Development of window opening models for residential building in hot summer and cold winter climate zone of China

This study monitors the open/closed states of the windows in 16 residential apartments in representative cities of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China,along with outdoor air temperature,outdoor relative humidity and outdoor PM2.5 concentration in 2017,to investigate the window opening/closing behavior.Three window opening models are developed.All the models are validated by modeling a typical residential apartment to compare the predicted indoor CO_(2)concentration with monitored data.It is found that the window opening probability is negatively correlated to both outdoor PM2.5 concentration and outdoor relative humidity,and the probability of window opening reaches the peak value when the outdoor air temperature is 23.7℃.In terms of season,the shortest window opening duration occurs in winter due to the cold outdoor air temperature and high outdoor PM2.5 concentration.Finally,by comparing the correlation between the measured date and simulation results of indoor CO_(2)concentration,this study provides an appropriate window opening model for reference.

Ventilated Double Skin Facades in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zones in China

Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

The Theoretically Studies and Field Testing of Self-Insulation Exterior Wall in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

The energy efficiency design of the exterior wall in the buildings of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China should consider the heat prevention in summer and the heat insulation in winter. The self-insulation of the exterior?wall is a more feasible design to satisfy the energy efficiency of buildings in the?zone. However, the systematic research is urgently needed for the self-insulation of the exterior wall in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China. The paper tested the thermal performance of the common non-clay materials such as shale sintered hollow brick, sand autoclaved aerated concrete block, etc. by means of indoor experiments. The energy efficiency effect of the common materials was verified using dynamic calculation soft PKPM and several constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge were simulated, too. Besides, the tests of the thermal performance of exterior wall in real constructions were carried out to testify the practical effect of the recommended constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge. The conclusions are: the physical and thermal properties of the six non-clay wall material are better than the clay porous brick;the thermal performance of the non-clay brick can be improved obviously through the rational arrangement of the holes;shale sintered hollow brick after increasing the holes and rationalizing the hole arrangement and sand autoclaved aerated concrete block are recommended for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter area of China. The dynamic calculation results show that the thermal performances?of the non-clay materials are all satisfied with the energy efficiency;The heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall with composition?③,?in which?the main wall was sand autoclaved aerated concrete block and the material on the heat bridge was sand autoclaved aerated concrete plate, is the smallest among the three recommended compositions.

Research on Passive Design Optimization about an Experimental Rural Residence in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region of China

In China, rural residential environment under the poor construction measures has not been satisfactory due to the backward infrastructure of countryside and the lacking of professional planning, which will result in considerable amount of energy consumption in the future. The economy of rural residences in the hot summer and cold winter region of China is relative developed, but the indoor thermal environmental quality is not so good. In this paper, the design strategies directed by passive design ideas for a small experimental rural residential building located in Hangzhou city was introduced and researched in response to hot summer and cold winter climate. Through modeling solution undertaken by Ecotect software, the building performance was simulated and analyzed for the optimization of design factors, such as shape, roof angle, insulation system, shading devices, as well as day-lighting system. Based on the above study, a set of appropriate energy-saving technologies were provided for improving the new rural residences construction in Hangzhou, which should also be recommended to other projects constructed in the same climate region.

Research on the Development of Green Building Technology in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area under the Background of Carbon Neutrality:A Case Study of Zhuzhou City

Carbon sequestration and emission reduction in the construction industry plays an important role in China’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Research in Zhuzhou city scored 42 since the assessment of the green building project situation as the research object,in hot summer and cold winter areas of analysis and evaluation on the development of green building technology,and then sums up the carbon neutral background the priority areas and tasks for the development of green building techniques,optimization of the construction industry into a new era under the background of green development to provide the reference.

The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21.Additionally,the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific(WNP).Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific,Indian,and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall in China,but the Atlantic and Indian Oceans seem to have played dominant roles.Enhancement and movement of the Siberian High caused a wavier pattern in the jet stream that allowed cold polar air to reach southward,inducing cold surges in China.Large vertical wind shear and low humidity in the WNP were responsible for fewer typhoons in the first half of the typhoon season.Although it is known that global warming can increase the frequency of extreme weather and climate events,its influences on individual events still need to be quantified.Additionally,the extreme cold surge during 16–18 February 2021 in the United States shares similar mechanisms with the winter 2020/21 extreme cold surges in China.

Recent Progress in Studies of the Variabilities and Mechanisms of the East Asian Monsoon in a Changing Climate

Located in a monsoon domain,East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM)research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising.Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper,focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM,such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea,the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM,or the transitional climate zone in East Asia,and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages.In addition,understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects,including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM,the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes.Finally,some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.

