Controlled Rolling and Cooling Process for Low Carbon Cold Forging Steel

Effect of controlled rolling and cooling process on the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel was investigated for different processing parameters of a laboratory hot rolling mill. The results show that the specimens with fast cooling after hot rolling exhibit very good mechanical properties, and the improvement of the mechanical properties can be attributed mainly to the ferrite-grain refinement. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing final cooling temperature within the range from 670 ℃ to 570 ℃ due to the finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite colony. The specimen with fast cooling after low temperature rolling shows the highest values of the mechanical properties. The effect of the ferrite grain size on the mechanical properties was greater than that of pearlite morphology in the present study. The mechanical properties of specimens by controlled rolling and cooling process without thermal treatment were greatly superior to that of the same specimens by the conventional rolling, and their tensile strength reached 490 MPa grade even in the case of low temperature rolling without controlled rolling. It might be expected to realize the substitution medium-carbon by low-carbon for 490 MPa grade cold forging steel with controlled rolling and cooling process.

EFFECT OF THE CONTROLLED ROLLING CONTROLLED COOLING ON STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF THE BAINITE MICRO ALLOYED ENGINEERING STEEL

The continuous cooling transformation of hot deformation austenite austenite of test steel and the effect of different processing schedules of controlled rolling and controlled cooling on the strength and ductility have been studied. The theory and the experiment base are presented for controlled rolling and controlled cooling of the SBL micro alloyed engineering steel.

Microstructure-Properties Correlation of Dual Phase Steels Produced by Controlled Rolling Process

The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of compositional and processing parameters on the microstruc-ture and properties of dual phase steel produced directly by hot rolling and rapid cooling. Steels with the base composition of 0.1%C, 1.4%Si, and 1.0%Mn with additions of 0.5%Cr to influence hardenability, 0.04%Nb to retard recrystallization in the latter stages of rolling, or 0.02%Ti to inhibit grain growth during and after reheating were investigated. Investigation was made to predict microstructure evolution and to correlate microstructure with processing parameters. The effects of the important microstructure parameters such as ferrite grain size, martensite volume fraction (VM) and morphology (polygonal or fibrous) on the tensile and impact properties are discussed. Multiple linear regression analysis of the ultimate tensile strength has shown that, increasing VM and martensite microhardness and grain refinement of ferrite are the major contributions to increase the strength of the steel. It was found that the dual-phase steel produced by controlled rolling process, with a microstructure which consisted of fine grained ferrite (4 um) and 35%~40% fibrous martensite, presented optimum tensile and impact properties because of enhanced resistance to crack propagation.

Mathematical model for cooling process and its self-learning applied in hot rolling mill

Control precision of coiling temperature is one of the key factors affecting the profile shape and surface quality during the cooling process of hot rolled steel strip.For this reason,the core of temperature control precision is to establish an effective cooling mathematical model with self-learning function.Starting from this point,a cooling mathematical model with nonlinear structural characteristics is established in this paper for the cooling process of hot rolled steel strip.By the analysis of self-learning ability,key parameters of the mathematical model could be constantly corrected so as to improve temperature control precision and adaptive capability of the model.The site actual application results proved the stable performance and high control precision of the proposed mathematical model,which would lay a solid foundation to improve the steel product qualities.

Opti mization and Model of Laminar Cooling Control Systemfor Hot Strip Mills

The structure of laminar cooling control system for hot rolling was introduced and the control mode, cooling strategy, segment tracking and model recalculation were analyzed. The parameters of air/water cooling models were optimized by regressing the data gathering in situ, and satisfactory effect was obtained. The coiling temperature can be controlled within ±15℃.

Self-Learning and Its Application to Laminar Cooling Model of Hot Rolled Strip

The mathematical model for online controlling hot rolled steel cooling on run-out table （ROT for abbreviation） was analyzed, and water cooling is found to be the main cooling mode for hot rolled steel. The calculation of the drop in strip temperature by both water cooling and air cooling is summed up to obtain the change of heat transfer coefficient. It is found that the learning coefficient of heat transfer coefficient is the kernel coefficient of coiler temperature control （CTC） model tuning. To decrease the deviation between the calculated steel temperature and the measured one at coiler entrance, a laminar cooling control self-learning strategy is used. Using the data acquired in the field, the results of the self-learning model used in the field were analyzed. The analyzed results show that the self-learning function is effective.

