Experimental,Numerical,and Analytical Studies on the Bending of Mechanically Lined Pipe

Mechanically lined pipe(MLP)is often used for offshore oil and gas transport because of its low cost and corrosion resistance.During installation and operation,the pipe may undergo severe bending deformation,which causes the liner to separate from the outer pipe and buckles,affecting the stability of the whole line.In this paper,the buckling response of MLP subjected to bending is investigated to clarify its bending characteristics by employing both experiments,numerical simulation,as theoretical methods.Two types of MLPs were manufactured with GB 45 carbon steel(SLP)and Al 6061(ALP)used as the outer pipe material,respectively.The hydraulic expansion and bending experiments of small-scale MLPs are conducted.In addition to the ovalized shape of the cross-section for the SLP specimens,the copper liner was found to wrinkle on the compressive side.In contrast,the liner of ALP remains intact without developing any wrinkling and collapse mode.In addition,a dedicated numerical framework and theoretical models were also established.It was found both the manufacturing and bending responses of the MLP can be well reproduced,and the predicted maximum moment and critical curvatures are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on tensile and bending properties of high-Al-containing Mg alloys

This study investigates the effect of characteristics and distribution of Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates on the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending properties of extruded Mg alloys containing high Al contents.The extruded Mg–9Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ91)alloy contains lamellar-structured Mg_(17)Al_(12)discontinuous precipitates along the grain boundaries,which are formed via static precipitation during natural air cooling.The extruded Mg–11Al–1Zn–0.3Mn(AZ111)alloy contains spherical Mg_(17)Al_(12)precipitates at the grain boundaries and inside the grains,which are formed via dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Due to inhomogeneous distribution of precipitates,the AZ111 alloy consists of two different precipitate regions:precipitate-rich region with numerous precipitates and finer grains and precipitate-scarce region with a few precipitates and coarser grains.The AZ111 alloy exhibits a higher tensile strength than the AZ91 alloy because its smaller grain size and more abundant precipitates result in stronger grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects,respectively.However,the tensile elongation of the AZ111 alloy is lower than that of the AZ91 alloy because the weak cohesion between the dynamic precipitates and the matrix facilitates the crack initiation and propagation.During bending,a macrocrack initiates on the outer surface of bending specimen in both alloys.The AZ111 alloy exhibits higher bending yield strength and lower failure bending strain than the AZ91 alloy.The bending specimens of the AZ91 alloy have similar bending formability,whereas those of the AZ111 alloy exhibit considerable differences in bending formability and crack propagation behavior,depending on the distribution and number density of precipitates in the specimen.In bending specimens of the AZ111 alloy,it is found that the failure bending strain(ε_(f,bending))is inversely proportional to the area fraction of precipitates in the outer zone of bending specimen(A_(ppt)),with a relationship ofε_(f,bending)=–0.1A_(ppt)+5.86.

Discharge evolution law of debris flow based on a sharp bend physical modeling test

For the basins with debris flow development,its channel terrain exhibits a tortuous shape,which significantly restricts the movement of debris flows and leads to severe erosion effects on the concave bank.Therefore,this study aims to analyze the shear force of debris flows within the bend channel.We established the relationship between the shear force and bend curvature through laboratory experiments.Under the long-term erosion by debris flows,the curvature radius of bends gradually increases,however,when this increasing trend reaches an equilibrium state with the intensity of debris flow discharge,there will be no significant change in curvature radius.In general,the activity pattern and discharges of debris flows would remain relatively stable.Hence,we can infer the magnitude of debris flow discharges from the terrain parameters of the bend channel.

Bending Failure Mode and Prediction Method of the Compressive Strain Capacity of A Submarine Pipeline with Dent Defects

A dent is a common type of defects for submarine pipeline.For submarine pipelines,high hydrostatic pressure and internal pressure are the main loads.Once pipelines bend due to complex subsea conditions,the compression strain capacity may be exceeded.Research into the local buckling failure and accurate prediction of the compressive strain capacity are important.A finite element model of a pipeline with a dent is established.Local buckling failure under a bending moment is investigated,and the compressive strain capacity is calculated.The effects of different parameters on pipeline local buckling are analyzed.The results show that the dent depth,external pressure and internal pressure lead to different local buckling failure modes of the pipeline.A higher internal pressure indicates a larger compressive strain capacity,and the opposite is true for external pressure.When the ratio of external pressure to collapse pressure of intact pipeline is greater than 0.1,the deeper the dent,the greater the compressive strain capacity of the pipeline.And as the ratio is less than 0.1,the opposite is true.On the basis of these results,a regression equation for predicting the compressive strain capacity of a dented submarine pipeline is proposed,which can be referred to during the integrity assessment of a submarine pipeline.

