Recent development of UHSS and its hot-dip galvanizing processes in Baosteel

Baosteel has excelled in automotive steel sheets in the past three decades.It has made a significant contribution to the development of China’s automotive industry by producing a wide range of high-quality steel products.Some milestones achieved by Baosteel automotive steel sheet were briefly reviewed.The current challenges in producing ultra-high strength steel(UHSS),especially hot-dip galvanized UHSS,were summarized.The most current advancements in UHSS and the corresponding hot-dip galvanizing processes were discussed.The galvanizability of Si-Mn-added QP steel and DP steel, Mn-added TWIP steel, and Al-added low-density steel has been improved by different techniques in Baosteel.

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C–Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800°C for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450°C and held for 30 s(process A) or rapidly cooled to 350°C and then reheated to 450°C(process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel(DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength(YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient(n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and elongation(A80) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties(YS = 362 MPa, UTS = 638 MPa, A_(80) = 24.3%, n = 0.17) was obtained via process A.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Lead and Cadmium Distribution in Tubes of Galvanized Steel by Hot-Dip Used for Drinking Water Supply

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of lead and cadmium in galvanized steel tubes by hot-dip used exclusively for drinking water supply.In this research,samples of galvanized tubes were removed from walls of residential buildings with 30 years of use.In the process of hot galvanizing,the manufacturing standards allow or for low cost conveniences,and the use of primary zinc ingot with 1.6%metallic impurities,such as lead and cadmium,is allowed,enabling the incorporation of these metals into the zinc coating deposited on the carbon steel.The associated corrosion of these tubes can release these toxic metals,contaminating the drinking water used by residents.The samples taken from the tubes were evaluated by a square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry technique,and the results for lead and cadmium suggested randomly distributed levels,indicating that the contents of these contaminants depend mainly on the quality of the added primary zinc and the operational conditions of the immersion bath.The metallographic evaluations performed on the samples of the galvanized tubes showed irregularities in thickness and even a lack of the zinc layer deposited on the carbon steel surface.These facts suggest that galvanized tubes should not be used for drinking water.

Influence of Ni-electrodeposited Pretreatment on Galvanized Coatings of Reactive Steels

Four types of steel sheets containing 0.04%, 0.09%, 0. 14% and 0.36% Si, respectively, were electrodeposited with a nickel layer of 3 tam in thickness and then galvanized in molten Zn at 450℃ for various periods of time. The formation and growth of intermetallic compound layers on the surface of the samples were investigated by SEM and EDS. The experimental results show that the method of Ni-electrodeposited pretreatment can distinctively restrain the over-growth of the galvanized coatings of reactive steels and get eligible coatings with a proper thickness, bright appearance and strong adherence. EDS results indicate that a series of Ni-Zn intermetallic compounds γ′, γ and δ, are first formed on the surface of the samples. With a prolonged immersion time, the F2-Fe-Zn-Ni and δ-Fe-Zn are formed accompanied by the gradual disappearance of γ′, γ and δ2 layer. After a longer immersion time, the lumpy ζ- Fe-Zn occurs between δ and liquid Zn and the F-Fe-Zn does between steel substrate and δ. Subsequently, ζ is in the form of a continuous and compact layer. The method of Ni-electrodeposited pretreatment changes the formation of Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds, which delay the growth of lumpy （and promote the growth of compact δ. Consequently, the abnormal growth of reactive steels is eliminated.

A sandwich-like structure hybrid coating of cold galvanizing coating/polydopamine on hot-dip galvanized steel with enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance

This study aims to enhance the adhesion strength and anti-corrosion performance of the cold galvanizing coating(CGC)applied on the hot-dip galvanized steel(HDG).Polydopamine(PDA)is deposited on the HDG surface with different time ranges and as an interlayer between CGC and HDG through covalent immobilization.The surface morphology and the covalent interaction between PDA/HDG are exhibited by scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The pull-off adhesion tests before and after neutral slat spry tests show an enhanced dry adhesion strength and less adhesion loss of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG compared with the direct CGC coated HDG.In addition,open circuit potential(OCP)reveals that the corrosion protection performance of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG increases by 200%(up to 201 d)and the corrosion density icorrattaining about 4.45×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirm that the precipitate of the stable chelation formed by PDA and Zn^(2+)between CGC and HDG substrate can also improve the corrosion protection performance.Such a strategy of strengthening adhesion and forming the chelate compound at the HDG surface promises a new route to corrosion protection of CGC on HDG.