Effect of Controlled Cooling After Hot Rolling on Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled TRIP Steel

A three-step cooling pattern on the runout table（ROT）was conducted for the hot rolled TRIP steel.Microstructural evolution during thermomechanical controlled processing（TMCP）was investigated.Processing condition of controlled cooling on a ROT in the laboratory rolling mill was discussed.The results indicated that the microstructure containing polygonal ferrite,granular bainite and a significant amount of the stable retained austenite can be obtained through three-step cooling on the ROT after hot rolling.TMCP led to ferrite grain refinement.Controlled cooling after hot rolling resulted in the stability of the remaining austenite and a satisfactory TRIP effect.Excellent mechanical properties were obtained through TMCP for the hot rolled TRIP steel.

Model Algorithm Research on Cooling Path Control of Hot-rolled Dual-phase Steel

With the development of advanced high strength steel,especially for dual-phase steel,the model algorithm for cooling control after hot rolling has to achieve the targeted coiling temperature control at the location of downcoiler whilst maintaining the cooling path control based on strip microstructure along the whole cooling section.A cooling path control algorithm was proposed for the laminar cooling process as a solution to practical difficulties associated with the realization of the thermal cycle during cooling process.The heat conduction equation coupled with the carbon diffusion equation with moving boundary was employed in order to simulate temperature change and phase transformation kinetics,making it possible to observe the temperature field and the phase fraction of the strip in real time.On this basis,an optimization method was utilized for valve settings to ensure the minimum deviations between the predicted and actual cooling path of the strip,taking into account the constraints of the cooling equipment′s specific capacity,cooling line length,etc.Results showed that the model algorithm was able to achieve the online cooling path control for dual-phase steel.

Application of Microstructure Engineering in Steel Coil Cooling Process

The coil cooling and its role in a hot strip mill were reviewed. A mathematical model was developed to describe and analyze the thermal history and its impact on precipitation phenomena during coil cooling for plain carbon, HSLA-V and HSLA-Nb steels. The predicted result of the thermal model was compared with that measured from industrial coil. The effect of cooling condition and coil dimension on the thermal history and final mechanical properties of the steel strip was examined. The coiling temperature and cooling rate have crucial influence on the precipitation strengthening.

Influence of Controlled Rolling and Cooling Process on the Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Cold Forging Steel

In the present paper,controlled rolling and cooling processing was conducted by using a laboratory hot rolling mill.The influence of different processing parameters on the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel was investigated.The results show that the faster cooling after the deformation (especially in low temperature rolling conditions) leads to the refinement of the ferrite grain.The specimen exhibits very good mechanical properties owing to the finer ferrite grains.The pearlite morphologies can also affect the mechanical properties of low carbon cold forging steel.The mechanical properties increase with decreasing final cooling temperature within the range from 650℃ to 570 ℃ due to the finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite colony.The mechanical properties of the specimens with fast cooling after the conventional rolling are not only better than those of the specimens with slow cooling after low temperature rolling,but also almost similar to those of the specimens with fast cooling after low temperature rolling.It is suggested that fast cooling after high temperature rolling (the conventional rolling) process would be of important industrial value.

Effect of controlled rolling/controlled cooling parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of the novel pipeline steel

The study of controlled rolling/controlled cooling process parameters which affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel pipeline steel has been optimized by the orthogonal experiment with four factors and three levels in this paper. However, the parameters of thermo-mechanical control process （TMCP） optimized by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator could not satisfy performance requirements of the X100 pipeline steel. In order to improve the performance of this steel, the influence of finish cooling temperature （FCT） on the microstructure and property is studied in detail. It is found that, as this steel is thermo-mechanically treated by this set of parameters （the start heating temperature, finish rolling temperature （FRT）, FCT and cooling rate of 1,180 ℃, 810 ℃, 350 ℃ and 35 ℃/s, respectively）, the micro- structures are mainly composed of granular bainite （GB） and acicular ferrite （AF）. The effective grain sizes are below 20 μm; the steel reaches the optimal balance between the strength and the toughness; the yield strength is 695 MPa; the tensile strength is 768 MPa; the elongation is 16.6 %; the impact energy is 262 J at room temperature. All indexes could meet the requirements of X100 pipeline steel.

