Recent development of UHSS and its hot-dip galvanizing processes in Baosteel

Baosteel has excelled in automotive steel sheets in the past three decades.It has made a significant contribution to the development of China’s automotive industry by producing a wide range of high-quality steel products.Some milestones achieved by Baosteel automotive steel sheet were briefly reviewed.The current challenges in producing ultra-high strength steel(UHSS),especially hot-dip galvanized UHSS,were summarized.The most current advancements in UHSS and the corresponding hot-dip galvanizing processes were discussed.The galvanizability of Si-Mn-added QP steel and DP steel, Mn-added TWIP steel, and Al-added low-density steel has been improved by different techniques in Baosteel.

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C–Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800°C for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450°C and held for 30 s(process A) or rapidly cooled to 350°C and then reheated to 450°C(process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel(DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength(YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient(n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and elongation(A80) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties(YS = 362 MPa, UTS = 638 MPa, A_(80) = 24.3%, n = 0.17) was obtained via process A.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Lead and Cadmium Distribution in Tubes of Galvanized Steel by Hot-Dip Used for Drinking Water Supply

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of lead and cadmium in galvanized steel tubes by hot-dip used exclusively for drinking water supply.In this research,samples of galvanized tubes were removed from walls of residential buildings with 30 years of use.In the process of hot galvanizing,the manufacturing standards allow or for low cost conveniences,and the use of primary zinc ingot with 1.6%metallic impurities,such as lead and cadmium,is allowed,enabling the incorporation of these metals into the zinc coating deposited on the carbon steel.The associated corrosion of these tubes can release these toxic metals,contaminating the drinking water used by residents.The samples taken from the tubes were evaluated by a square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry technique,and the results for lead and cadmium suggested randomly distributed levels,indicating that the contents of these contaminants depend mainly on the quality of the added primary zinc and the operational conditions of the immersion bath.The metallographic evaluations performed on the samples of the galvanized tubes showed irregularities in thickness and even a lack of the zinc layer deposited on the carbon steel surface.These facts suggest that galvanized tubes should not be used for drinking water.

Influence of Ni-electrodeposited Pretreatment on Galvanized Coatings of Reactive Steels

Four types of steel sheets containing 0.04%, 0.09%, 0. 14% and 0.36% Si, respectively, were electrodeposited with a nickel layer of 3 tam in thickness and then galvanized in molten Zn at 450℃ for various periods of time. The formation and growth of intermetallic compound layers on the surface of the samples were investigated by SEM and EDS. The experimental results show that the method of Ni-electrodeposited pretreatment can distinctively restrain the over-growth of the galvanized coatings of reactive steels and get eligible coatings with a proper thickness, bright appearance and strong adherence. EDS results indicate that a series of Ni-Zn intermetallic compounds γ′, γ and δ, are first formed on the surface of the samples. With a prolonged immersion time, the F2-Fe-Zn-Ni and δ-Fe-Zn are formed accompanied by the gradual disappearance of γ′, γ and δ2 layer. After a longer immersion time, the lumpy ζ- Fe-Zn occurs between δ and liquid Zn and the F-Fe-Zn does between steel substrate and δ. Subsequently, ζ is in the form of a continuous and compact layer. The method of Ni-electrodeposited pretreatment changes the formation of Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds, which delay the growth of lumpy （and promote the growth of compact δ. Consequently, the abnormal growth of reactive steels is eliminated.

A sandwich-like structure hybrid coating of cold galvanizing coating/polydopamine on hot-dip galvanized steel with enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance

This study aims to enhance the adhesion strength and anti-corrosion performance of the cold galvanizing coating(CGC)applied on the hot-dip galvanized steel(HDG).Polydopamine(PDA)is deposited on the HDG surface with different time ranges and as an interlayer between CGC and HDG through covalent immobilization.The surface morphology and the covalent interaction between PDA/HDG are exhibited by scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The pull-off adhesion tests before and after neutral slat spry tests show an enhanced dry adhesion strength and less adhesion loss of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG compared with the direct CGC coated HDG.In addition,open circuit potential(OCP)reveals that the corrosion protection performance of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG increases by 200%(up to 201 d)and the corrosion density icorrattaining about 4.45×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirm that the precipitate of the stable chelation formed by PDA and Zn^(2+)between CGC and HDG substrate can also improve the corrosion protection performance.Such a strategy of strengthening adhesion and forming the chelate compound at the HDG surface promises a new route to corrosion protection of CGC on HDG.

