Rusting behavior and preventative measures of hot-rolled steel plates for automobile applications

As one of the important categories of hot-rolled products, hot-rolled steel plates for automobile applications generally undergo uniform corrosion or localized corrosion according to different environments of manufacturing, transportation and/or storage of the plates. General corrosion often takes place on the surface of a plate in the exterior part of a package, and only reduces the thickness of the plate and slightly increases the roughness of the surface; however, localized corrosion on the surface of a plate inside the package is likely to result in the formation of pit-like defects on the substrate of the plate, which cannot be removed thoroughly by normal acid pickling or sand blasting, and affects the application of the plate. This research report analyzes the phenomena and characteristics of the rusting behavior of hot- rolled steel plates for automobile applications, and the influencing factors are summaried. The corresponding preventative measures are proposed.

Strip shape control capability of hot wide strip rolling mills

The elasticity deformation of rolls was analyzed by means of two-dimensional finite element method （FEM） with variable thickness. Three typical mills were used as objects for analysis. A thorough study was done on the control capabilities of these mills on the strip shape. Then the strip shape control capabilities of the three mills was compared synthetically. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Microstructure and properties of Ti-bearing hot-rolled high-strength steel plates for two-sided enameling

The composition and production technology of the type of hot-rolled steel plate used in two-sided enameling were briefly described. The microstructure and mechanical properties before and after enameling were contrastively investigated,and the precipitates in the samples were analyzed using transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show the ferrite grain size of the steel plate after high-temperature enamel firing to be fine,with a large number of TiC and Ti;C;S;precipitates dispersed throughout the ferrite matrix. After two rounds of enamel firing at a temperature range of 800-890 ℃,its yield strength can still reach342 MPa. The results of a hydrogen permeation test show that the hydrogen storage properties of the steel plate are much better than those of ordinary structural carbon steel. A better bubble structure in the enamel layer can be obtained by this steel plate,with no fish-scale defects on the enameled steel-plate surface.

Bending analysis and control of rolled plate during snake hot rolling

In order to study the bending behavior of aluminum alloy 7050 thick plate during snake hot rolling, several coupled thermo-mechanical finite element(FE) models were established. Effects of different initial thicknesses, pass reductions, speed ratios and offset distances on the bending value of the plate were analyzed. ‘Quasi smooth plate' and optimum offset distance were defined and quasi smooth plate could be acquired by adjusting offset distance, and then bending control equation was fitted. The results show that bending value of the plate as well as the extent of the increase grows with the increase of pass reduction and decrease of initial thickness; the bending value firstly increases and then keeps steady with the ascending speed ratio; the bending value can be reduced by enlarging the offset distance. The optimum offset distance varies for different rolling parameters and it is augmented with the increase of pass reduction and speed ratio and the decrease of initial thickness. A proper offset distance for different rolling parameters can be calculated by the bending control equation and this equation can be a guidance to acquire a quasi smooth plate. The FEM results agree well with experimental results.

Stream Surface Strip Element Method and Simulation of Three-Dimensional Deformation of Continuous Hot Rolled Strip

A new method,the stream surface strip element method,for simulating the three-dimensional deformation of plate and strip rolling process was proposed.The rolling deformation zone was divided into a number of stream surface(curved surface)strip elements along metal flow traces,and the stream surface strip elements were mapped into the corresponding plane strip elements for analysis and computation.The longitudinal distributions of the lateral displacement and the altitudinal displacement of metal were respectively constructed to be a quartic curve and a quadratic curve,of which the lateral distributions were expressed as the third-power spline function,and the altitudinal distributions were fitted in the quadratic curve.From the flow theory of plastic mechanics,the mathematical models of the three-dimensional deformations and stresses of the deformation zone were constructed.Compared with the streamline strip element method proposed by the first author of this paper,the stream surface strip element method takes into account the uneven distributions of stresses and deformations along altitudinal direction,and realizes the precise three-dimensional analysis and computation.The simulation example of continuous hot rolled strip indicates that the method and the model accord with facts and provide a new reliable engineering-computation method for the three-dimensional mechanics simulation of plate and strip rolling process.

Effect of gradient temperature rolling process on promoting crack healing in Q500 heavy plates

To ensure the quality of heavy plate products as determined by ultrasonic inspection, it is necessary to effectively control defects such as cracks and shrinkage cavities in heavy plates. Generally, some defects such as large size cracks exist due to insufficient deformation in the center of traditionally rolled plates. Compared with the traditional rolling process, gradient temperature rolling(GTR) process can effectively increase deformation inside heavy plates. In this study, the effect of GTR on crack healing was analyzed through a comparison experiment with the uniform temperature rolling(UTR). The results show that the GTR process could increase the plastic strain inside the heavy plate and effectively promote the healing process of the preset cracks. The degrees of crack healing at the center and quarter thickness position of the steel plate via GTR were greater than twice those of the plate via UTR. The GTR process can significantly reduce the internal defects of heavy plates and improve the defect detection level of heavy plate products. Also, The GTR process results in the formation of new crystal grains in the crack region, which is crucial to crack healing.