Development of New Generation Cooling Control System After Rolling in Hot Rolled Strip Based on UFC

Ultra-fast cooling （UFC） is an advanced technology in hot rolling field. Through this technology, great changes on the run-out table are produced in the strip cooling process. In order to adapt to these changes, a new gen-eration of hot strip cooling control system after rolling was developed based on the UFC basic principle. The system can not only accomplish temperature of UFC delivery side, coiling temperature, cooling rate, etc, and multi-objective accuracy control, but also offer more flexibility and new attractive possibilities in terms of cooling pattern on the run-out table, which could be of prime importance for the production of some difficult steels. In addition, through the time-velocity-distance （TVD） profile prediction combined with speed feed-forward control and coiling temperature feedback control, the coiling temperature control precision can be effectively improved during accelerative rolling in the system. At present, the system has been successfully used in the conventional strip production line and CSP short process production line, and its application effect is perfect.

The Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 400MPa Grade Bar Prepared by Controlled Cooling After Finish Rolling

The production process of bars in Baosteel Nantong Co.Ltd.was adjusted by both decreasing heating temperature and adding controlling cooling procedure after finish rolling for upgrade of bars.A set of water cooling system was also installed behind the finishing mill.On-line tests were conducted,and then the microstructure and mechanical properties of the bars with HRB335 composition and φ22mm diameter were studied.The results showed that the microstructures of the bar cooled by water were ferrite and pearlite with grain sizes of 8.5 to 12 grades,which were finer than that of the bar without water cooling.While the thin outer layer microstructures of the bar cooled by water were mainly tempered sorbite with small amount of tempered troosite.The average yield strength R eL and tensile strength R m of the bars with water cooling increased 105MPa and 73MPa respectively compared with those of the bars without water cooling.The reason of this strengthening was attributed to the synthetic role of fine grains and phase transformation and precipitation mechanism.In addition,The ration of R m /R eL could be higher than 1.25,which is the request of earthquake-proof performance for HRB400E,only when the self-tempering temperatures of the bars were higher than 640℃.

国内铜板带发展现状与热轧技术的创新方向分析

文章论述了国内铜板带行业的发展现状,指出铜板带的热轧应分别从理论和技术,生产和工艺,设备设计制造,生产线配置和工程设计等方面进行基础性的研究和改进,并在工程项目的实践中不断创新。

热轧H型钢生产工艺技术

简述了H型钢的发展现状及H型钢的应用特点,从轧钢工艺方面介绍了小型、中型、大型H型钢国内比较常见的几种生产方法,包括全连续、半连续以及半连续往复穿梭轧制法,并通过国内主要型钢厂的实例,对几种轧制方法进行阐述。同时介绍了国内H型钢未来的发展趋势及新技术的应用。

Effects of Technological Parameters on Microstructures and Properties of Low Cost Hot Rolled Dual-Phase Steel on CSP Line

The effects of technological parameters on microstructures and properties of low cost hot rolled dual-phase steel was researched by design different finish rolling temperature,mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC (ultra fast cooling) and stable UFC rate on the same gauge strips with the same chemistry composition during the manufacture process.It is the key for controlling coil temperature to control finish rolling temperature and mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC that based on stable UFC rate precondition.The lower finish rolling temperature,with mid cooling temperature between laminar cooling and UFC,the better to form martensite is.The foundation of developing the similar productions on the similar product line was supplied.It is good to technological advancement of developing high affixation value production as hot rolled DP steel,TRIP steel etc.in CSP line.