夏热冬冷气候下太阳能住宅装配式设计实践

为推动我国村镇领域技术创新,建设绿色宜居村镇环境,针对夏热冬冷地区住宅的太阳能利用,从材料到构造,到建筑设计层面,完成与其配合的一体化技术设计策略研究及节能策略的应用探索。借助国际太阳能竞赛的契机,从前期设计的策略选取到后期项目的完成结果,总结实践经验,对比预期和实践的差距及原因。结果表明,前期平面、结构、材料、构造等都满足了对于太阳能利用技术的一体化设计,同时考虑了自然采光、隔热、遮阳等策略的应用,以减少能量损耗,取得了相应的效果,并对未达到预期效果的原因作出评判。

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑辐射型反射隔热涂料节能设计方法研究

辐射型反射隔热涂料在夏热冬冷地区居住建筑中的应用案例越来越多,其节能设计方法备受关注。等效热阻法是目前反射隔热涂料热工设计的标准方法,但相关文献研究指出,涂覆于非透明材料上的隔热涂料应采用太阳光直接反射比作为隔热评价指标,不宜用等效热阻来评价。通过上海某6层住宅建筑探讨了夏热冬冷地区居住建筑外墙采用辐射型反射隔热涂料的节能效果及其传热系数、太阳辐射吸收系数和表面发射率之间的关系,对比分析了采用参数直接计算与等效热阻法计算能耗结果,结果表明:1)辐射型反射隔热涂料隔热机理与反射隔热涂料差异明显;2)辐射型反射隔热涂料节能效果不适宜采用等效热阻法进行节能效果评价;3)辐射型反射隔热涂料墙体冬季保温热阻设计应充分考虑其对墙体温度的负面影响。

夏热冬冷地区住宅浴室热湿环境与洗浴行为研究

对上海地区住宅浴室热湿环境进行了实地测量,分析了浴室热湿环境特征,并通过网络问卷调研了典型人群的洗浴行为。结果表明:浴室热湿环境受洗浴行为影响明显,淋浴开始后空气温度迅速升高,相对湿度接近饱和状态,淋浴结束后相对湿度需要较长时间才能恢复至初始状态,与常规居家场景相比,洗浴过程中的浴室热湿环境偏离常规热舒适区;夏热冬冷地区居民洗浴行为受季节影响明显,淋浴水温冬季偏暖(43.3℃左右)、夏季偏凉(一般36~40℃);洗浴频次以1天1次或2天1次为主;洗浴时长夏季多为5~10 min、冬季多为10~20 min。本文还探讨了浴室环境改善措施和浴室热舒适的特殊性。

基于个人舒适系统杭州住宅冬季热舒适与能耗

为揭示该地区个人舒适系统(PCS)作用下的居民冬季热舒适特征和供暖能耗需求,以杭州市为对象,采用问卷调研和入户现场实测的方式得出冬季住宅开窗、遮阳、使用空调和PCS等典型热环境组合调节模式以及典型供暖模式和居民活动状态组合下的热舒适特征;在此基础上模拟得到冬季室内热舒适和供暖能耗特征。结果表明,冬季“无设备+静坐”、“空调+静坐”、“PCS+静坐”、“无设备+家务劳动”、“空调+家务劳动”、“PCS+家务劳动”等6种工况下的冬季中性温度分别是17.3、18.8、16.4、15.7、15.7、13.9℃,舒适温度区间分别是14.3~20.3℃、17.1~20.5℃、14.4~18.4℃、13.7~17.8℃、13.3~18.1℃、11.0~16.9℃。冬季室内热舒适水平受热环境调节模式影响较大,客厅在室舒适时间占比在43.74%~80.21%之间,卧室在室舒适时间占比均为70%以上。使用空调与PCS供暖时,典型建筑在冬初冬末的供暖能耗强度是1.28 kWh·m^(-2),在严冬的供暖能耗强度是13.06 kWh·m^(-2)。