Cryogenic springback of 2219-W aluminum alloy sheet through V-shaped bending

A V-shaped bending device was established to evaluate the effects of temperature and bending fillet radius on springback behavior of 2219-W aluminum alloy at cryogenic temperatures.The cryogenic springback mechanism was elucidated through mechanical analyses and numerical simulations.The results indicated that the springback angle at cryogenic temperatures was greater than that at room temperature.The springback angle increased further as the temperature returned to ambient conditions,attributed to the combined effects of the “dual enhancement effect” and thermal expansion.Notably,a critical fillet radius made the springback angle zero for 90° V-shaped bending.The critical fillet radius at cryogenic temperatures was smaller than that at room temperature,owing to the influence of temperature variations on the bending moment ratio between the forward bending section at the fillet and the reverse bending section of the straight arm.

Analysis of deformation mechanisms in magnesium single crystals using a dedicated four-point bending tester

In this study,we explored the deformation mechanisms of Mg single crystals using a combination of scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction in conjunction with a dedicated four-point bending tester.We prepared two single-crystal samples,oriented along the<1120>and<1010>directions,to assess the mechanisms of deformation when the initial basal slip was suppressed.In the<1120>sample,the primary{1012}twin(T1)was confirmed along the<1120>direction of the sample on the compression side with an increase in bending stress.In the<1010>sample,T1 and the secondary twin(T2)were confirmed to be along the<1120>direction,with an orientation of±60°with respect to the bending stress direction,and their direction matched with(0001)in T1 and T2.This result implies that crystallographically,the basal slip occurs readily.In addition,the<1010>sample showed the double twin in T1 on the compression side and the tertiary twin along the<1010>direction on the tension side.These results demonstrated that the maximum bending stress and displacement changed significantly under the bend loading because the deformation mechanisms were different for these single crystals.Therefore,the correlation between bending behavior and twin orientation was determined,which would be helpful for optimizing the bending properties of Mg-based materials.

Bending strength degradation of a cantilever plate with surface energy due to partial debonding at the clamped boundary

This paper investigates the bending fracture problem of a micro/nanoscale cantilever thin plate with surface energy,where the clamped boundary is partially debonded along the thickness direction.Some fundamental mechanical equations for the bending problem of micro/nanoscale plates are given by the Kirchhoff theory of thin plates,incorporating the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory.For two typical cases of constant bending moment and uniform shear force in the debonded segment,the associated problems are reduced to two mixed boundary value problems.By solving the resulting mixed boundary value problems using the Fourier integral transform,a new type of singular integral equation with two Cauchy kernels is obtained for each case,and the exact solutions in terms of the fundamental functions are determined using the PoincareBertrand formula.Asymptotic elastic fields near the debonded tips including the bending moment,effective shear force,and bulk stress components exhibit the oscillatory singularity.The dependence relations among the singular fields,the material constants,and the plate's thickness are analyzed for partially debonded cantilever micro-plates.If surface energy is neglected,these results reduce the bending fracture of a macroscale partially debonded cantilever plate,which has not been previously reported.

A Light and Simplified Branch Bending Method for Young Pear Trees

Aiming at high cost and low efficiency of conventional branch bending method in the modern intensive planting and labor-saving cultivation mode of young pear trees,this paper provides a new branch bending method with wide source of raw materials,cheap price and simple operation,which is also suitable for the management of low-age branches in the process of high grafting and upgrading of traditional big trees.

The Effects of the Longitudinal Axis of Loading upon Bending, Shear and Torsion of a Thin-Walled Cantilever Channel Beam

Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.

