Preparation and Characterization of Hg_(0.8)Cd_(0.2)Te Epilayers Grown by Hot Wall MOCVD

Hg_(1-x)Cd_xTe(CMT)epilayers with corresponding wavelength of 10.6μm(x=0.2)were reproducibly grown on GaAs substrates in a movable hot wall MOCVD reactor.Rather high uniformity of solid compo- sitions was obtained.X-ray diffraction,TEM,DCXD,FTIR and Van der Pauw technique were employed to determine the crystalline,optical and electrical properties of CMT epilayers,which are effectively im- proved as compared with the previous data.

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for Stress Evaluation of 3C-SiC Epitaxially Grown on Si Substrate by Hot Wall CVD

A series of cubic SiC single crystals were heteroepitaxially grown by the hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a HMDS-C3H8-H2 system on 2 inch silicon substrates with the orientations of (100), (111), (110) and (211), respectively. Even though an initial carbonization was carried out to reduce the large lattice mismatch, residual stress could not be completely relieved, partly also due to the difference of their thermal expansion coefficients. Raman scattering studies for the specimens were performed to estimate the internal stress in the SiC epilayer and the substrate. Raman spectra were mapped out on the sample surface as well as on the cross section using an automated x-y stage with a spatial resolution capable of 100 nm. For all the samples, two Raman peaks corresponding to the transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes were observed, even though the intensity varied with the polarization configurations. In the SiC epilayers, tensile stresses decrease away from the interface, while compressive stresses exist in the substrate, with the magnitudes dependent on the growth orientation. The lattice strains were discussed in terms of the elastic deformation theory for the comparison.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Microstructural Evolution During Compact Hot Extrusion of Heavy Caliber Thick-Wall Pipe

Compact hot extrusion(CHE) process of heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is a new material-saving production process. In order to reveal the optimum hot extrusion parameters in CHE process, the e ects of the extrusion parameters on the microstructural evolution are investigated systematically. The metadynamic recrystallization(MDRX) kinetic models and grain size models of as-cast P91 steel are established for the first time according to the hot compression tests performed on the Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulation machine. Then a thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled hot extrusion finite element(FE) model is established and further developed in DEFORM software. The results indicated that the grain size of the extruded pipe increases with the increasing of initial temperature and extrusion speed, decreases when extrusion ratio increases. Moreover, the grain size is more sensitive to the initial temperature and the extrusion ratio. The optimum hot extrusion parameters are including that, the initial extrusion temperature of 1250 °C, the extrusion ratio of 9 and the extrusion speed of 50 mm/s. Furthermore, in order to verify the simulation precisions, hot extrusion experiment verification on the heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is carried out on the 500 MN vertical hot extrusion equipment. The load–displacement curve of the extrusion process and the grain sizes of the middle part extruded pipe are in good accuracy with the simulation results, which confirms that the hot extrusion FE models of as-cast P91 steel could estimate the hot extrusion behaviors. The proposed hot extrusion FE model can be used to guide the industrial production research of CHE process.

An improved wall shear stress measurement technique using sandwiched hot-film sensors

In this letter we present a novel wall shear stress measurement technique for a turbulent boundary layer using sandwiched hot-film sensors. Under certain conditions, satisfactory results can be obtained using only the heat generated by one of the hot-film and a calibration of the sensors is not required. Two thin Nickel films with the same size were used in this study, separated by an electrical insulating layer. The upper film served as a sensor and the bottom one served as a guard heater. The two Nickel films were operated at a same temperature, so that the Joule heat flux generated by the sensor film transferred to the air with a minimum loss or gain depending on the uncertainties in the film temperature measurements. Analytical solution of the shear stress based on the aforementioned heat flux was obtained. The preliminary results were promising and the estimated wall shear stresses agreed reasonablywell with the directly measured values （with errors less than 20%） in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow. The proposed technique can be improved to further increase precisions.

STUDY ON LOCATION OF HOT SPOT AT TUBE WALL FOR FIRED CYLINDRICAL FURNACE COMBUSTION

Based on the analysis of heat radiation intensity from flame, a new mathematical model ofthe tube-wall temperatmp of heated tubes is developed by taking down-fired, upright-tube cylindricalfurnace for example. The proposed mathematical model can be employed to indicate both the positionand size of the hot spot at fire-facing wall of heated tube of combustion chamber, and is characteristicof simplicity and efficiency If coupled with thermoelectric couple or infrared viewer, the presentedlocation method of combustion hot spot can offer engineers very valuable proposal to keep furnacerunning more safely The same is true for any other type of tubular furnaces.