基于街区小气候环境冬夏协同优化的城市绿地生态网络精准修复

越来越多城市绿地生态网络建设进入存量更新和结构性优化并存发展的阶段,生态安全优先基础上如何进一步提升城市绿地生态网络的多种生态系统服务功能是当前风景园林实践研究的重要议题。应对全球气候变化、极端天气多发导致的人居环境宜居性下降问题,目前基于气候适应的城市绿地生态网络规划关注促进自然通风以缓解夏季热岛效应,尚忽视了其冬季可能带来的负效应。从气候调节视角切入,探讨城市绿地生态网络在协同冬夏季小气候环境中的低效空间识别与精准修复技术方法。以江苏省昆山市密集城区的189个街区单元为研究对象,通过遥感反演的方法对其冬、夏季小气候环境进行分析,聚类获得7类小气候特征街区。之后,叠加现状绿地生态网络与计算流体力学模拟风环境结果,提取现状适于通风的生态廊道,从宽度、方向、类型等方面分析其潜在通风效能,耦合街区冬夏小气候环境特征,识别研判现状绿地生态网络在冬夏温湿环境调节上存在的低效问题,并提出冬夏协同的精准修复策略,为优化人居环境宜居性、提升城市绿地生态网络生态系统服务综合效能提供技术参考。

夏热冬冷地区大型交通建筑条形天窗天然采光优化设计研究

随着我国城镇化不断深入,大型交通建筑的建设需求日益增长。因其立面有限而平面巨大,故主要依赖天窗实现大进深平面的天然采光。因结构构造简化需求,常忽视日照条件差异,照搬相似的一列多排式条形平天窗分布形式,且忽略各类遮阳措施的设置,常易因局部采光不足或眩光导致整体采光不均。夏热冬冷地区作为冬夏两季太阳高度角差异较大的典型地域代表,其对两季天窗采光的优化需求常互相掣肘,该地区大型交通建筑采光与遮阳综合控制故而更为复杂,对其条形天窗与遮阳设计也具有更高的要求。针对上述关键科学问题,选取杭州市某大型铁路客站典型案例开展采光物理实测,总结出该气候区条形天窗分布下此类建筑实际采光问题,并基于大型交通建筑典型模型,围绕天窗与遮阳形式关键变量,通过Rhino平台的Ladybug+Honeybee工具完成了全年动态光环境模拟。结果表明:在夏热冬冷地区,大型铁路客站即使采用常见的条形天窗采光方式,仍可能存在局部照度不足和整体采光均匀度较低的问题,候车厅中央天窗正下方区域常因出现太阳光直射过量导致较大的眩光风险,其照度远大于仍有采光不足风险的天窗外围下方区域。为改善这一现象,应在适度窗地比范围内首先保证适中偏高的天窗宽度,并匹配适中偏大的天窗长度与数量,而尽量避免所有较小的天窗宽度、长度与数量。当天窗窗地比较小时,可采取较大的横向遮阳高度、适中的竖向遮阳角度(正南向)与偏少的竖向遮阳数量;而天窗窗地比较大时则相反,以保证在尽量不降低采光均匀度的前提下最大化采光强度,以实现整体均衡的光环境表现。

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑空调系统需求响应潜力的影响因素量化分析

近年来建筑空调系统的用电负荷在电网总负荷中的占比不断增大,如何高效推动建筑空调系统积极参与电力需求响应,对实现“削峰填谷”、提高电力系统灵活性、保障电网安全稳定运行具有重要意义。建筑空调系统需求响应潜力的科学评估是实现空调负荷柔性调控的基础,难点在于多因素耦合影响,量化评估难。以夏热冬冷地区某办公建筑为例,基于EnergyPlus软件模拟,通过控制变量法对影响建筑空调系统需求响应潜力的4种因素(室外天气、建筑围护结构性能、空调系统性能、需求响应策略)进行敏感性分析。结果表明,建筑围护结构性能变化对空调系统需求响应潜力影响较小,而其他3种因素影响较大。其中,当夏季室外空气焓值由70~75 kJ/kg上升至85~90 kJ/kg时,空调系统参与需求响应的峰值负荷削减量(即需求响应潜力)由13.01 W/m^(2)提升至17.54 W/m^(2)(增大35%);当多联机系统COP由4.0降低至2.5时,需求响应潜力由19.51 W/m^(2)提升至31.21 W/m^(2)(增大60%);当水冷式空调系统COP由6.0降低至3.0时,需求响应潜力由11.60 W/m^(2)提升至23.20 W/m^(2)(增大100%);当需求响应策略由室温设定值上升2℃变为上升4℃时,需求响应潜力由10.74 W/m^(2)提升至17.28 W/m^(2)(增大61%)。