Analysis of strain variation in cross shear zone of plate during snake hot rolling

In order to study the distribution of equivalent and shear strain of aluminum alloy plate during snake hot rolling, several coupled thermo-mechanical finite element models(FEM) are established. Effects of speed ratio and offset distance on strain distribution of the plate are analyzed. The length of cross shear zone is defined to have a better understanding of the deformation characteristic in cross shear zone, which is the essential difference from symmetrical rolling in deformation zone. The results show that the equivalent strain and shear strain of lower part both increase with the increase of speed ratio, while the upper part decreases; the equivalent strain through the whole thickness decreases with ascending offset distance, while the shear strain of lower part increases. The length of cross shear zone quickly increases with ascending speed ratio and slightly decreases with ascending offset distance. The "positive" and "negative" cross shear zones are formed with the increase of speed ratio and offset distance, respectively. The value of the sensitivity coefficient of speed ratio is an order of magnitude bigger than the offset distance. However, the shear strain at center point increases with the ascending speed ratio and offset distance for different mechanism. As speed ratio increases, the asymmetry of the distribution of equivalent is becoming larger and the shear strain is generated in the same direction in cross shear zone. The FEM results agree well with experimental results.

Practice to improve the plate camber during hot rolling by optimizing rolling schedule

Plate camber is one of the most important problems in hot rolling process which not only lead to lower output caused by increasing of crop loss,but also influence on the efficiency of follow-up shear processes,in severe cases damages of side guides or stands also occurred.In terms of reversible four-high hot rolling mills,the main causes of this problem exist in the following areas,reasons of stands,such as the stiffness difference between the drive side and operation side;reasons of slabs,such as the original wedge or the temperature difference along the width direction;reasons of side guides,such as the error of work pieces centerin.In their essence,it can be concluded that the initial deviation of deformation on both sides will increase as the processing,and then the work piece will deviate the center line of the stand,which will form camber defects in the end. The attempt of improving the plate camber was carried out by design the optimized schedules on the bases of theory of the steady rolling conditions during hot rolling process.In presizing and broadsizing sequence,according to the biting conditions and maximum torque restrictions,the rolling reduction of every pass should be as large as possible for the propose of increasing the negative convexity of load-gap through increasing the rolling force. When rolling process goes to finishing stage,it will be impossible to correct rolling centerline in last serval passes because the work pieces will be too long and thin,while considering the bad impact on plate profile which brought by increasing force.Therefore,the main purpose of finishing sequence should be profile control,and slowing down the speed of camber extension as much as possible by gap tilt adjustment automatically. The results show that in hot rolling process,the degree of final camber is impacted by all the three sequences. It is suggested that the control or even eliminating the defect is expectable by a well designed rolling schedule fundamentally.

Steckel mill as a green steel strip and plate production technology

The Steckel mill,a long established solution for the economical production of relatively small volumes of hot rolled strip,has been rejuvenated in recent years by a range of new applications,boosted by the need of improving the energetic efficiency of the rolling process.The traditional advantages of the Steckel mill in terms of flexibility and reduced capital and operational costs are now enhanced by technological developments that have significantly expanded its application range into the combined production of strip and plate and improved the product quality.The increased awareness of the necessity of a sustainable growth in the steel industry has stimulated the development of process solutions with an improved efficiency in the use of natural resources,lower carbon emissions and increased yield.Modern Steckel mills are an adequate response to the trend towards low energy strip and plate production,in particular in their plate-Steckel mill variant.Siemens VAI have played a key role in the innovation and transformation of the Steckel mill concept,with a number of recent installations,presented in this paper from the point of view of their contribution to the development of greener steel rolling technologies.