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

Automatic girth welding and performance evaluation of the joints of hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness

During the process of laying long-distance oil and gas transmission pipelines, the hot-induction-bend method is extensively used when the direction has to be changed. By considering the pipeline＇ s ongoing processing and loading states during service, the pipeline that is generally used exhibits thicker walls than those that are observed in the line pipe. As such, during pipeline construction, hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness are girth-welded. The chemical composition of hot-induction-bend and line pipes differs, with the carbon content being particularly higher in the hot-induction-bend pipe;it also depicts a higher carbon equivalent, which makes it possible to modify the girth of the pipe. In this study, using Baosteel＇ s standard X70M UOE hot- induction-bend and line pipes, solid-wire automatic gas-metal-arc girth welding was performed and the performance of the girth-welded joint was evaluated. Furthermore,the weldability of the pipeline girth and the microstructure of the girth-welded joint were analyzed. The results reveal that Baosteel＇ s standard UOE hot-induction-bend and line pipes exhibit good girth weldability, and their technical quality can be guaranteed in case of consumer field- construction applications.

钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形技术进展

为了解决钛合金薄壁构件热成形效率低、成本高、组织性能控制难度大等问题,近年来钛合金冷模热冲压成形技术受到关注。在该新技术中利用室温模具对加热后的钛合金板材进行快速冲压成形和模内快速冷却,由于取消了模具加热,可以变革性地提高钛合金薄壁构件成形效率、降低成本。然而,与传统等温成形不同,在冷模热冲压成形过程中,钛合金板材温度不断下降,这对钛合金成形极限、回弹及组织性能等的控制提出了全新的挑战。分析了钛合金薄壁构件冷模热冲压成形技术特点及存在的问题,归纳了快速加热对钛合金组织性能的影响规律,综述了钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形工艺进展,最后对该技术未来的发展方向进行了展望。

The Theoretically Studies and Field Testing of Self-Insulation Exterior Wall in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

The energy efficiency design of the exterior wall in the buildings of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China should consider the heat prevention in summer and the heat insulation in winter. The self-insulation of the exterior?wall is a more feasible design to satisfy the energy efficiency of buildings in the?zone. However, the systematic research is urgently needed for the self-insulation of the exterior wall in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China. The paper tested the thermal performance of the common non-clay materials such as shale sintered hollow brick, sand autoclaved aerated concrete block, etc. by means of indoor experiments. The energy efficiency effect of the common materials was verified using dynamic calculation soft PKPM and several constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge were simulated, too. Besides, the tests of the thermal performance of exterior wall in real constructions were carried out to testify the practical effect of the recommended constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge. The conclusions are: the physical and thermal properties of the six non-clay wall material are better than the clay porous brick;the thermal performance of the non-clay brick can be improved obviously through the rational arrangement of the holes;shale sintered hollow brick after increasing the holes and rationalizing the hole arrangement and sand autoclaved aerated concrete block are recommended for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter area of China. The dynamic calculation results show that the thermal performances?of the non-clay materials are all satisfied with the energy efficiency;The heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall with composition?③,?in which?the main wall was sand autoclaved aerated concrete block and the material on the heat bridge was sand autoclaved aerated concrete plate, is the smallest among the three recommended compositions.

Ni/Al叠层薄壁筒形构件热态气压成形工艺

NiAl基合金性能优异,具有成为下一代高温结构材料的潜力。然而,难变形NiAl基合金薄壁筒形构件的成形是阻碍其应用的主要难题。本文基于叠层材料的成形-反应制备工艺,以Ni、Al箔材为原料,首先制备了Ni/Al叠层圆柱筒坯,而后完成了Ni/Al叠层圆柱筒坯两端扩口密封,获得了质量良好、微观组织优异的扩口叠层圆柱筒坯。最终采用热态气压成形方法,制备了Ni/Al叠层圆-方变截面薄壁构件,为Ni/Al叠层薄壁复杂异形构件的成形提供了参考。

