Magnetite-Fluorite Rock:A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation

The new type hot water sedimentary rock -- magnetite-fluorite rock occurs as quasi-layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite＋magnetite＋cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123℃-160℃, averaging at 142℃. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high-content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low （∑REE between 35.34×10^-6-38.35×10^-6）, showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis： driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub-horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well-known traditional hydrothermai sedimentary rocks.

Application of Cooling Water in Controlled Runout Table Cooling on Hot Strip Mill

The controlled runout table cooling is essential in determining the final mechanical properties and flatness of steel strip.The heat of a hot steel strip is mainly extracted by cooling water during runout.In order to study the heat transfer by water jet impingement boiling during runout,apilot facility was constructed at the University of British Columbia.On this pilot facility,the water jet impingement tests were carried out under various cooling conditions to investigate the effect of processing parameters,such as cooling water temperature,water jet impingement velocity,initial strip temperature,water flow rate,water nozzle diameter and array of water nozzles,on the heat transfer of heated strip.The results obtained contribute to the optimization of cooling water during runout.

IMPACT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS IN DRY-HOT VALLEY OF JINSHA RIVER ON SOIL DESERTIFICATION

Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｏｃｉａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ，ｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓｈａｄｔｏｐａｙｍｕｃｈａｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｃｒｉｓｉｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｓｔｏｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｃｒｉｓｉｓ．Ｗａｔｅｒｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙａｎｄｄｅｓｅｒ...

Flexibility Prediction of Aggregated Electric Vehicles and Domestic Hot Water Systems in Smart Grids

With the growth of intermittent renewable energy generation in power grids,there is an increasing demand for controllable resources to be deployed to guarantee power quality and frequency stability.The flexibility of demand response(DR)resources has become a valuable solution to this problem.However,existing research indicates that problems on flexibility prediction of DR resources have not been investigated.This study applied the temporal convolution network(TCN)-combined transformer,a deep learning technique to predict the aggregated flexibility of two types of DR resources,that is,electric vehicles(EVs)and domestic hot water system(DHWS).The prediction uses historical power consumption data of these DR resources and DR signals(DSs)to facilitate prediction.The prediction can generate the size and maintenance time of the aggregated flexibility.The accuracy of the flexibility prediction results was verified through simulations of case studies.The simulation results show that under different maintenance times,the size of the flexibility changed.The proposed DR resource flexibility prediction method demonstrates its application in unlocking the demand-side flexibility to provide a reserve to grids.

Friction Behaviors of the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond Film under Ambient Air and Water Lubricating Conditions

The friction behavior of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition（HFCVD） diamond film plays a critical role on its applications in mechanical fields and largely depends on the environment. Studies on the tribological properties of HFCVD diamond films coated on Co-cemented tungsten carbide （WC-Co） substrates are rarely reported in available literatures, especially in the water lubricating conditions. In this paper, conventional microcrystalline diamond（MCD） and fine-grained diamond（FGD） films are deposited on WC-Co substrates and their friction properties are evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer, where they are brought to slide against ball-bearing steel and copper balls in dry and water lubricating conditions. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, atomic force microscopy（AFM）, surface profilometer and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to characterize as-deposited diamond films; SEM and energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） are used to investigate the worn region on the surfaces of both counterface balls and diamond films. The research results show that the friction coefficient of HFCVD diamond films always starts with a high initial value, and then gradually transits to a relative stable state. For a given counterface and a sliding condition, the FGD film presents lower stable friction coefficients by 0.02-0.03 than MCD film. The transferred materials adhered on sliding interface are supposed to have predominate effect on the friction behaviors of HFCVD diamond films. Furthermore, the effect of water lubricating on reducing friction coefficient is significant. For a given counterpart, the stable friction coefficients of MCD or FGD films reduce by about 0.07-0.08 while sliding in the water lubricating condition, relative to in dry sliding condition. This study is beneficial for widespread applications of HFCVD diamond coated mechanical components and adopting water lubricating system, replacing ofoil lubricating, in a variety of mechanical processing fields to implement the green production process.

