制作成糟辣椒,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法检测分析其挥发性物质。结果表明:黄平线椒(HP)、林卡辣椒(LK)、黔椒8号(Q4)和辣研101(LY)分别含有60、71、55种和65种挥发性物质,其中HP、LK和Q4含量最高的挥发性物质是乙酸,LY含量最高的挥发性物质是香叶醇,4种糟辣椒含有24种共有物质。通过相关性分析发现,糟辣椒中醇类与烷烃类、烯烃类物质,酯类与酮类物质均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),烯烃类和烷烃类物质呈显著正相关(P<0.05);正交偏最小二乘判别分析表明,4种糟辣椒组间的差异挥发性物质种类均在10种以上,其中HP vs Q4和LK vs Q4最主要的差异物质为乙酸-2-苯乙酯,LY vs Q4和LK vs LY最主要的差异物质为乙酸、LK vs HP最主要的差异物质为苯代丙腈。基于糟辣椒9类挥发性物质建立综合品质评价模型,最终得出4种糟辣椒挥发性风味品质由高到低的顺序:HP>LY>LK>Q4。本研究对了解不同品种辣椒制作的糟辣椒挥发性风味差异具有一定意义,可为糟辣椒的原料选择等提供一定参考依据。

膨润土对沙地土壤改良与朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响

探索膨润土对沙地土壤性质及结构、朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响,为膨润土用于沙地土壤改良应用提供理论依据。于2023年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市杭锦旗巴拉贡镇山湾村开展膨润土治理沙化耕地大田试验,试验按膨润土施量共设置6组处理,分别为:0(CK)、15.0 t/hm^(2)(A1)、22.5 t/hm^(2)(A2)、30.0 t/hm^(2)(A3)、37.5 t/hm^(2)(A4)、45.0 t/hm^(2)(A5),研究不同膨润土施量对土壤理化性质及结构和朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,施用膨润土能够显著改善土壤性质、有效调整土壤结构。膨润土的施用提高了朝天椒生育期内土壤含水量、总孔隙度、CO_(2)通量、WR>0.25 mm含量、pH和电导率;降低了生育期内土壤容重,协调了生育期内土壤三相比例,改善土壤固液气结构。在生育期内膨润土施量与土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。施用膨润土有效促进了朝天椒的生长发育,显著提高朝天椒产量。以A3处理朝天椒产量最高,较对照增产61.2%。膨润土作为土壤改良剂能够有效改善土壤性质,调整土壤结构,提高土壤持水能力和朝天椒产量。综合不同施量对土壤指标及朝天椒产量的影响,研究认为30.0 t/hm^(2)为该试验区2023年适宜施量。

基于不同包装材料和杀菌方式的糟辣椒贮藏品质变化及货架期预测

目的研究不同包装材料和杀菌方式对糟辣椒贮藏品质的影响,并对糟辣椒的货架期进行预测。方法以花溪新鲜红辣椒制作的糟辣椒为研究对象,探索高温蒸煮袋、铝箔袋、聚丙烯(polypropylene plastic,PP)塑料瓶、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polythylene terephthalate,PET)塑料瓶、玻璃瓶5种包装材料和巴氏杀菌、蒸汽灭菌、微波杀菌、超高压杀菌、辐照杀菌5种杀菌方式对糟辣椒贮藏品质的影响,通过加速货架期测试法(accelerated shelf life testing,ASLT)和Q10货架期预测模型对糟辣椒的货架期进行预测。结果糟辣椒袋装材料以铝箔袋包装效果较好,瓶装以玻璃瓶包装效果较好;糟辣椒经5种杀菌方式处理后,硬度和咀嚼性略有减小,菌落总数显著降低。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同杀菌处理可降低糟辣椒亚硝酸盐峰值,保持色泽,维持质地特性,延缓微生物的生长。整体上,冷杀菌效果优于热杀菌,但超高压杀菌对糟辣椒感官品质有影响(产生异味),因此,辐照杀菌较适合用于糟辣椒的杀菌。通过ASLT法和Q10货架期预测模型得到优化后糟辣椒在25℃的货架期约为219 d。结论玻璃瓶包装的糟辣椒经辐照冷杀菌处理,与未杀菌的玻璃瓶包装糟辣椒相比,货架期延长了121 d,该研究可为提升糟辣椒贮藏品质提供参考。

褪黑素浸种对辣椒种子萌发及幼苗抗旱性的影响

为提高辣椒种子及幼苗的耐旱性,设置0(CK)、50μmol·L^(-1)( T1)、100μmol·L^(-1)( T2)、200μmol·L^(-1)( T3)褪黑素浸种和15%聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)模拟干旱,以贵农长线王辣椒为试验材料,研究褪黑素(melatonin)对辣椒种子萌发特性和干旱胁迫下幼苗抗旱性的影响。结果表明,褪黑素处理较CK处理能有效提高辣椒种子的发芽率9.06~9.96个百分点和存苗率4.69~5.78个百分点,促进辣椒幼苗生长;在干旱胁迫下,褪黑素处理较CK处理可以有效提高叶片相对含水量14.06~22.74个百分点、羟自由基清除能力3.95%~57.89%、总抗氧化能力23.73%~38.98%,降低细胞膜透性12.96%~22.24%、丙二醛含量9.12%~30.76%、过氧化氢含量5.90%~20.85%;但褪黑素处理较CK处理显著降低叶片可溶性糖含量63.05%~77.61%,降低脯氨酸含量4.43%~62.14%。灰色关联分析表明,褪黑素主要通过增加植株地下生物量、总抗氧化能力以及叶片相对含水量等来提高辣椒幼苗的抗旱性。通过抗旱系数分析表明,T1、T2和T3各处理平均抗旱系数为1.09、1.22和1.05,T2处理抗旱能力最强。抗旱性综合评价获得CK、T1、T2和T3处理的评价值为0.3380、0.6067、0.7700、0.5456。综上所述,褪黑素浸种能改善辣椒种子萌发生长特性,干旱胁迫下,褪黑素(100μmol·L^(-1))处理对辣椒抗旱能力提升最佳。