激光定向能量沉积DD405单晶高温合金的裂纹形成机制研究

采用激光定向能量沉积技术制备了第二代单晶高温合金DD405薄壁结构,通过试验和理论相结合的手段对单晶高温合金在激光定向能量沉积过程中的热裂纹形成机制进行分析和探究。结果表明,热裂纹的形成是由应力集中、液膜稳定性和碳化物析出相3个因素所决定的。由于激光定向能量沉积过程的逐层叠加,残余应力随着沉积高度递增,因此沉积区存在高水平的残余拉应力。沉积区的晶界处会出现显著的应力集中,液膜在两侧拉应力作用下发生撕裂导致裂纹萌生。液膜稳定性与相邻晶粒间的晶界角度密切相关,当大角晶界大于40°时,会在拉应力的驱动下形成热裂纹。MC型碳化物析出相通过“钉扎作用”抑制液相补缩及弱化与基体之间结合强度等作用进一步促进了热裂纹形成。

热牙胶法和单尖法充填中携热器对根管外壁温度及内壁形态影响的比较观察

目的:观察比较热牙胶充填法和单尖充填法在根管充填过程中携热器对牙根的影响。方法:选取新鲜拔除的42个单根管前磨牙,常规根管预备至35/.04#,随机选取40个平均分成4组。调节携热器温度模拟热牙胶法烫断牙胶(A组:160℃,B组:180℃,C组:200℃),D组:200℃模拟单尖法烫断牙胶。红外热成像仪分别测量牙根上部(釉牙骨质界下方2 mm)、中部(牙根长度1/2)和下部(根尖孔上3 mm)表面的温度变化。剩余2个牙作为扫描电镜观察根管内壁的空白对照组。结果:热牙胶充填法截断牙胶时产生的热量远高于单尖法,根中部是此过程中升温最高的部位,且在携热器温度超过180℃时表面温度升高可超过10℃。结论:单尖法行根管充填过程中牙根表面温度变化较小;热牙胶法行根管充填时,携热器温度高于180℃即可能会对牙根及根周组织产生热损伤,建议降低操作温度,减少加热时间。

17 kt/a烷基化废酸裂解再生制酸装置技术升级改造探讨

介绍了17 kt/a烷基化废酸裂解再生制酸装置技术升级改造方案。废酸裂解炉采用热壁设计,增设外保温,控制废酸裂解炉外壁温度高于裂解工艺气露点(不低于250℃),并低于裂解炉壳体外壁金属材料允许使用温度。裂解工序换热流程调整,避免冷空气预热器露点腐蚀,延长冷空气预热器使用寿命。热空气预热器和冷空气预热器增加清灰快开口,实现在线运行清灰,可避免装置需要定期停车清理换热器,实现装置的长周期运行。采用单效蒸发将净化工序产生的稀硫酸浓缩至w(H2SO4)50%以上,浓缩后的稀硫酸返回裂解炉再生。

复杂交错格栅的滤芯托架热流道注塑模具设计

针对复杂交错薄壁格栅的滤芯托架在注塑成型时极易造成困气和脱模时易变形的问题,设计了点浇口二板式热流道注塑模具。首先,对滤芯托架进行结构设计和材料成分分析,基于CAE技术,考虑复杂结构形式及注塑机吨位选择因素,确定了最佳浇口位置;其次,考虑冷却+填充+保压+翘曲过程,分析了流动前沿温度与气穴现象,通过局部结构设计和排气方式增加配合间隙,有效解决排气问题。高效的冷却回路设计缩短了冷却时间,提高了生产效率。巧妙地设计了顶出机构,七个推件块有差别布置,同时中间位置也设计了顶出机构,在顶出时保持方向一致性,解决了交错薄壁格栅结构复杂和表面积大带来的翘曲量大和体积收缩大的问题。在注塑机上开展模具工作试模,采用最优拉丁超立方方法采样工艺参数数据,依次输入注塑机面板内,寻优后得到最优工艺参数。生产实践证明,该模具结构合理,工作过程稳定可靠,可为具有交错薄壁格栅结构特征的相似结构的产品注塑模具设计提供重要参考。

薄壁直桶容器热流道注射模设计

以某薄壁直桶容器为研究对象,设计了1副1模4腔的全热流道注射模。该直桶结构复杂,其底部和口底都有倒扣,且直桶口部还有倒扣卡槽,本模具设计通过二次分型和四次顶出,采用前模气缸推板、后模多次顶出与强脱、气顶等方式相结合实现产品脱模。模具采用针阀式热流道进胶,能有效提高产品质量和效率,降低了注塑成本。实践证明,该模具结构设计合理,运行可靠,注塑制品能满足生产要求。模具可为同类塑料件的注塑生产提供有益借鉴。