基于聚类和GBDT的镀锌钢卷力学性能预测

热镀锌钢卷力学性能影响因素之间关系复杂,限制了模型精度的提升。采用k-means算法利用化学成分属性对镀锌钢卷数据集进行聚类,将数据聚成三种模式簇实现样本的优选。利用梯度提升树算法,开展各模式数据集与不划分模式的全数据集下的力学性能建模研究,最后结合网格搜索与交叉验证方法进行模型参数优化。研究结果表明,分模式下模型MAE误差相比于全数据集建模平均减小0.85 MPa。参数优化后,各模式下MAE误差平均减少5.19 MPa,RMSE误差平均减少3.63 MPa,提高了预测模型精度。

Relationship between La and Ce additions on microstructure and corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel

Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,a neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical methods were applied to observe the microstructure and test the corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel before and after the addition of La and Ce.La/Ce mixture existed in the form of(La,Ce)Zn13 on the coated surface,decreased the coating thickness and accelerated the zinc dendritic growth.The corrosion current density of Zn-0.1La-0.1Ce coating was 63%less than that of pure Zn coating.This phenomenon can be explained that La/Ce mixture inhibited the transformation of Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O into Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 or ZnO,reduced the time for appearance of red rust,and thus enhanced the stability of corrosion products and delayed the oxidation and corrosion processes of galvanized coating.La/Ce mixture improved the corrosion resistance compared to a single La or a single Ce addition.A competitive relationship between La and Ce was observed in the corrosion resistance improvement of hot-dip galvanized steel.

On-line control of surface quality for an axially moving steel strip partially immersed in fluid under tension

An on-line control method of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized steel strip after cooling is presented, which combines analytical dynamics theory of a thin plate with the finite element method. The inherent characteristics of the non-immersed and partially immersed strip in liquid zinc were calculated on the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, respectively. Multi-parameter fitting of the deviation between results using different methods was performed. To optimize the strip excitation frequency away from the resonance region, on-line vibration control of the strip near the air knife under full product conditions was achieved by changing the field production parameters based on the field test results. The results indicate that although the axial velocity has little effect on the inherent characteristics of the strip compared with other manufacturing parameters such as the steel specifications and tension, it induces external excitations,including moving the aerodynamic load and bearing vibration. To some degree, the vibration near the air knife can be reduced by strengthening the support stiffness of the contact rolls. A total on-line control program of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized pure Zn and galvannealed steel sheet in the cooling section is proposed.

热镀锌双相钢钢板表面橘皮缺陷研究

目的研究一种热镀锌双相钢表面橘皮状缺陷的特征及形成机理。方法采用数字显微镜、扫描电镜和辉光光谱仪对正常和缺陷位置的镀锌态、去锌层态、冷轧态和热轧态的形貌和表层成分分布开展对比分析研究。结果橘皮状缺陷特征是由于锌晶粒异常长大至350μm,为正常晶粒的4倍。镀锌态缺陷区较正常区Mn含量高26%,纵截面观察基板表层有约2~4μm深的微裂纹,界面处检测出Al、O、Mn峰,存在Mn表面富集。去锌层态和冷轧态基板表层呈冷轧轧裂特征,存在大量垂直于轧制方向的10~30μm的横向微裂纹。卷取温度为650℃时,热轧态边、中位置氧化层厚度分别为6.5、5.8μm,较550℃时增加25%和23%。GDS检测表明,对应缺陷区热轧态发生共析转变,相构成以低氧含量的Fe_(3)O_(4)、FeO、Fe为主。实践证实,卷取温度下调至560℃以下时,可有效消除该缺陷。结论缺陷形成机理是,热轧钢卷在570℃以上温度卷取,经缓慢冷却至室温时,形成纯铁包覆Fe_(3)O_(4)的共析转变氧化铁皮,卷取温度高也使氧化层增厚,导致酸洗难度增大,氧化铁皮无法有效清除。酸洗后残存的氧化层和Mn富集导致表层协同变形能力弱,冷轧形成大量10μm级横向微裂纹。微裂纹处的凹凸表面诱发Fe-Zn相爆发生长,导致锌晶粒异常长大。厚带钢具有更多的内部热量,出锌锅冷速慢,也为镀后锌晶粒长大创造条件。

合金化热镀锌无间隙原子钢板表面白色点状压印缺陷的产生原因

使用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、光学显微镜等设备,对合金化热镀锌无间隙原子钢板表面白色点状压印缺陷进行分析,查明了该缺陷的产生原因。结果表明:该缺陷表面合金化不充分,平整印较多,锌层局部偏厚,部分溶锌后发现有氧化铁皮;钢板表面氧化铁皮局部偏厚,酸洗时氧化铁皮未能被完全溶解,并压在钢板表面,镀锌合金化后呈白色点状压印形貌。采用降低卷取温度的方法,可有效减小钢板表面氧化铁皮的厚度,后续钢板未再发现该类缺陷。

Hot-dip galvanizing of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review

A good understanding of the effects of galvanizing on the short-and long-term behaviours of steel components is essential for structural design.This review paper is motivated by a series of recent reports on cracking in galvanized cold-formed tubular steel structures and the limitations of current steel product standards and steel design specifications in this field.The steel-related and galvanizing-related factors,different pre-galvanizing countermeasures for brittle cracking and the available technical documents are summarized.An extensive bibliography is provided as a basis for future research and development in this field.