基于p38MAPK-PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路探讨消肿止痛合剂对血管内皮细胞bEND-3凋亡的影响

目的从细胞及信号通路层面探讨消肿止痛合剂对皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤中血管内皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法血管内皮细胞bEND-3培养。TNF-α体外细胞凋亡诱导模型建立并将细胞分为:p38MAPK抑制剂组、PPARγ抑制剂组、NF-κB抑制剂组、模型对照组、空白组。微丝绿色荧光探针观察细胞骨架微丝。RT-PCR法检测血管内皮细胞bEND-3细胞中p38MAPK、PPARγ、IκBα、NF-κBmRNA的表达。结果空白组中p38MAPK、PPARγ、IκBα、NF-κB的表达量无明显差异,模型对照组中p38MAPK与NF-κB的表达量最高,与模型对照组相比,p38MAPK抑制剂组bEnd.3细胞中p38MAPK与NF-κB的表达被抑制,PPARγ、IκBα表达量升高(P<0.05);PPARγ抑制剂组中PPARγ、IκBα、NF-κB的表达被抑制,p38MAPK表达量升高(P<0.05),NF-κB抑制剂组中p38MAPK与NF-κB的表达被抑制,IκBα与PPARγ的表达量升高(P<0.05);与空白组相比,p38MAPK抑制剂组与NF-κB抑制剂组中p38MAPK、PPARγ、IκBα、NF-κB的表达量升高(P<0.05),PPARγ抑制剂组中p38MAPK与NF-κB表达量明显升高,PPARγ、IκBα表达被抑制(P<0.05)。结论消肿止痛合剂可抑制bEND-3细胞凋亡,其机制与影响可能与p38MAPK-PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路有关。

NLRP3炎症小体在bEnd.3细胞氧糖剥夺及复氧复糖后的表达观察

脑卒中具有高死亡率及高致残率的特点,其死亡率在全球范围内位居第二[1],其所导致的长期残疾为家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。治疗缺血性脑卒中最有效的策略之一是立即恢复大脑的血流,尽管这会导致进一步的细胞坏死和神经损伤,即缺血再灌注损伤。

Electro-chemo-mechanical analysis of the effect of bending deformation on the interface of flexible solid-state battery

Flexible solid-state battery has several unique characteristics including high flexibility,easy portability,and high safety,which may have broad application prospects in new technology products such as rollup displays,power implantable medical devices,and wearable equipments.The interfacial mechanical and electrochemical problems caused by bending deformation,resulting in the battery damage and failure,are particularly interesting.Herein,a fully coupled electro-chemo-mechanical model is developed based on the actual solid-state battery structure.Concentration-dependent material parameters,stress-dependent diffusion,and potential shift are considered.According to four bending forms(k=8/mm,0/mm,-8/mm,and free),the results show that the negative curvature bending is beneficial to reducing the plastic strain during charging/discharging,while the positive curvature is detrimental.However,with respect to the electrochemical performance,the negative curvature bending creates a negative potential shift,which causes the battery to reach the cut-off voltage earlier and results in capacity loss.These results enlighten us that suitable electrode materials and charging strategy can be tailored to reduce plastic deformation and improve battery capacity for different forms of battery bending.

CXCL1通过促进蛋白激酶B磷酸化导致bEND.3小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞骨架收缩和通透性增加

目的探讨脓毒症脑病炎症中CXC趋化因子配体1(CXCL1)及其受体CXC趋化因子受体2(CXCR2)对脑内皮细胞骨架重排和通透性的影响及其相关机制。方法野生型小鼠腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)(10 mg/kg)建立脓毒症脑病模型,ELISA检测全脑组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和CXCL1含量。使用500 ng/mL LPS和200 ng/mL TNF-α刺激bEND.3脑微血管内皮细胞后,Western blot法检测细胞CXCR2的表达。以150 ng/mL CXCL1刺激bEND.3细胞,免疫荧光染色观察脑内皮细胞骨架纤维型肌动蛋白(F-actin)重排的变化。脑内皮细胞通透性实验中,将bEND.3细胞随机分为PBS对照组、CXCL1组、CXCL1联合选择性CXCR2拮抗剂SB225002组,Transwell^(TM)小室检测各组通透性变化情况。CXCL1刺激bEND.3细胞后,Western blot法检测细胞中蛋白激酶B(AKT)和磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)蛋白表达。结果腹腔注射LPS导致小鼠全脑组织中TNF-α和CXCL1水平显著升高;LPS和TNF-α刺激可增高bEND.3细胞CXCR2蛋白的表达。CXCL1刺激bEND.3细胞使其细胞骨架收缩,细胞间隙形成增加,且细胞渗透性增加,而CXCR2拮抗剂SB225002预处理可显著抑制CXCL1引起的脑内皮细胞肌动蛋白应力纤维和细胞间隙的形成、以及通透性的增高,同时CXCL1(150 ng/mL)刺激使得脑内皮细胞AKT的磷酸化水平明显升高。结论CXCL1通过AKT磷酸化激活引起脑内皮细胞骨架收缩、细胞通透性增加,CXCR2拮抗剂SB225002可有效抑制CXCL1诱导的细胞骨架收缩和通透性升高。