建筑结构钢板热轧轧机DBN-PSO振动预报及应用

利用实时监测数据(Real-Time Monitoring Data,RMD)参数分析轧机振动状态,综合运用深度置信网络(Deep Belief Networks,DBN)与粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法构建轧机振动仿真模型,实现RMD参数的深度挖掘,并达到轧机振动的预报效果。通过融合处理能够获得非常接近实际振动过程的预测数据,具备优异预测能力。结合现场测试的初始数据预测误差在3.5%范围内,跟轧机振动情况相符。当轧制速率变慢后,振动加速度出现了降低结果;入口张力对轧机的振动加速度具有反向作用;轧机振动加速度相对出口张力表现为正相关特点;以不同宽度的轧件进行测试发现轧机振动加速度保持基本恒定的状态。该研究对提高热轧轧机运行稳定性,对保证建筑结构钢板成形精度具有很好的指导意义,可以拓宽到其它的成形设备优化领域。

热轧钢板边部横纹缺陷分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对热轧钢板边部横纹缺陷进行分析,并将缺陷处酸洗前后与正常处平面、截面的位置形貌进行对比,利用能谱分析仪对缺陷处元素进行分析。结果表明:横纹缺陷处主要由氧化铁皮部分碎裂、剥落形成,其多数存在于氧化铁皮表层,氧化铁皮未全部剥落,氧化铁皮层与基体连接处还保留未碎裂的一部分,缺陷区域氧化铁皮结构主要为大量氧化亚铁和少量先共析四氧化三铁结构,属于易破碎氧化铁皮相。

取向硅钢热轧板中纤维织构及Goss织构的形成和演变

在热轧过程中,取向硅钢热轧板形成了不均匀的微观组织和织构梯度,其中热轧板表层和次表层中的Goss织构对取向硅钢的磁性能有重要影响。因此,热轧板微观组织和织构沿厚度方向的形成和演变,特别是Goss织构的形成,仍然是一个值得讨论的课题。为了研究热轧板组织和织构的形成及其演变,使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM-EBSD)观察了热轧板不同厚度层(表层、次表层和中心层)组织,研究了热轧板组织形貌沿厚度方向的演变,并使用XRD测量了热轧板各厚度层(从表层s=1到中心层s=0)的宏观织构。结果表明,在高剪切力的作用下,热轧板表层s=1形成了大量等轴晶粒(晶粒长宽比为1.0~1.5)和具有一定随机性的织构。表层以下,随着剪切力从表层向中心层逐渐减小,等轴晶粒(晶粒长宽比为1.0~1.5)占比逐渐降低,再结晶晶粒的晶粒长宽比沿着厚度方向逐渐增大,再结晶晶粒形状倾向于沿轧向延伸和呈不规则状。最后,在中心层s=0中,一些大尺寸再结晶晶粒的晶粒长宽比可以达到3.0~6.5。在压缩力和沿厚度方向逐渐减小的剪切力的共同作用下,热轧板次表层s=0.5~0.9形成由众多特定取向组成的纤维织构,而中心层s=0~0.4形成典型的α纤维织构,纤维织构中的一些典型的特定位向包括{100}〈011〉、{112}〈111〉、{110}〈112〉、{213}〈364〉、{441}〈104〉和{110}〈100〉Goss。热轧板次表层s=0.5~0.9中的纤维织构沿厚度方向逐渐演变,并且在次表层s=0.5中有稳定的Goss织构形成。然而,次表层s=0.5中形成的高强度的Goss织构,而次表层中形成的Goss织构只是纤维织构的一小部分。

基于深度学习的钢板表面缺陷识别方法及系统开发

在热轧钢板的生产过程中,由于工况的多样性,钢板表面难免会形成不同类型的缺陷。针对传统方法对钢板表面缺陷的识别准确率和效率较低的问题,提出了一种结合残差网络和迁移学习的钢板表面缺陷识别方法。首先,构建基于迁移学习的神经网络框架,同时采用全局平均池化和Dropout等优化策略增加网络的泛化能力,提高分类精度。其次,预处理钢板表面缺陷数据集,并通过钢板表面缺陷识别实验对模型性能进行检验。实验结果表明,基于迁移学习的网络模型在测试集上的识别准确率可以达到98.33%。最后,设计并开发了钢板表面缺陷识别系统,采用Power Designer软件构建系统的物理数据模型,并完成系统架构的设计,将训练好的神经网络模型应用到系统中,有效提高了钢板缺陷分类识别的智能化和信息化水平。

双机架宽厚板轧机轧制效率提升措施及实践

针对莱钢4 300 mm粗轧机、精轧机间距离短对轧制节奏影响大的现状,通过辊道分组、辊道逻辑控制优化、缩短待温板坯间距等措施,最大限度增加了待温辊道的长度和批轧块数;通过优化辊道接钢、分钢优先权判断功能的开发、精轧机咬钢顺控优化等措施,减少了时间浪费;通过跟踪物料影像保持功能减少了物料跟踪错误导致的停机时间。以上措施的实施,使产线生产效率提升15%以上。