死料柱状态对炉缸铁水环流及侧壁剪切应力的影响

采用数值模拟方法对不同死料柱状态下炉缸内的铁水流动特征进行解析,研究了死料柱的空隙度、中心恶化程度及位置对铁水环流及炉缸侧壁剪切应力分布的影响.结果表明:不同死料柱状态下,高炉炉缸侧壁的最大剪切应力均位于铁口平面下方1.5 m附近,铁口平面下方0°~20°的周向区域内炉缸侧壁剪切应力较大;当死料柱空隙度由0.2增至0.4时,炉缸侧壁最大剪切应力由9.045 mPa降至6.530 mPa,死料柱空隙度的增加可有效增大铁水在炉缸内的流动空间,减缓铁水环流对侧壁的冲刷侵蚀;当死料柱中心恶化区域占比由0.7增至0.9时,炉缸侧壁最大剪切应力由9.492 mPa增至22.02 mPa,铁水环流对侧壁的冲刷侵蚀加重;此外,死料柱浮起对减缓炉缸侧壁剪切应力无显著影响.因此,改善高炉原料和操作条件,提高死料柱空隙度和中心透液性,均能有效减缓铁水环流对炉缸侧壁的冲刷侵蚀,延长高炉寿命.

夏热冬冷地区建筑墙体霉菌滋生风险研究

建筑墙体霉菌的滋生不仅影响建筑整体美观性,还会引发室内人员呼吸道疾病和过敏症状。不同气候地区影响霉菌滋生的因素存在较大差异。本文对湖南省湘潭市某高校新建实验室墙体内表面温度和相对湿度进行连续监测,利用WUFI-Bio软件进行数据分析,评估墙体霉菌滋生风险。结果显示:当墙体内表面相对湿度高于70%时,霉菌滋生风险较大;当墙体内表面相对湿度低于70%时,霉菌滋生受温度的影响增加;当墙体内表面相对湿度低于60%时,霉菌滋生风险较低。即6月至8月中旬,被测墙体霉菌滋生风险较高。本结果可为减少建筑墙体霉菌危害,改善室内热湿环境提供一定参考。

5E61铝合金壁板型材挤压过程的模拟和试验研究

为研究5E61铝合金壁板型材挤压过程变形的规律,本文通过热模拟压缩试验建立了5E61铝合金本构模型,确定了动态再结晶动力学模型中的相关参数。研究结果表明,模具结构和挤压工艺共同决定了热挤压成形过程中金属的变形,其中模具结构对型材挤出速度场的影响最大,挤压工艺影响不明显,模具结构对型材截面的组织影响较小,型材挤出温度场和应变场共同决定型材截面组织的演变;模具温度和挤出速度对料头形状、型材截面温度场及动态再结晶体积分数的影响最大,挤压筒的影响次之,铸锭温度的影响最小。

基于GIOWA算子的夏热冬冷地区装配式钢结构墙体保温优化方案比选

随着建筑节能技术的不断进步,复合墙体保温系统也不断创新,复合墙体保温系统从大的方面来看,可以划分为外墙外保温系统,外墙内保温系统等,为响应国家大力发展建筑业的呼吁,其在实际应用中的适用性需要进一步研究,将优化后的装配式钢结构节能方案与未做保温方案进行适用性综合评价,结果表示对装配式钢结构复合墙体进行节能优化设计很有必要。选择GIOWA算子作为适用性评价建模方法,选定环境影响性、安全防火性、节能性、经济性、市场接受程度和墙体厚度作为外墙适用性综合评价因素,以我国夏热冬冷地区4个典型城市(重庆,徐州,南昌,遵义)为研究对象,进行方案比选,研究其在不同城市的方案适用性。结果表明:重庆地区想要选择降低能耗并且兼具经济性的方案为挤塑聚苯板作为保温材料的方案三,徐州、南昌、遵义地区想要选择降低能耗并且兼具经济性的方案为玻化微珠无机保温板作为保温材料的方案四。

某型船用柴油机缸盖铸造缺陷分析及解决方法

目前对于厚大球墨铸件的缩松缺陷研究较多,但缺乏对薄壁处缩松缺陷的研究,特别是复杂架构铸件薄壁缩松缺陷。针对本公司某型船用缸盖进排气筒缩松缺陷和弹簧座面夹渣问题,进行缺陷原因分析,并采取相应的措施进行工艺优化:①通过改进排气孔的冷铁工艺来消除孤立热节;②在弹簧座面增加加工余量,使得渣子充分上浮从而全部机加去除。通过后续机加结果表明,工艺改进后的缸盖缺陷全部消除,质量得到有效提升,合格率由50%提升至93%。