Numerical analysis of bending property of bi-modulus materials and a new method for measurement of tensile elastic modulus

In nature,there are widely distributed bi-modulus materials with different deformation characteristics under compressive and tensile stress states,such as concrete,rock and ceramics.Due to the lack of constitutive model that could reasonably consider the bi-modulus property of materials,and the lack of simple and reliable measurement methods for the tensile elastic parameters of materials,scientists and engineers always neglect the effect of the bi-modulus property of materials in engineering design and numerical simulation.To solve this problem,this study utilizes the uncoupled strain-driven constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)to systematically study the distributions and magnitudes of stresses and strains of bi-modulus materials in the three-point bending test through the numerical method.Furthermore,a new method to synchronously measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli of materials through the four-point bending test is proposed.The numerical results show that the bi-modulus property of materials has a significant effect on the stress,strain and displacement in the specimen utilized in the three-point and four-point bending tests.Meanwhile,the results from the numerical tests,in which the elastic constitutive model proposed by Latorre and Montáns(2020)is utilized,also indicate that the newly proposed measurement method has a good reliability.Although the new measurement method proposed in this study can synchronously and effectively measure the tensile and compressive elastic moduli,it cannot measure the tensile and compressive Poisson’s ratios.

Accounting for speckle-scale beam bending in classical ray tracing schemes for propagating realistic pulses in indirect drive ignition conditions

We propose a semi-analytical modeling of smoothed laser beam deviation induced by plasma flows.Based on a Gaussian description of speckles,the model includes spatial,temporal,and polarization smoothing techniques,through fits coming from hydrodynamic simulations with a paraxial description of electromagnetic waves.This beam bending model is then incorporated into a ray tracing algorithm and carefully validated.When applied as a post-process to the propagation of the inner cone in a full-scale simulation of a National Ignition Facility(NIF)experiment,the beam bending along the path of the laser affects the refraction conditions inside the hohlraum and the energy deposition,and could explain some anomalous refraction measurements,namely,the so-called glint observed in some NIF experiments.

Transient swelling-induced finite bending of hydrogel-based bilayers:analytical and FEM approaches

Hydrogels with their time-dependent intrinsic behaviors have recently been used widely in soft structures as sensors/actuators.One of the most interesting structures is the bilayer made up of hydrogels which may undergo swelling-induced bending.In this work,by proposing a semi-analytical method,the transient bending of hydrogel-based bilayers is investigated.Utilizing nonlinear solid mechanics,a robust semi-analytical solution is developed which captures the transient finite bending of hydrogel-based bilayers.Moreover,the multiphysics model of the hydrogels is implemented in the finite element method(FEM) framework to verify the developed semi-analytical procedure results.The effects of different material properties are investigated to illustrate the nonlinear behavior of these structures.The von-Mises stress contour extracted from FEM shows that the critical area of these soft structures is at the interface of the layers which experiences the maximum stress,and this area is most likely to rupture in large deformations.

A review on evaluation of crack resistance of asphalt mixture by semi-circular bending test

Although there are many kinds of fracture tests to choose from in evaluating the crack resistance of asphalt mixture,the semi-circular bending(SCB)test has attracted a lot of attention in the academic road engineering community because of its simplicity,stability,and flexibility in testing and evaluation.The SCB test has become a common method to study the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture in recent years.This paper mainly summarizes the overview of the SCB test,summarizes some research results and common characterization parameters of the SCB test method in monotone test and fatigue test in recent years,and predicts and suggests the research direction of the SCB test in the future.It is found that the research on the monotonic SCB test is more comprehensive,and the research on the SCB fatigue test needs to be further improved in the aspects of loading mode,characterization parameter selection,and so on.Researchers can flexibly adjust the geometric dimensions and the test parameters of semi-cylindrical specimens,and conduct comprehensive analysis combined with the results of numerical simulation.The crack resistance of asphalt mixture can be comprehensively evaluated by fracture energy,fracture toughness,stiffness,flexibility index and other fracture indicators,combined with the crack propagation of the specimen.The analysis of numerical simulation can confirm the test results.In order to standardize the setting of fatigue parameters for future application,it is necessary to standardize the setting of bending performance.

