Numerical simulation on the multiphase flow and reoxidation of the molten steel in a two-strand tundish during ladle change

A 3D mathematical model was proposed to investigate the molten steel–slag–air multiphase flow in a two-strand slab continuous casting(CC)tundish during ladle change.The study focused on the exposure of the molten steel and the subsequent reoxidation occurrence.The exposure of the molten steel was calculated using the coupled realizable k–εmodel and volume of fluid(VOF)model.The diffusion of dissolved oxygen was determined by solving the user-defined scalar(UDS)equation.Moreover,the user-defined function(UDF)was used to describe the source term in the UDS equation and determine the oxidation rate and oxidation position.The effect of the refilling speed on the molten steel exposure and dissolved oxygen content was also discussed.Increasing the refilling speed during ladle change reduced the refilling time and the exposure duration of the molten steel.However,the elevated refilling speed enlarged the slag eyes and increased the average dissolved oxygen content within the tundish,thereby exacerbating the reoxidation phenomenon.In addition,the time required for the molten steel with a high dissolved oxygen content to exit the tundish varied with the refilling speed.When the inlet speed was 3.0 m·s^(-1)during ladle change,the molten steel with a high dissolved oxygen content exited the outlet in a short period,reaching a maximum dissolved oxygen content of 0.000525wt%.Conversely,when the inlet speed was 1.8 m·s^(-1),the maximum dissolved oxygen content was 0.000382wt%.The refilling speed during the ladle change process must be appropriately decreased to minimize reoxidation effects and enhance the steel product quality.

Dissolution behavior of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions into CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)system ladle slags

To investigate the dissolution behaviors of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions in CaO-5wt%MgO-SiO_(2)-30wt%Al_(2)O_(3)-TiO_(2)system ladle slags,confocal scanning laser microscopy was conducted on the slags with different TiO_(2)contents(0-10wt%),and scanning electron microscopy was performed to study the interfacial reaction between Al_(2)O_(3)and this slag system.The results disclose that the dissolution of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions does not result in the formation of new phases at the boundary between the slag and the inclusions.In TiO_(2)-bearing and TiO_(2)-free ladle slags,there is no difference in the dissolution mechanism of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions at steelmaking temperatures.Boundary layer diffusion is found as the controlling step of the dissolution of Al_(2)O_(3),and the diffusion coefficient is in the range of 4.18×10^(-10)to 2.18×10^(-9)m^(2)/s at 1450-1500℃.Compared with the solubility of Al_(2)O_(3)in the slags,slag viscosity and temperature play a more profound role in the dissolution of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions.A lower viscosity and a lower melting point of the slags are beneficial for the dissolution.Suitable addition of TiO_(2)(e.g.,5wt%)in ladle slags can enhance the dissolution of Al_(2)O_(3)inclusions because of the low viscosity and melting point of the slags,while excessive addition of TiO_(2)(e.g.,10wt%)shows the opposite trend.

Predicting the alloying element yield in a ladle furnace using principal component analysis and deep neural network

The composition control of molten steel is one of the main functions in the ladle furnace(LF)refining process.In this study,a feasible model was established to predict the alloying element yield using principal component analysis(PCA)and deep neural network(DNN).The PCA was used to eliminate collinearity and reduce the dimension of the input variables,and then the data processed by PCA were used to establish the DNN model.The prediction hit ratios for the Si element yield in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 54.0%,93.8%,and98.8%,respectively,whereas those of the Mn element yield in the error ranges of±1%,±2%,and±3%are 77.0%,96.3%,and 99.5%,respectively,in the PCA-DNN model.The results demonstrate that the PCA-DNN model performs better than the known models,such as the reference heat method,multiple linear regression,modified backpropagation,and DNN model.Meanwhile,the accurate prediction of the alloying element yield can greatly contribute to realizing a“narrow window”control of composition in molten steel.The construction of the prediction model for the element yield can also provide a reference for the development of an alloying control model in LF intelligent refining in the modern iron and steel industry.

Intelligent optimization method for the dynamic scheduling of hot metal ladles of one-ladle technology on ironmaking and steelmaking interface in steel plants

The one-ladle technology requires an efficient ironmaking and steelmaking interface. The scheduling of the hot metal ladle in the steel plant determines the overall operational efficiency of the interface. Considering the strong uncertainties of real-world production environments, this work studies the dynamic scheduling problem of hot metal ladles and develops a data-driven three-layer approach to solve this problem. A dynamic scheduling optimization model of the hot metal ladle operation with a minimum average turnover time as the optimization objective is also constructed. Furthermore, the intelligent perception of industrial scenes and autonomous identification of disturbances, adaptive configuration of dynamic scheduling strategies, and real-time adjustment of schedules can be realized. The upper layer generates a demand-oriented prescheduling scheme for hot metal ladles. The middle layer adaptively adjusts this scheme to obtain an executable schedule according to the actual supply–demand relationship. In the lower layer, three types of dynamic scheduling strategies are designed according to the characteristics of the dynamic disturbance in the model:real-time flexible fine-tuning, local machine adjustment, and global rescheduling. Case test using 24 h production data on a certain day during the system operation of a steel plant shows that the method and system can effectively reduce the fluctuation and operation time of the hot metal ladle and improve the stability of the ironmaking and steelmaking interface production rhythm. The data-driven dynamic scheduling strategy is feasible and effective, and the proposed method can improve the operation efficiency of hot metal ladles.