1960 MPa级Ф15.20 mm高强度低松弛预应力镀锌钢绞线研制

介绍1 960 MPa级Ф15.20 mm低松弛预应力镀锌钢绞线研发工艺。采用的Ф13.0 mm 82B专用盘条添加Cr和V元素,采用盐酸酸洗和锌系磷化表面处理工艺,中频加热温度380℃,张力120 kN,捻制速度40 m/min,生产的镀锌钢绞线力学性能和表面质量均符合GB/T 33363—2016要求,满足客户对产品的技术使用要求。

Relationship between La and Ce additions on microstructure and corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel

Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,a neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical methods were applied to observe the microstructure and test the corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel before and after the addition of La and Ce.La/Ce mixture existed in the form of(La,Ce)Zn13 on the coated surface,decreased the coating thickness and accelerated the zinc dendritic growth.The corrosion current density of Zn-0.1La-0.1Ce coating was 63%less than that of pure Zn coating.This phenomenon can be explained that La/Ce mixture inhibited the transformation of Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O into Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 or ZnO,reduced the time for appearance of red rust,and thus enhanced the stability of corrosion products and delayed the oxidation and corrosion processes of galvanized coating.La/Ce mixture improved the corrosion resistance compared to a single La or a single Ce addition.A competitive relationship between La and Ce was observed in the corrosion resistance improvement of hot-dip galvanized steel.

On-line control of surface quality for an axially moving steel strip partially immersed in fluid under tension

An on-line control method of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized steel strip after cooling is presented, which combines analytical dynamics theory of a thin plate with the finite element method. The inherent characteristics of the non-immersed and partially immersed strip in liquid zinc were calculated on the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, respectively. Multi-parameter fitting of the deviation between results using different methods was performed. To optimize the strip excitation frequency away from the resonance region, on-line vibration control of the strip near the air knife under full product conditions was achieved by changing the field production parameters based on the field test results. The results indicate that although the axial velocity has little effect on the inherent characteristics of the strip compared with other manufacturing parameters such as the steel specifications and tension, it induces external excitations,including moving the aerodynamic load and bearing vibration. To some degree, the vibration near the air knife can be reduced by strengthening the support stiffness of the contact rolls. A total on-line control program of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized pure Zn and galvannealed steel sheet in the cooling section is proposed.

煤矿支护用钢绞线防腐性能改进

为了提高矿用钢绞线的防腐性能,满足1000 m及以下深层煤矿的使用要求,开发研制了厚锌层热镀锌钢绞线,锌层面质量为318.0~367.8 g/m^(2)。按照矿用镀锌锚索安标型式检验评价标准进行了48 h盐雾试验,未发现红色锈点,满足评价标准要求。与无涂层钢绞线进行了600 h盐雾试验对比,无涂层钢绞线破断力损失约为热镀锌钢绞线的4.1倍,坑蚀深度约为热镀锌钢绞线的12倍,热镀锌钢绞线具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。

镀锌钢绞线盐雾试验分析

介绍利用盐雾试验对镀锌钢绞线进行测试的方法。分析镀锌钢绞线在盐雾试验中发生腐蚀的位置,对比不同锌层面质量在盐雾试验中的防腐效果。结果表明:盐雾试验中,钢绞线外侧腐蚀严重,边丝内侧及中心丝无明显腐蚀;符合GB/T 33363—2016要求,锌层面质量190~350 g/m^(2)的镀锌钢绞线按照ISO 7989-2:2021要求进行盐雾试验后,均能够满足深褐色锈蚀不超过5%的规定。随着镀锌钢丝上锌量的增加,出现黄褐色锈蚀的几率也随之降低。提高锌层耐腐蚀能力主要依靠均匀锌层厚度和提高锌层面质量。

Hot-dip galvanizing of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review

A good understanding of the effects of galvanizing on the short-and long-term behaviours of steel components is essential for structural design.This review paper is motivated by a series of recent reports on cracking in galvanized cold-formed tubular steel structures and the limitations of current steel product standards and steel design specifications in this field.The steel-related and galvanizing-related factors,different pre-galvanizing countermeasures for brittle cracking and the available technical documents are summarized.An extensive bibliography is provided as a basis for future research and development in this field.

钢芯铝绞线中的电偶腐蚀行为

钢芯铝绞线中不同金属接触容易产生电偶腐蚀。通过测量Fe和Al分别与纯Zn、镀Zn、5%Al-Zn合金、2%Mg-Zn合金、55%Al-Zn合金在1mol/LNaCl溶液中的电偶电流,判断不同金属接触时的腐蚀程度,从而选择钢芯镀层,达到最佳匹配,减轻电偶腐蚀。结果表明:Fe与55%Al-Zn合金镀层的电偶电流最小,腐蚀程度最轻;含Mg的热镀Zn层与Al形成的电偶比纯热镀Zn层与Al形成的电偶的腐蚀程度轻。

武汉西四环汉江特大桥总体设计

湖北省武汉市西四环线汉江特大桥主桥为(77+100+360+100+77)m双塔双索面半飘浮体系预应力混凝土斜拉桥,引桥为3×65m预应力混凝土现浇连续箱梁桥。主桥桥塔采用H形结构,两桥塔塔高分别为130.1m和126.1m;主梁采用双边箱PK断面,整幅宽43.6m,按全预应力构件设计;斜拉索采用热镀锌钢绞线,按双索面扇形布置,每个塔柱布置28对斜拉索,全桥共224根;索塔锚固采用改进的紧凑型钢锚梁,并在索导管出口附近设预应力钢棒进行斜拉索锚下局部防裂。分别采用MIDAS Civil和ANSYS对主桥进行总体和局部计算,结果表明结构各项指标均满足规范要求。