Heating of heavy oil by circulating hot water in closed double casing in ultra-deep wells

In heavy oil production,the loss of energy to ambient surroundings decreases the temperature of the heavy oil flowing upwards in a vertical wellbore,which increases the oil viscosity and the oil may not flow normally in the wellbore.Therefore,it is necessary to lower the heavy oil viscosity by heating methods to allow it to be lifted easily.Heating of heavy oil in an oil well is achieved by circulating hot water in annuli in the well（tubing-casing annulus,casing-casing annulus）.In this paper,based on heat transfer principles and fluid flow theory,a model is developed for produced fluids and hot water flowing in a vertical wellbore.The temperature and pressure of produced fluids and hot water in the wellbore are calculated and the effect of hot water on heavy oil temperature is analyzed.Calculated results show that the hot water circulating in the annuli may effectively heat the heavy oil in the tubing,so as to significantly reduce both oil viscosity and resistance to oil flow.

Synergistic Influence of Pre-Harvest Calcium Sprays and Postharvest Hot Water Treatment on Fruit Firmness, Decay, Bitter Pit Incidence and Postharvest Quality of Royal Delicious Apples (<i>Malus x domestica</i>Borkh)

Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of pre-harvest calcium (Ca) applied as calcium chloride (1% W/V) and postharvest hot water treatment (HWT) on “Royal Delicious” apples. For this, apples were divided in 4 lots viz., untreated (neither Ca nor HWT), Ca alone (pre-harvest 3 sprays of CaCl2 (1.0% w/v) in the orchard), HWT (42℃ for 2 h). Apples of all four lots were stored in cold storage maintained at 0℃ ± 1℃ and 90% - 95% relative humidity for 6 months. After storage, fruits were removed to ambient conditions for 5 days, and then observations on decay area and incidence, bitter pit incidence, fruit Ca content, lipoxygenase (LOX) and antioxidant (AOX) activity, fruit firmness and fruit quality parameters were recorded. After 6 months in cold storage plus 5 day at 22℃ ± 2℃ and 70% + 4% RH, apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control). Ca + HWT treatment was significantly more effective on B. cinerea than P. expansum. Untreated apples exhibited higher incidence of bitter pit (18.2%) than those treated with Ca or HWT or both. Fruit Ca content (2.92% DM) were significantly lower and conversely the LOX activity (6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FW) was higher in untreated apples. Similarly, total phenolics and AOX activity were also lower in the untreated apples than Ca or HWT treated. HWT or Ca treated apples have beneficial effects on fruit firmness, peel colour and quality parameters like TSS and ascorbic acid content. Thus, it is concluded that pre-harvest sprays of calcium chloride with postharvest HWT is highly useful for “Royal Delicious” for reducing decay loss, maintaining firmness, high levels of antioxidants and fruit quality.

The Hot Water Oil Expulsion Technique for Geothermal Resources

With the rapid development of Chinese petroleum industry, Oil production way of burning crude oil to produce steam need change. Heavy oil reservoir with thin layer or edgewater is unsuitable thermal recovery, electric heating leads to considerable electrical consumption, low injection water temperature decreases reservoir temperature and increased crude oil viscosity. The prolonged temperature difference break up reservoir pore throat cement and framework minerals. To improve high-capacity channel communication, we proposed geothermal oil recovery. Broad-sense abundant geothermal resources and existing injection water technique equipment are used, deep-seated high temperature liquid (oil-gas-water mixture) draws geothermal warming flowing layer to transit heat upward, decreases viscidity and increases fluidity. Reservoir temperature different offer geothermal fountain. Practicability process is analyzed. statistics and reservoir temperature variation analysis of Gudong Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, we have designed flow-chart concept for geothermal oil recovery, suggested drilling multi-branch well in heavy oil reservoir as injection-well, at the same position of geothermal fountain well, using free-pressure pump to inject hot liquid directly to aimed oil layer, made oil recovery in surrounding wells. It is proposed that geothermal oil recovery forerunner test should be first conducted in favorable blocks.