Effect of hot rolling and cooling process on microstructure and properties of 2205/Q235 clad plate

The 2205/Q235 clad plate was fabricated by vacuum hot rolling with symmetrical assembling pattern of Q235/2205/2205/ Q235.The flow stress behavior and processing map of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS)were investigated by hot compressive tests on a Gleeble-3800 simulator.Then,thermal-mechanical coupled nonlinear finite element models of vacuum hot rolling and subsequent cooling process were established.From the simulation results,the influence of rolling reduction and rolling speed on hot deformation state of 2205 DSS in the assembled slab was disclosed and the optimal rolling parameters were presented.Meanwhile,the cooling rate of 2205 DSS under different cooling conditions and thicknesses of the clad plate was obtained.According to the numerical simulation results,pilot experiments were successfully carried out on a laboratory scale.The material universal testing machine,optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectrometer were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of bonding interface and 2205 DSS matrix for different rolling reduction and cooling processes.The results showed that with symmetrical assembling pattern,the approximate thermodynamic conditions can be established for 2205 DSS to avoid cracks in hot rolling process.When the rolling reduction increased from 10 to 40%,the shear strength of the bonding interface is increased from 120 to 530 MPa,and the uniform two-phase microstructure of 2205 DSS and satisfactory' mechanical properties can be obtained with cooling rate higher than 10℃/s between 1050 and 500℃ after rolling.

Effect of Cooling Patterns on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Nb Microalloyed Multiphase Steel Plates

The effect of the run-out table cooling patterns on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb microalloyed steel plates was investigated by hot rolling experiment. The results showed that the mixed microstrueture containing ferrite, bainite and significant amounts of retained austenite can be obtained through three kinds of cooling patterns on the run-out table under the same hot rolling condition. Three kinds of cooling patterns possess different austenite transformation kinetics, which leads to variations in microconstituent characteristics. The yield strength increases, the tensile strength decreases and the total elongation tends to increase as the cooling patterns Ⅰ , Ⅱ and Ⅲ were applied respectively. The yield strength, the total elongation and the product of tensile strength and ductility reach the maximum values （547 MPa, 37. 2% and 28 384 MPa% respectively） for the steel plate processed by cooling pattern Ⅲ.

Effect of Cooling Rates in Coiling Process on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in Al-Bearing Hot-Rolled TRIP Steel

In this study, the effect of cooling rates on microstructures and mechanical properties in a Al-bearing hot-rolled transformation- induced plasticity steel was investigated. The experiments were carried out using hot simulation machine and hot rolling mill, where the samples were cooled at different cooling rates. The results showed that with the increase in cooling rates, film-like retained austenite gradually disappeared and only blocky retained austenite was retained at higher cooling rates. The volume fraction of retained austenite was 9-11% at cooling rates of 0.05-1 ℃/s and 4-6% at cooling rates of 5-10 ℃/s. In addition, martensite/austenite island was observed because of the heterogeneous carbon distribution. The samples cooled at 0.05℃/s and 0.5 ℃/s exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strengths of 712 MPa and 726 MPa, total elongations of 42% and 36% and strength and ductility balances of 29.91 GPa% and 26.15 GPa%, respectively. During plastic deformation, the instantaneous work hardening exponent of the sample cooled at 0.05 ℃/s increased continuously until it reached the maximum value, while the instantaneous work hardening exponent of the sample cooled at 0.5℃/s remained stable.

Concave Cooling Control Method for Hot-rolled Strip

Hot rolled strips usually have higher strength and lower plasticity at the ends, and the mechanical properties are distributed unevenly along the length direction. Such phenomena are caused by the different cooling rates between the end and the center. The ends of the coiled strip cool down faster than the center, inducing finer grains in the sections. Furthermore, the center of the coil is kept at high temperature for longer time, which affects the precipitation of the carbides and creates the different mechanical properties from the ends. In this paper, the temperature field of the strip during cooling was simulated to discover the characteristics of the temperature change and the effect on mechanical properties. Based on the analysis, a concept of concave cooling control was introduced and implemented in the production. Results indicated that applying the concave cooling control method could significantly improve the uniformity of the properties and promote the quality of the products.