输电线路铁塔接地引下线优化设计

针对传统接地引下线存在的易腐蚀和材料质地太硬的缺陷,提出将接地引下线的制作材料用镀锌钢绞线代替,同时制定了钢绞线接地引下线的安装方法,并通过热稳定计算确定了钢绞线截面积。实例应用结果表明,该优化设计方法安装简单、方便,成本小,同时在减少输电线路维护工作量、运行成本和延长接地引下线使用寿命等方面均具有很强的实用性。

500kV输电线路架空地线腐蚀断裂原因分析

对某500kV输电线路架空地线腐蚀断裂试样进行形貌观察、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析,研究了镀锌钢绞线架空地线在工业大气环境中的腐蚀断裂原因和机理。结果显示空气中的SO2是关键因素,通过形成硫酸盐参与镀锌层的溶解和Fe基体的腐蚀,从而造成了镀锌地线的加速腐蚀至断裂。最后结合镀锌钢绞线在工业大气中的这种腐蚀行为,提出了预防措施和建议。

77MnA盘条试制高强度热镀锌钢绞线

电力电讯用热镀锌钢绞线要求钢丝强度较高。采用77MnA盘条经过原料生产及表面处理、拉拔、脱脂、热处理、助镀、热镀锌和绞制等工序,进行高强度镀锌钢绞线生产试制。表面处理采用常温盐酸洗,中温磷化工艺;拉拔采用较小的道次压缩率;热处理温度715～730℃,加热时间约124s,收线速度8.5m/min;热镀锌时锌液温度为455～465℃,镀锌时间12s,锌层厚度按照标准控制;捻制时7根钢丝放线张力应一致。实践表明,采用试制工艺生产的高强度镀锌钢绞线用钢丝技术指标满足GB/T3428—2002的要求。

4V×39S+5FC—32扇形股镀锌钢丝绳生产

扇形股钢丝绳具有破断拉力高、耐磨性好、耐挤压、不旋转、耐疲劳、使用寿命长等特点。介绍一种采用特殊的预变形卡具加圆股挤压法生产4V×39S+5FC—32扇形股镀锌钢丝绳的方法,选择70钢盘条作为拉拔制绳钢丝的原料,给出钢丝绳的工艺参数及制绳钢丝拉拔工艺,镀锌采用电磁抹拭技术。股绳捻制第1层的股捻距为52.6 mm,第2层的捻距为102 mm。合绳在筐篮式8/1250成绳机上生产,圆股挤压采用"4×4"形式,给出圆股挤压工艺参数和装置参数。生产出的钢丝绳不松散、无应力,满足客户需求。

基于电磁感应特性的钢绞线应力检测试验研究

针对现有技术难以有效检测在役斜拉桥镀锌钢绞线拉索应力状态的问题,结合电磁无损检测技术在检测铁磁性材料应力方面的优势,提出了一种基于电磁感应特性的镀锌钢绞线拉索应力检测方法。设计了8个镀锌钢绞线试件,运用万能试验机对试件进行控制张拉,利用LCR数字电桥采集试件张拉过程中的电磁信号,研究电磁信号的变化特征,分析电磁信号和试件应力之间的关系。研究结果表明:试件相对磁导率μr随着应力σ的增加先增大后减小,在应力达到试件抗拉强度fptk的73.29%时存在极大值;试件相对磁导率对应力的梯度dμr/dσ随着应力的增加先增大后减小,在应力达到试件抗拉强度fptk的36.07%时存在极大值,且当梯度dμr/dσ≥0时,试件应力处在试件抗拉强度fptk的73.29%之内。该试验验证了基于电磁感应特性技术检测钢绞线应力的可行性,可为今后镀锌钢绞线拉索应力检测提供技术参考。

防扭钢丝绳用单股钢丝绳生产中存在的问题和对策

分析影响防扭钢丝绳用单股钢丝绳使用寿命的因素,针对生产中存在的问题给出对策:(1)钢丝抗拉强度散差波动控制。拉拔过程采用水箱湿式拉拔,严格控制半成品钢丝的公差范围并消除钢丝冷拉变形的残余应力。(2)镀锌控制。水箱拉拔压缩率大于95%且出线直径小于0.50 mm的钢丝全部采用电镀锌生产,其余则用热镀锌生产;单股钢丝绳外层钢丝采用热镀锌生产,内层钢丝采用电镀锌生产。(3)钢丝绳长度和线密度的控制。严格控制拉丝工序各道次钢丝直径及公差,捻制工序采用电子计米器检测钢丝绳的长度,保证钢丝绳长度精确率。加强防扭钢丝绳用单股钢丝绳生产过程控制,可提高产品质量,提升生产效率,降低生产成本。