Contribution to the Study of Hot Water Scaling Phenomenon in the South of Touristic Area in Agadir City

This work aims to study the phenomenon of scaling observed in the hot water pipelines in the southern seaside touristic installations of Agadir city. This phenomenon has led to the formation of solid deposits and adherents to the internal walls of the facilities of the hot water. This deposit is at the origin of several technical, economic and environmental problems. It causes a decrease in the lifetime of boilers and a reduction of thermal exchanges and consequently a decrease in the energy efficiency of heating systems. In the present study, the samples of scale have been carried out at different points of hot water pipelines. The characterization of different scale samples recovered was conducted by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), elemental analysis (CHNS-O), infrared spectrometry (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analytical results showed that scale samples collected on different sites in touristic hot water system are mostly formed by calcium carbonate. Thermodynamic conditions in the site were favourable to the aragonite variety formation.

Energy and exergy recovery from exhaust hot water using organic Rankine cycle and a retrofitted configuration

工业过程中广泛存在着余热水,依附于余热水的热量经常被忽略而排放到环境中,造成了热量的散失和环境的污染。有机朗肯循环是一项从低温热载体中回收热量的技术,本文利用有机朗肯循环回收依附于余热水的热量。为了考察余热水的热回收和(火用)回收效果,建立数学模型并进行参数研究。以R245fa、R113和R123为工质,模拟余热水驱动的有机朗肯循环系统的热效率和(火用)效率。结果表明,余热水温度和蒸发温度对余热水驱动的有机朗肯循环系统的热效率和(火用)效率影响较大。在一定的余热水参数下,有一个对应于最高(火用)效率的最佳蒸发温度。为了对低温余热水进行深度回收,建立了一个联合闪蒸与有机朗肯循环的改进结构。对于本研究中的120°C和0.2 MPa的余热水,当闪蒸压力为0.088 MPa时,闪蒸–有机朗肯联合循环系统的最大(火用)效率为45.91%。余热水驱动的闪蒸–有机朗肯联合循环系统的(火用)效率优于纯闪蒸系统和简单朗肯循环系统。

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Hot Water Extracts from 7 Different Sources of Ganoderma Lucidum

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of hot water extracts from 7 different sources of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom.[Methods] The in vitro antioxidant activity of hot water extracts from 7 different sources of G. lucidum was studied from total reducing capacity,scavenging of hydroxyl free radical( ·OH),superoxide anion( O_2^(2-)·),and DPPH free radical.[Results]Under the same concentration,hot water extracts wild G. lucidum in Maoer Mountain showed the strongest reducing capacity with the absorbency being 2. 48,the highest scavenging capacity of hydroxyl free radical( · OH) with the scavenging rate being 99. 46%,and the strongest scavenging ability of DPPH free radical with its scavenging rate being 96. 62%. The ability of scavenging superoxide anion free radical( O_2^(2-)·) ranked the third.[Conclusions]The hot water extracts from Maoer Mountain wild G. lucidum showed the highest antioxidant ability in three aspects,indicating that Maoer Mountain wild G. lucidum has high development potential.

Geochemical evaluation of low salinity hot water injection to enhance heavy oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs

Although low salinity water injection(LSWI) has recovered residual oil after the conventional waterflood, highly viscous oil has remained in heavy oil reservoirs. Hot water injection is an economic and practical method to improve oil mobility for viscous oil reservoirs. It potentially controls temperature-dependent geochemical reactions underlying the LSWI mechanism and oil viscosity. Therefore, this study has modeled and evaluated a hybrid process of low salinity hot water injection(hot LSWI) to quantify synergistic effects in heavy oil reservoirs. In comparison to seawater injection(SWI) and LSWI, hot LSWI results in more cation ion-exchange(Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+)) and more wettability modification. Hot LSWI also reduces oil viscosity. In core-scaled systems, it increases oil recovery by 21% and 6% over SWI and LSWI. In a pilotscaled reservoir, it produces additional oil by 6% and 3% over SWI and LSWI. Probabilistic forecasting with uncertainty assessment further evaluates the feasibility of hot LSWI to consider uncertainty in the pilot-scaled reservoir and observes enhanced heavy oil production. This study confirms the viability of hot LSWI due to synergistic effects including enhanced wettability modification and oil viscosity reduction effects.