辣椒新品种皇鼎一号的选育

皇鼎一号是以自交系ZYL0115-5-3-1-1为母本、ZYL0501-2-7-2为父本杂交选育而成的杂交1代辣椒新品种。植株生长势较强,连续坐果能力强。第一花着生节位10节左右,中早熟。果实粗长羊角形,青熟果浅黄绿色,老熟果红色,商品性好。果实纵径23~33 cm、横径5.0 cm左右,单果质量80~120 g;果实维生素C含量(w,后同)108.0 mg·100 g^(-1),可溶性固形物含量4.8%,辣椒素含量0.21%。抗病毒病、炭疽病,中抗疫病。抗逆性强,较耐低温弱光。667 m^(2)产量4200~5000 kg,适宜在河南、云南、陕西、浙江、贵州、江苏、安徽、河北等省保护地及露地栽培。2019年1月通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记。

辣椒新品种靓优大椒的选育

靓优大椒是以自交系ZY55-16-14为母本、自交系ZY18-11-3为父本选育而成的辣椒杂交1代新品种。该品种在塑料大棚春提前栽培中全生育期172 d左右,株高72.0 cm左右,株幅68.0 cm左右;始花节位7~8节,早熟;果实牛角形,青熟期绿色,老熟果红色;果实平均纵径25.0 cm,平均横径5.0 cm,平均果肉厚度0.45 cm,平均单果质量124 g;鲜果维生素C含量(w,后同)117 mg·100 g^(-1),辣椒素含量0.09%;田间表现抗病毒病、疫病、炭疽病,较耐弱光;667 m^(2)产量3900~4500 kg,适宜在河南、江苏等地保护地和春露地栽培。2019年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记。

含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对辣椒根系、产量及果实品质的影响

为考察含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对茄果蔬菜的施用效果,以辣椒为试验对象,常规水溶肥料处理为对照,开展了大棚小区试验,测定了不同施肥处理对辣椒根系、产量及品质等指标的影响。结果表明:与对照处理相比,含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥处理的辣椒根系活力、主根长、茎粗、根体积、根表面积、根尖数分别提高130.77%、23.40%、25.93%、112.12%、146.72%、97.46%;产量提高10.11%,利润增加4575.80元/hm^(2);辣椒中的维生素C、可溶性糖及辣椒素含量分别提高34.81%、77.40%、42.65%。含腐殖酸和氨基酸水溶肥对辣椒根系发育有明显的促进作用,对辣椒品质有较大的提升,能够增产增收。

热风干燥四平头辣椒的护色工艺优化

为解决四平头辣椒在热风干制过程中极易发生褐变的问题,本文以奇台县四平头辣椒为研究对象,通过单因素实验从柠檬酸、食盐、植酸等8种食品添加剂中筛选出4种对辣椒护色有显著效果的组分,再采用Box-Behnken响应面法进一步优化并确定复合护色剂最优配比,最后对护色时间、温度进行优化。经上述实验得到四平头辣椒的最优护色工艺参数为:在常温(20℃)条件下浸泡于由质量分数为0.04%的植酸、0.05%的D-异抗坏血酸钠、0.07%的β-环糊精、0.04%的柠檬酸所组成的复合护色液中30 min后进行热风干制,该条件下得到的干辣椒色差降低到9.78,仅为未经护色干辣椒色差的48.7%,且色泽红亮、质地均匀。本研究可为四平头辣椒的工业化热风干制提供理论基础。

辣椒与湖湘文化探析

在人类发展的过程中,有很多不起眼的小东西,它们却代表着文明的一段进程。辣椒起源于南美,但是新航路的开辟改变了这一切,现今辣椒已遍植于整个世界,是人类餐桌上流传最广的香料和常用蔬菜。湖南人性格具野性,且豪放,加之尚滋味,好辛香,故辣椒入湘,洗却香料的神秘,在瘴湿之地盛行,甚至融入湘人的性格,滋养出湘人无辣不欢、敢为人先的辣椒精神,成为湖湘文化中不可或缺的重要元素,对中国社会产生了深远影响。从辣椒的起源与种类、辣椒入湘简史、辣椒与湖湘人文精神、辣椒与湖湘饮食风尚等方面进行了阐述,并对辣椒与湖湘文化的融合、传承及创新进行了提炼与诠释,彰显了浓郁的地域文化特色。湘人自强坚韧,注重经世致用,讲究社会责任感和使命感,有着桀骜骁勇的精神品性和宏阔志向,而辣椒所具备的热辣奔放气息则成为湖湘文化革故鼎新的精神图腾和创造精神驱动的典范。