Discussion on Abnormal Corrosion and Material Selection of Hot Iron Ladles with Steel Scrap Addition

The abnormal corrosion of hot iron ladles was investigated.The performance,the composition and the structure of bricks for hot iron ladles were analyzed.The results show that(1)compared with the alumina-silicon carbide-carbon bricks for the ladle bottom,those for the ladle wall have more pyrophyllite and the Al2O3 content of 36.32 mass%;their bulk density,apparent porosity and cold compressive strength are lower than the requirement of industry standard;they have poor anti-oxidation performance and are oxidized to form a porous layer during service,which loosens the brick lining structure thus leading to fracture,local wear and structural damage of bricks;(2)without preheating,steel scraps are not completely melted,resulting in slag or steel attachment at the mouth or the bottom of ladles thus increasing damage of ladles;(3)and the residual bricks react with the attached slag to form low melting point phases affecting their hot properties.The refractories for the lining of hot iron ladles must be improved in combination with process changes,not entirely by raw materials replacement to reduce costs.

Steady State Heat Transfer of Ladle Furnace During Steel Production Process

The heat transfer analysis was performed for an industrial ladle furnace （LF） with a capacity of 55-57 t in Turkey. The heat losses by conduction, convection and radiation from outer and bottom surfaces, top and electrodes of LF were determined in detail. Finally, some suggestions about decreasing heat losses were presented.

Ladle Furnace Temperature Prediction Model Based on Large-scale Data With Random Forest

In ladle furnace, the prediction of the liquid steel temperature is always a hot topic for the researchers. The most of the existing temperature prediction models use small sample set. Today, the precision of them can not satisfy practical production. Fortunately, the large sample set is accumulated from the practical production process. However, a large sample set makes it difficult to build a liquid steel temperature model. To deal with the issue, the random forest method is preferred in this paper, which is a powerful regression method with low complexity and can be designed very quickly. It is with the parallel ensemble structure,uses sample subsets,and employs a simple learning algorithm of sub-models. Then, the random forest method is applied to establish a temperature model by using the data sampled from the production process. The experiments show that the random forest temperature model is more precise than other temperature models.

Mass Balance Modeling for Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace System in Steelmaking Facility in Turkey

In the electric arc furnace （EAF） steel production processes, scrap steel is principally used as a raw material instead of iron ore. In the steelmaking process with EAF, scrap is first melted in the furnace and then the desired chemical composition of the steel can be obtained in a special furnace such as ladle furnace （LF）. This kind of furnace process is used for the secondary refining of alloy steel. LF furnace offers strong heating fluxes and enables precise temperature control, thereby allowing for the addition of desired amounts of various alloying elements. It also provides outstanding desulfurization at high-temperature treatment by reducing molten steel fluxes and removing deoxidation products. Elemental analysis with mass balance modeling is important to know the precise amount of required alloys for the LF input with respect to scrap composition. In present study, chemical reactions with mass conservation law in EAF and LF were modeled altogether as a whole system and chemical compositions of the final steel alloy output can be obtained precisely according to different scrap compositions, alloying elements ratios, and other input amounts. Besides, it was found that the mass efficiency for iron element in the system is 95.93%. These efficiencies are calculated for all input elements as 8. 45% for C, 30.31% for Si, 46.36% for Mn, 30.64% for P, 41.96% for S, and 69.79% for Cr, etc. These efficiencies provide valuable ideas about the amount of the input materials that are vanished or combusted for 100 kg of each of the input materials in the EAF and LF system.

Behaviors of fine bubbles in the shroud nozzle of ladle and tundish

Fine bubbles will create when the inert gas is introduced to the high rapidsteel stream within the shroud nozzle between ladle and tundish. The collision and attachment amongthe bubbles and fine inclusions will promote the floatation efficiency of inclusions in the tundish.The behaviors of the bubbles, such as the dispersion in shroud, coalescence and floatation intundish, are studied. The results show that the maximum sizes of the bubbles in the water and steelflow within the shroud in the length of 1.2 m are 0.70-1.44 mm and 1.53-3.16 mm respectively whenthe flow rates are 0.006-0.016 m^3/s; the terminal velocities of fine bubbles in the water andmolten steel within the tundish are 0.02-0.2 and 0.05-0.6 m/s.