Energy efficiency performance of multi-energy district heating and hot water supply system

A district heating and hot water supply system is presented which synthetically utilizes geothermal energy,solar thermal energy and natural gas thermal energy.The multi-energy utilization system has been set at the new campus of Tianjin Polytechnic University(TPU),A couple of deep geothermal wells which are 2 300 m in depth were dug,Deep geothermal energy cascade utilization is achieved by two stages of plate heat exchangers(PHE) and two stages of water source heat pumps(WSHP).Shallow geothermal energy is used in assistant heating by two ground coupled heat pumps(GCHPs) with 580 vertical ground wells which are 120 m in depth.Solar thermal energy collected by vacuum tube arrays(VTAs) and geothermal energy are complementarily utilized to make domestic hot water.Superfluous solar energy can be stored in shallow soil for the GCHP utilization.The system can use fossil fuel thermal energy by two natural gas boilers(NGB) to assist in heating and making hot water.The heating energy efficiency was measured in the winter of 2010-2011.The coefficients of performance(COP) under different heating conditions are discussed.The performance of hot water production is tested in a local typical winter day and the solar thermal energy utilization factor is presented.The rusults show that the average system COP is 5.75 or 4.96 under different working conditions,and the typical solar energy utilization factor is 0.324.

Changes in Soil Hot-Water Extractable C,N and P Fractions During Vegetative Restoration in Zhifanggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau

The study was conducted in Zhifanggou Watershed,Shaanxi Province,China,to evaluate the effect of different vegetation types on hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions,with the aim to determine whether hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change in Loess Plateau.The six vegetation types established in 1975 were（i） Robinia pseudoacacia L.,（ii） Caragana korshinkii Kom.,（iii） Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.,（iv） P.tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa L.,（v） R.pseudoacacia-A.fruticosa,and（vi） grassland.A cropped hillslope plot and a Platycladus orientalis L.native forest plot were used as references.The results indicated that the conversion of native forest to cropland resulted in a significant decline in the hot-water extractable C,N and P fractions.Hot-water extractable C,N,and P increased when cultivated land was revegetated,but after 30 years the amount of hot-water extractable C,N,and P in revegetated fields was still much lower compared to native forest.Hot-water extractable fractions increased more under mixed-forest than under pure-forest stands.Furthermore,there was a significant correlation between the hot-water extractable fractions and soil chemical and microbiological properties.The results showed that hot-water extractable fractions could be used as indicators of soil quality change on the Loess Plateau.

Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Postharvest Shelf Life and Quality of Broccoli

Broccoli was stored at 0, 10, or 20℃after immersion in hot water (38 - 52℃) for 10 or 30 min. Yellowing of broccoli was significantly slowed and shelf life significantly increased when broccoli was treated with hot water at 42 - 46℃and then stored at 10 or 20℃. Heat injury occurred when treatment was higher than 46℃in some varieties. Broccoli lasted 2-3 days longer when stored at 10℃ and 1-2 days longer when stored at 20℃ after hot water treatment at 46℃. There was no significant effect of treatment on shelf life after long time storage at 0℃. Weight loss was reduced by hot water treatment and the respiration behavior of the broccoli was also changed.