基于DEFORM的钨板热轧的研究

钨板的热轧工艺是钨板制造过程中的首道工序,与钨板的加工质量直接相关。本文利用DEFORM软件,结合实际生产,提出三种工艺方案,并从应力应变、破坏情况等方面进行比较。结果表明:在1000℃-1500℃温度范围内,钨板热处理温度1250℃、变形率30%情况下,钨板轧制的综合条件较优。

基于核偏最小二乘法的热轧板凸度预测

以某2160 mm热连轧生产线为研究对象,结合生产数据和数据驱动算法,提出并建立基于核偏最小二乘法和偏最小二乘法的热轧板凸度预测模型,并对模型的参数进行调整和优化。结果表明:偏最小二乘法模型的预测值与实测值误差为-25~30μm,88.74%的板凸度预测值绝对误差小于10μm;核偏最小二乘法模型的预测值与实测值误差为-25~25μm,91.57%的板凸度预测值绝对误差小于10μm。因此,优化后的核偏最小二乘法模型具有更好的预测效果。

热轧酸洗板边部麻面缺陷的形成原因及控制策略研究

针对首钢某1580 mm热轧生产线生产酸洗板时出现边部麻面后,影响了后续酸洗质量的问题,对边部麻面缺陷的形成原因及机理进行了研究。根据缺陷的形态、位置,对比卷取机设备的控制时序,确定了导致边部麻面缺陷的设备,并对上下表面的边部麻面缺陷的不同点进行了研究。结果表明下夹送辊辊面状况对边部麻面缺陷几乎没有影响,上表面边部麻面缺陷产生的主要原因是上夹送辊边部锈蚀严重,出现麻坑而导致的。而下表面麻面缺陷产生的主要原因是压紧辊下的机架辊边部锈蚀严重,出现麻坑而导致。为此,提出了相关的改进措施,以有效控制边部麻面缺陷,改善酸洗板边部质量。

表面形貌对铝/镁热轧复合结合强度的影响

选用5052铝合金与AZ31B镁合金作为复合材料进行热轧复合,研究表面形貌对铝/镁热轧复合结合强度的影响。在热轧复合前使用不同直径钢丝刷对板材表面进行打磨处理,通过单向拉伸实验、扫描电镜以及激光共聚焦显微镜对打磨处理后板材的表面状态和形貌进行测试和观察。然后使用热轧复合法在25%、 35%和45%压下率下轧制制备出铝/镁复合板并通过万能试验机、扫描电镜、 X射线能谱仪对复合板的结合强度、微观形貌和元素分布进行测试和观察。最后通过轧卡和剥离实验对45%压下率不同直径钢丝刷打磨处理条件下铝/镁热轧复合过程中板材表面形貌的变化进行观察。结果表明,不同直径钢丝刷打磨处理仅改变了板材的表面形貌,未使板材表面形成硬质层。在25%和35%压下率下,铝/镁复合板的结合强度随着钢丝刷直径的增加而增加,但当压下率达到45%后,随着钢丝刷直径的改变,铝/镁复合板的结合强度稳定在71.2 MPa左右。通过改变板材表面形貌可以使铝合金和镁合金在低压下率下实现良好结合,但当压下率达到45%之后,板材表面形貌的变化不会再对铝/镁复合板的结合强度产生明显影响。

带隔振器的宽厚板热轧机传动扭振幅频特性研究

为了进一步提高宽厚板热轧机传动系统的稳定性,使用隔振器来降低设备的幅频特性,然后通过仿真测试各个扭转刚度下宽厚板热轧机传动系统形成的扭振幅频变化。结果表明,使用隔振器后,传动系统产生了较小的扭振位移,在较短时间内从不稳定状态恢复至稳定状态,且能够更快地进入稳定周期。通过适当提高隔振器惯量比可以获得较小的幅频并减小弯曲度,惯量比设定为0.2较合理。此外,隔振器还具备高阻尼以及使用寿命长等优点,可以对轧机传动扭振频率起到良好的调节作用。

SUS441不锈钢/Al金属间化合物微叠层复合板的界面结构与力学性能

采用“表面预处理—交替层叠—热轧复合—热处理”的工艺流程制备了SUS441不锈钢/Al金属间化合物微叠层复合板。利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等检测与表征方法研究了热处理温度对复合板界面形貌、微观组织、物相组成、维氏硬度、拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:复合板界面结合良好;热处理后,固–液反应界面氧化严重,易导致界面分层而开裂;固–固、固–半固、固–液热处理后,金属间化合物层由均匀层和两相层组成,均匀层的物相组成为Fe_(2)A_(15),两相层的物相组成为Fe_(4)Al_(13)和Al_(13)Cr_(2),且两相层具有韧性特征,固–半固反应所得到的复合板的综合力学性能最佳。