退火和卷取温度对590 MPa级冷轧热镀锌双相钢板组织与性能的影响

在实验室制备了590MPa级冷轧热镀锌双相钢板,采用SEM、TEM和拉伸试验等方法考察了退火温度、卷取温度等工艺参数对该钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:经750～820℃保温100s退火后,可以获得抗拉强度615MPa以上、伸长率高达21%的综合性能良好的钢板;随着退火温度的升高,抗拉强度和屈服强度都会增大,伸长率则以820℃退火的最好,其次是800℃退火的,而750℃和780℃退火的则差一些;热轧后650℃卷取的钢板经冷轧和热镀锌退火后,其强度明显高于690℃卷取的。

热镀锌钢卷力学性能GBDT预报模型

针对热镀锌钢卷力学性能预报建模条件属性选取难、预报精度不足的问题,研究热镀锌钢卷力学性能梯度提升树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)预报模型.利用互信息差算法综合评估工艺参数、化学成分和钢卷尺寸参数等条件属性的相对重要性以及属性之间的冗余性,进行模型条件属性筛选;采用同分布原理进行样本划分,结合网格搜索法和交叉验证法优化模型参数,建立力学性能GBDT预报模型;并将GBDT模型预报结果与随机森林(random forest,RF)、AdaBoost算法和BP神经网络的预报结果进行比较.结果表明:GBDT模型优于其他模型,90%的数据样本预测的绝对误差小于14.24 MPa,94.6%的数据样本相对误差在6%范围内,具有更高的预测精度.

基于梯度提升决策树的特征筛选与钢卷力学性能预测

基于冶金机理选取热镀锌钢卷基本建模特征,采用梯度提升决策树算法对其他化学元素特征进行筛选,结合网格搜索与交叉验证方法对模型参数进行优化,并利用模型分析不同特征对钢卷屈服强度的影响。结果表明:热镀锌钢卷力学性能预测建模的基本特征包括工艺参数特征、规格特征以及基本化学元素特征,对钢卷屈服强度影响较大的其他化学元素特征为氮、铝含量;模型参数优化后,在测试集上测得屈服强度的均方根误差为10.671 MPa,平均绝对误差为8.244 MPa,平均绝对百分误差为2.641%,模型预测精度比模型参数优化前的明显提高;当碳、硅、锰含量变化或热轧入轧温度变化时,钢卷屈服强度的变化幅度较大。

连续热浸镀锌线物料的跟踪

介绍了鞍钢连续热浸镀锌线工艺概况,并以鞍钢大型宽带钢连续热浸镀锌线为例,通过对钢卷数据和钢卷焊缝的跟踪、生产线控制数据设定方法的阐述,介绍了在连续热浸镀锌线上如何实现钢卷的跟踪。

热镀锌环保自润滑产品卷取缺陷分析与控制

对热镀锌环保自润滑产品卷芯黑斑和扁卷缺陷特征进行了分析,通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、包顿摩擦试验等方法,分析了缺陷的形成机理,并提出了相应的控制措施。结果表明:卷芯黑斑与卷取穿带过程张力辊与带钢的速度差有关;扁卷与卷取后层间静摩擦力不足有关。通过优化张力辊控制策略、适当降低钝化膜润滑性、优化卷取张力控制模式以及卷取加纸套筒等措施,有效解决了卷芯黑斑和扁卷问题,效果明显。

大盘重连续化高效节能热镀锌生产线

介绍热镀锌钢丝预处理-拉丝和表面处理-热镀锌两条生产线的构成和特点。预处理-拉丝生产线与原生产线相比,拉拔速度由4.2 m/s提高到8 m/s,单机能耗由241 kW降低到120 kW,辅料消耗由275元/t降低到140元/t;表面处理-热镀锌生产线具有节锌、节能和降低劳动力成本的优势,且生产环境显著改善。

低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌板抗时效性能优化研究

为提高低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌板的抗时效性能，研究了碳含量和卷取温度对热镀锌板抗时效性能的影响，并从热轧板碳化物的分布角度分析了产生影响的原因。结果表明，当碳含量为0.03％～0.06％时，碳含量越高，热轧板碳化物数量越多，碳化物之间的距离越短，热镀锌板抗时效性能越差；对于碳含量约为0.03％的铝镇静钢，当卷取温度为620—710℃时，随着卷取温度的提高，热轧板碳化物尺寸增大，热镀锌板抗时效性能提高。当卷取温度提高到730℃时，铁素体晶粒尺寸急剧增大，碳化物析出难度增加，热镀锌板抗时效性能降低。适当降低碳含量和适当提高卷取温度可有效提高低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌板抗时效性能。

冷轧镀锌线钢卷运输系统的升级改造

针对邯宝冷轧厂生产期间镀锌产品钢卷运至包装机组出现的问题,对镀锌至包装机组的钢卷运输系统进行了设计改造,完善了镀锌下线产品卷运输设备功能,很大程度上提高了镀锌成品卷的运输效率,同时也成为邯钢一项无线技术成功应用案例。