Mathematical Model of the Geothermal Water Resources in the South Hot Spring System in Chongqing

The geothermal waters of south hot spring, small hot spring and Qiaokouba in Chongqing, are all part of the south hot spring geothermal water system. Exploitation has caused a decline in the water levels of the south and small hot springs, which have not flowed naturally for 15 years. Now, bores pump geothermal water to the springs. If the water level drops below the elevation of the rivers, river-water will replenish the geothermal water, destroying this resource. It is therefore an urgent task to model the geothermal water system, to enable sustainable development and continued use of the geothermal water in Qiaokouba. A numerical simulation of the geothermal water system was adopted and a quantitative study on the planning scheme was carried out. A mathematical model was set up to simulate the whole geothermal water system, based on data from the research sites. The model determined the maximum sustainable water yield in Qiaokouba and the two hot springs, and the south hot spring and small hot spring sustainable yields are 1 100 m^3/d and 700 m^3/d from 2006 to 2010, 1 300 m^3/d and 1 000 m^3/d from 2011 to 2015, and 1 500 m^3/d and 1 200 m^3/d from 2016 to 2036. The maximum exploitable yield is 3 300 m^3/d from 2006 to 2036 in Qiaokouba. The model supplies a basis to adequately exploit and effectively protect the geothermal water resources, and to continue to develop the geothermal water as a tourist attraction in Chongqing.

Study on the effect of underground hot water on fracturing and earthquake activities

Utilizing the geological exploring information of Houhaoyao area and digital seismic network's data of Huailai area, the author studied the role of underground fluids (hot water) in the fracturing activities and in the processes of seismogeny. The results show that the shear stress between two blocks of the fault is decreased rapidly and the vertical fault throw is obviously increased at the fracture segments where there is underground hot water action. With the vertical fault throw increasing, the shear stress transfers to two ends of the fault at the place where there is no underground hot water action, and the earthquake probably develops at these two ends of the fault.

Comparison of Anolyte and Chlorine Dioxide for a Continuous Hot Water Disinfection in Nursing Home: A Two Years Legionnaires’ Disease Prevention

Worldwide epidemiological reports assert that drinking water is a source for infections and Legionella control represents a critical issue in healthcare settings. Chemical disinfections of water networks are control measures that need to be fine-tuned to obtain satisfactory results in large buildings over prolonged time periods. Aim of study is the evaluation of the effect of anolyte and chlorine dioxide, applied in two different hot water networks of a nursing home to manage Legionella risk. Nursing home has two buildings (A and B), with the same point of aqueduct water entrance. From June 2016, following a shock chlorination, the continuous disinfections with chlorine dioxide and anolyte were applied in hot networks of building A and B, respectively. Hot water was sampled at the central heating system and at two points of use for Legionella research, while chemical tests of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and trihalomethanes compounds (THM) were implemented to evaluate the disinfection by-products presence. Before chlorination Legionella pneumophila sg1 was recovered with a mean count of 2.4 × 104 CFU/L, while chemical compounds concentrations were within the law limits (Directive 98/83/EC). Then the disinfections Legionella was not recovered in both hot water plants. After the disinfection with chlorine dioxide (from June 2016 to May 2018), a statistically significant increase of iron, zinc and THM concentrations was detected in building A (p = 0.012;p = 0.004;p = 0.008). Both disinfectants appear effective against Legionella spp. growth in water network, but anolyte ensures a lower disinfection by-products release.

Monochloramine for Remediation of <i>Legionella</i>Only in Domestic Hot Water Systems: An Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove

Monochloramine is a well-known disinfectant for drinking water with several advantages over chlorine and chlorine dioxide. With these two biocides, monochloramine is included in the US-EPA list of disinfectants for drinking water. At the beginning of XXI century, epidemiological studies demonstrated its superior ability to control Legionella in hot water health-care premises. In 2005 a research program started to set up a reliable and effective method to produce monochloramine directly in domestic hot water systems, at the safest concentration and without accumulation of by-products. Results of these researches, which has been carried out with the collaboration of Italian and American Institutions showed that monochloramine can be safely and reliably prepared and that it is the best approach to Legionella remediation in health-care facilities.