夏热冬冷地区空调冷热源配置的多目标优化

为实现“双碳”背景下清零建筑直接碳排放的目标,夏热冬冷地区建筑空调冷热源越来越多地采用空气源热泵加水冷式冷水机组的复合架构。其中,空气源热泵冬季供热,夏季与水冷式机组共同供冷。由于空气源热泵供冷能效较低,提高水冷式机组容量配置,尽可能使之分担更多的冷负荷,有利于降低系统供冷能耗,但系统投资也将随之上升。因此,有必要研究复合架构下空调冷热源配置的综合优化方法。利用层次分析法,计算空调冷热源系统的节能性、环保性、经济性、节材性等不同目标维度的权重,建立空调冷热源的综合优化目标函数。设计空调冷热源配置的优化流程,并以上海某办公建筑为例进行分析。结果表明,随着水冷机组容量的增加,空调冷热源系统的全年能耗降低,耗材生产能耗、折算年费上升,而碳排放呈先降后升的规律。多目标优化方法可以更好地实现各项指标之间的平衡,为相关研究及实际项目决策提供参考。

夏热冬冷地区动态传热保温设计室外典型气象参数确定方法

GB50176-2016《民用建筑热工设计规范》中围护结构外墙保温设计采用稳态方法,但夏热冬冷地区由于特有的建筑运行模式,使外墙传热方向发生逆转,故稳态方法难以满足冬季室内热环境水平提升的实际需求。提出一种基于动态传热的冬季外墙保温设计室外计算温度确定方法,探究室外干球温度和太阳辐射逐时波动的最不利组合,将保温设计的目标由“日”提升到“时”。基于典型城市2007-2017年逐时气象数据,以外墙内表面温度的累计不保证天数作为热工设计指标,将累计不保证天数恰好不为0(指各朝向外墙内表面温度低于室内基本热舒适条件下所能允许温差的天数)时作为典型日挑选的依据,并将典型日出现频率最高的日期作为室外计算温度选取的依据,获得冬季保温设计典型日,并获得了典型日计算时长的影响。可为夏热冬冷地区围护结构外墙保温设计室外计算参数的挑选提供理论支撑。

基于GIOWA算子的夏热冬冷地区装配式钢结构墙体保温优化方案比选

随着建筑节能技术的不断进步,复合墙体保温系统也不断创新,复合墙体保温系统从大的方面来看,可以划分为外墙外保温系统,外墙内保温系统等,为响应国家大力发展建筑业的呼吁,其在实际应用中的适用性需要进一步研究,将优化后的装配式钢结构节能方案与未做保温方案进行适用性综合评价,结果表示对装配式钢结构复合墙体进行节能优化设计很有必要。选择GIOWA算子作为适用性评价建模方法,选定环境影响性、安全防火性、节能性、经济性、市场接受程度和墙体厚度作为外墙适用性综合评价因素,以我国夏热冬冷地区4个典型城市(重庆,徐州,南昌,遵义)为研究对象,进行方案比选,研究其在不同城市的方案适用性。结果表明:重庆地区想要选择降低能耗并且兼具经济性的方案为挤塑聚苯板作为保温材料的方案三,徐州、南昌、遵义地区想要选择降低能耗并且兼具经济性的方案为玻化微珠无机保温板作为保温材料的方案四。

架空层形式对围合型实验楼自然通风影响研究

以杭州地区单侧架空的围合型实验楼为研究对象,通过实地调研获取典型模型,并应用CFD技术模拟室内自然通风情况,同时通过实验验证模拟的准确性。在此基础上,以不同来流风向与底层架空层的相对位置作为变量,模拟了不同来流风向下室内风场的变化情况,以获得最佳室内风环境的来流风向。结果表明,底层单侧架空的围合型实验楼在各风向角下均符合GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》;各房间的通风状况随通风角度的变化而发生变化,当来流风向角度与法线夹角为120°~240°时,越靠近来流风方向的房间,通风效果越佳。研究结果可为实验楼室内风环境的优化设计提供理论依据。

夏热冬冷地区养老院老年人冬季室外热舒适性探究

养老院室外空间是机构养老人群的主要室外活动场所,室外空间的热舒适性对老年人身心健康具有重要影响。为营造健康、舒适的室外热环境,文章以上海Q养老院为例,通过对养老院室外热环境实测和老年人室外热舒适问卷调查,分析老年人室外热舒适与热感觉关系,研究热环境因素对老年人冬季室外热舒适的影响,从热中性生理等效温度、热中性生理等效温度范围、满足90%热可接受率的生理等效温度范围和热偏好生理等效温度等4个方面,确定老年人冬季热舒适性评价基准;最后基于研究结果,从自然环境和建筑环境两方面提出养老院冬季室外热环境优化设计建议,为夏热冬冷地区养老院室外热环境改善提供参考。