Exceptional-point-enhanced sensing in an all-fiber bending sensor

An exceptional-point(EP)enhanced fiber-optic bending sensor is reported.The sensor is implemented based on paritytime(PT)-symmetry using two coupled Fabry-Perot(FP)resonators consisting of three cascaded fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs)inscribed in an erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber(EYDF).The EP is achieved by controlling the pumping power to manipulate the gain and loss of the gain and loss FP resonators.Once a bending force is applied to the gain FP resonator to make the operation of the system away from its EP,frequency splitting occurs,and the frequency spacing is a nonlinear function of the bending curvature,with an increased slope near the EP.Thus,by measuring the frequency spacing,the bending information is measured with increased sensitivity.To achieve high-speed and high-resolution interrogation,the optical spectral response of the sensor is converted to the microwave domain by implementing a dual-passband microwave-photonic filter(MPF),with the spacing between the two passbands equal to that of the frequency splitting.The proposed sensor is evaluated experimentally.A curvature sensing range from 0.28 to 2.74 m^(−1) is achieved with an accuracy of 7.56×10^(−4 )m^(−1 )and a sensitivity of 1.32 GHz/m^(−1),which is more than 4 times higher than those reported previously.

Bending Resistance Covalent Organic Framework Superlattice:“Nano‑Hourglass”‑Induced Charge Accumulation for Flexible In‑Plane Micro‑Supercapacitors

Covalent organic framework(COF)film with highly exposed active sites is considered as the promising flexible selfsupported electrode for in-plane microsupercapacitor(MSC).Superlattice configuration assembled alternately by different nanofilms based on van der Waals force can integrate the advantages of each isolated layer to exhibit unexpected performances as MSC film electrodes,which may be a novel option to ensure energy output.Herein,a mesoporous free-standing A-COF nanofilm(pore size is 3.9 nm,averaged thickness is 4.1 nm)with imine bond linkage and a microporous B-COF nanofilm(pore size is 1.5 nm,averaged thickness is 9.3 nm)withβ-keto-enamine-linkages are prepared,and for the first time,we assembly the two lattice matching films into sandwich-type superlattices via layer-by-layer transfer,in which ABA–COF superlattice stacking into a“nano-hourglass”steric configuration that can accelerate the dynamic charge transportation/accumulation and promote the sufficient redox reactions to energy storage.The fabricated flexible MSC–ABA–COF exhibits the highest intrinsic CV of 927.9 F cm^(−3) at 10 mV s^(−1) than reported two-dimensional alloy,graphite-like carbon and undoped COF-based MSC devices so far,and shows a bending-resistant energy density of 63.2 mWh cm^(−3) even after high-angle and repeat arbitrary bending from 0 to 180°.This work provides a feasible way to meet the demand for future miniaturization and wearable electronics.

Effects of surface roughness on bending properties of rolled AZ31 alloy

This study investigated the effects of mechanical-polishing-induced surface roughness and the direction of polishing lines on the bending properties of a rolled AZ31 alloy.To this end,three-point bending tests were performed on one sample without polishing lines(SS sample)and two samples with polishing lines—one in which the polishing lines were parallel to the rolling direction(RS-RD sample)and the other in which they were parallel to the transverse direction(RS-TD sample).In all three samples,macrocracks were formed in the width direction on the outer surface,where tensile stress was predominantly generated in the longitudinal direction.However,the macrocracks formed in the SS sample were curved because of the merging of uniformly formed fine microcracks,whereas those formed in the RS-TD sample were linear owing to the formation of relatively coarse microcracks along the polishing lines.The bendability of the samples was in the order of SS>RS-RD>RS-TD,and their limiting bending depths were 4.8,4.6,and 4.4 mm,respectively.In the presence of mechanical-polishing-induced surface roughness,polishing lines perpendicular to the direction of the major stress(i.e.,tensile stress along the longitudinal direction)resulted in a greater degree of stress concentration on the outer surface of the bending specimen.This higher stress concentration promoted the formation of undesirable{10–11}contraction and{10–11}–{10–12}double twins—which typically act as crack initiation sites—and thereby facilitated crack generation and propagation.Consequently,the surface roughness caused premature fracture during bending deformation,which,in turn,caused deterioration of the bendability of the rolled Mg alloy.