Effect of Additives on Melting Point of LATS Refining Ladle Slag

To avoid slag sticking on the ladle immersion cover during the LATS refining and alloying process, the effect of Al2O3 on the melting point of the ladle slag was studied and the additives including CaF2, B2O3, Li2O, and CaO were used to decrease the melting point of the ladle slag. The melting point was measured using the hemisphere method. The results show that the addition of Al2O3 to the ladle slag increases the melting point. The fluxing action is not remarkable if only CaF2 or CaO is used as the additive. The fluxing action of the composite additive obtained by the mixing of CaO and CaF2 in the mass proportion of ωCaO：ωCaF2=2 ： 1 is preferred. The fluxing action of B2O3 is also notable. When the B2O3 content in mass percent is in the range from 2% to 10%, the corresponding melting point is 1 380 ℃ to 1 290℃. The fluxing action of Li2O is the most remarkable. When the Li2O content is up to 5%, the melting point of the slag is lower than 1 300 ℃.

Optimization of mixing time in a ladle with dual plugs

Based on the two-phase fluid （Eulerian-Eulerian） model, a mathematical model about the gas-liquid flow and mixing behavior was developed to investigate the effect of the offset of dual plugs, the included angle of dual plugs with a center point, and gas flow rate on the mixing time in a ladle with dual plugs. Numerical results indicate that two types of recirculation zones exist in the ladle. One is the middle recirculation between gas and liquid plumes, and the other is the sidewall recirculation between plumes and the ladle sidewall. The correction shows that the mixing time is in proportion to -0.2676 power of gas flow rate. There is a unique optimum offset of dual plugs with a particular included angle, in turn, a unique optimum included angle of dual plugs exits with a particular offset.

CaCO_3 film synthesis from ladle furnace slag: morphological change, new material properties, and Ca extraction efficiency

A rapidly air-cooled ladle furnace slag(RA-LFS), which is a type of steelmaking slag discharged from a steel mill, was used to synthesize CaCO_3 film. The CaCO_3 film with 35 cm^2 of surface area was synthesized under atmospheric conditions, and the surface morphology of the CaCO_3 films was changed by using additives(CaCl_2 and ethylene glycol). Especially, the addition of CaCl_2 changed the surface morphology of CaCO_3 film with pore and induced new material properties, such as water adsorption. The(012) face of CaCO_3 film(calcite) was rapidly decreased by the addition of CaCl_2. The major components of RA-LFS were calcium(type of CaO, 53.9 wt%) and aluminum(type of Al_2 O_3, 37.9 wt%), and the major crystal phases of RA-LFS were C_3 S, C_(12) A_7, and C_3 A. The calcium extraction efficiency of RA-LFS was significantly increased after the CaCO_3 film synthesis. The material properties(hardness and elastic modulus) and the thermal characteristics of the CaCO_3 films were analyzed by nano-indentation and thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis. The synthesized CaCO_3 films from RA-LFS and Ca(OH)_2(reagent) showed similarities in terms of their material properties and the decomposition temperature.

Effect of ladle outlet geometry on internal porosity in gravity casting automotive brackets: An experimental investigation

This study investigated whether the pouring ladle's outlet shape could reduce the porosity of aluminum alloy casting products and whether it could be applied to mass production of automotive brackets based on computer simulations and experiment.The filling behaviors of the melt were simulated to compare the flow characteristics of the molten metal poured from the conventional ladle and the proposed ladle.Results show that for the conventional ladle,the pouring metal is V-shaped,while it is relatively circular and poured at a more constant rate in the proposed ladle.CT scans reveal that the proposed ladle reduces the porosity of the cast product.The proposed ladle resulted in an average of 30 fewer pores,a 299.56 mm3 smaller average total pore volume,and a 0.041% lower difference in average porosity.It is concludes that the proposed ladle can be used in the gravity casting process.By changing the ladle outlet shape can reduce the casting failure rate of massproduced automobile bracket.

Process for improving the ladle free- opening rate for high aluminum steel in continuous casting

Steel 20Mn23AlV is a type of high aluminum steel with a very low ladle free-opening rate. The aluminum composition of 20Mn23AlV ranges from 1.6% to 2.45% ,which is significantly higher than other types of steel. According to the real condition of 40 t ladle in steel-making plant of Baosteel Special Steel Company, previous works show that the key factors affecting the ladle free-opening rate of high aluminum steel in continuous casting are：sand material, accessories baking, ladle nozzle cleaning, the process and amount of adding sand, and the rate of argon stirring during refining. Therefore, improving the ladle filler sand quality, baking all of the raw materials, controlling the addition of ladle filler sand, cleaning the ladle nozzle, and optimizing argon stirring during the refining process can resolve the problem of a low ladle free-opening rate of high aluminum steel caused by the long ladle time of liquid steel.

Development of an improved CBR model for predicting steel temperature in ladle furnace refining

In the prediction of the end-point molten steel temperature of the ladle furnace, the influence of some factors is nonlinear. The prediction accuracy will be affected by directly inputting these nonlinear factors into the data-driven model. To solve this problem, an improved case-based reasoning model based on heat transfer calculation(CBR-HTC) was established through the nonlinear processing of these factors with software Ansys. The results showed that the CBR-HTC model improves the prediction accuracy of end-point molten steel temperature by5.33% and 7.00% compared with the original CBR model and 6.66% and 5.33% compared with the back propagation neural network(BPNN)model in the ranges of [-3, 3] and [-7, 7], respectively. It was found that the mean absolute error(MAE) and root-mean-square error(RMSE)values of the CBR-HTC model are also lower. It was verified that the prediction accuracy of the data-driven model can be improved by combining the mechanism model with the data-driven model.

Study of influence of ladle condition on molten steel during strip casting

A model of the heat transfer between molten steel and the ladle lining was established for the strip casting process,which involves a series of different operations. These operations include preheating,ladle tapping,ladle waiting,blowing of argon gas,and ladle pouring. To simulate the process of pouring molten steel,the geometric deformation( moving grid) technique was used in the model. Moreover,the model considers the heat absorption effect of argon gas and the formation of open eyes during argon blowing. Note that the model was used to compare the effect of different parameter values,including different preheating temperatures,tapping temperature,and argon blowing rates. The results indicate that the argon blowing rate has considerable influence on the decrease in the temperature of molten steel.

Corrosion Mechanism of Ladle Furnace Refining Slag to Fired MgO-CaO Bricks

Corrosion effect of ladle furnace （LF） refining slag on fired MgO-CaO bricks with about 34% CaO was studied by static crucible method,and corrosion mechanism was analyzed by techniques of scan electron micrograph,energy dispersive spectrometer,and X-ray diffraction. The results show that：MgO-CaO bricks exhibit excellent corrosion resistance but poor penetration resistance to LF refining slag; oxidation of （Mg·Fe）O in reaction zone results in volume expansion forming cracks; penetration of 2CaO·Fe2O3 （C2F） from slag to MgO-CaO bricks increases liquid phases which accelerates corrosion of the bricks; a protective layer of 2CaO·SiO2 formed on reaction interface prevents penetration of C2F to the bricks.

Application of None Cement Aluminamagnesia Gunning Mix with Special High Reactive Alumina in Steel Ladles

During calcining the aluminum hydroxide according to the Bayer process in a rotary kiln,the process of incomplete conversion to alpha alumina by soft calcination leads to a special intermediate alumina product containing microcrystalline of primary crystal alpha alumina particles less than 0.4μm,and other alumina phases with finer microcrystalline of less than 0.2μm particles.This special alumina powder has similar properties to silica fume or clay,such as high surface area and reactivity,fast wetting,low water demand and high stick-ability.It can partially or completely replace silica fume and clay in dry gunning mixes.It works towards improving the high temperature resistance of the gunning material matrix as well as the corrosion resistance and service life of the gunning materials.The application results show that:the ladle cementfree alumina-magnesia dry gunning mix with this special alumina sub-micro powder,compared with traditional dry gunning materials,has lower rebound loss(<10%),better adhesion rate,higher corrosion resistance and peeling resistance;and it can replace the veneering casting repair to achieve the similar performance.A further improvement goal is to replace the initial casting linings,thus this concept will give a new revolution to the monolithic steel ladles.

Spinel Castables for Steel Ladle Lining:In-Situ Versus Preformed

The paper discusses the difference in the formulation concepts of alumina - spinel （spinel containing ） and alumina - magnesia （ spin, el forming） castables and the influence on their physical properties. The individual property profile is discussed with respect to the requirements of refactory lining materials for the different zones of a steel ladle.

Reaction technique in ladle metallurgy

Process models are very useful to control high efficient industrial metallurgical processes.However their accuracy depends strongly on the choice of boundary conditions and thermodynamic as well as kinetic data used. Whereas the commercial data base FactSage or Thermocalc is used as the source of thermodynamic data the kinetic parameter are characteristic for each process and process design.Therefore it is essential to estimate the kinetic parameter in well designed experiments supported by using of numerical methods. In this paper the steel melt flow parameter,gas-melt interfacial area and mass transfer coefficient obtained in 30t industrial gas stirred ladles are described.On the example of nitrogen absorption and desorption the predictive process model for nitrogen control while ladle treatment and decarburisation process is presented for different steel alloys.The modelling results are compared with results from industrial processes.