SS304和Q235异种钢搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀有限元模拟

针对异种金属焊接接头易于发生电偶腐蚀,基于腐蚀电化学原理,将动电位极化曲线参数和金相组织面积比例等作为边界条件,采用有限元分析软件COMSOL对Q235低碳钢和304不锈钢(SS304)异种钢FSW接头不同区域腐蚀行为进行了预测,研究了焊接接头不同区域宏观和微观电偶腐蚀电位分布和电流密度的变化规律。结果表明,在宏观电偶腐蚀中,腐蚀深度的最大值位于SS304后退侧(RS_(304))与搅拌区(SZ)的交界处,约为Q235低碳钢母材(BM_(Q235))的5倍,各区电流密度随腐蚀时间的增长而增大,在微观电偶腐蚀中,腐蚀深度的最大值位于SS304侧搅拌区(SZ_(304))与Q235侧搅拌区(SZ_(Q235))的交界处,约为BM_(Q235)的1.2倍,并且珠光体组织面积比例越大,耐蚀性越差。采用该有限元模型可以预测异种钢搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的腐蚀行为。

原位充氢-拉伸载荷作用下304不锈钢氢脆行为及显微组织表征

搭建了原位电化学充氢—慢应变速率拉伸载荷平台,模拟真实临氢环境—载荷环境,研究了原位充氢对304奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明:相比传统预充氢拉伸实验,304奥氏体不锈钢经原位电化学充氢拉伸后呈现较低的强度和更高的氢脆敏感性,未发生明显马氏体相变;试样在变形早期即发生严重氢致断裂,对实际临氢环境服役条件下不锈钢氢脆行为研究和应用具有参考价值。

高温环境下模拟CO_(2)驱采出液中304不锈钢的腐蚀行为

现阶段随着CO_(2)驱油技术的普遍使用,采出液中CO_(2)的含量不断上升,使得采出系统中金属管道的腐蚀程度逐渐增大。为了掌握304不锈钢在高温环境下CO_(2)驱采出液中的腐蚀行为,室内配制了模拟CO_(2)驱采出液,测试了304不锈钢在高温环境下不同含量CO_(2)、不同腐蚀时间下的金属腐蚀速率,并对不同腐蚀时间下金属表面的微观形貌和腐蚀产物组成进行了表征。结果表明,随着CO_(2)含量和腐蚀时间的不断上升,金属的腐蚀速率上升;随着腐蚀时间的上升,金属表面的腐蚀产物逐渐增加,发生了局部区域析氢腐蚀过程;腐蚀产物膜主要由Fe_(2)O_(3)、Cr_(2)O_(3)和FeCO_(3)组成。

Effects of Laser Shock Processing on Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded ANSI 304 Stainless Steel Joint

With the rapid development of engineering component with integration,high-speed and multi-parameter,traditional techniques haven＇t met practical needs in extreme service environment.Laser welding,a new welding technology,has been widely used.However,it would generate the drop of mechanical properties for laser welded joint due to its thermal effect.Laser shock processing（LSP） is one of the most effective methods to improve the mechanical properties of laser welded ANSI 304 stainless steel joint.In this paper,the effects of LSP on the mechanical properties of laser welded ANSI 304 stainless steel joint have been investigated.The welded joint on the front of the tensile samples is treated by LSP impacts,and the overlapping rate of the laser spot is 50%.The tensile test of the laser welded joint with and without LSP impacts is carried out,and the fracture morphology of the tensile samples is analyzed by scanning electron microscope（SEM）.Compared with the yield strength of 11.70 kN,the tensile strength of 37.66 kN,the yield-to-tensile strength ratio of 0.310 7,the elongation of 25.20%,the area reduction of 32.68% and the elastic modulus of 13 063.876 MPa,the corresponding values after LSP impacts are 14.25 kN,38.74 kN,0.367 8,26.58%,42.29% and 14 754.394 MPa,respectively.Through LSP impacts,the increasing ratio of the yield strength and tensile strength are 121.79% and 102.87%,respectively;the elongation and area reduction are improved by 5.48% and 29.38%,respectively.By comparing with coarse fracture surface of the welded joint,the delamination splitting with some cracks in the sharp corner of the welded joint and asymmetric dimples,LSP can cause brighter fracture surface,and finer and more uniform dimples.Finally,the schematic illustration of dimple formation with LSP is clearly described.The proposed research ensures that the LSP technology can clearly improve the yield strength,tensile strength,yield-to-tensile strength ratio,elongation,area reduction and elastic modulus of the welded joint.The enhancement mechanism of LSP on laser welded ANSI 304 stainless steel joint is mainly due to the fact that the refined and uniform dimples effectively delay the fracture of laser welded joints.

Optimization of gas tungsten arc welding parameters for the dissimilar welding between AISI 304 and AISI 201 stainless steels

This present study applied gas tungsten arc welding in order to join AISI 304 and AISI 201 stainless steels.The objective was to find the optimum welding condition that gave a weld bead in accordance with DIN EN ISO 25817 quality level B, pitting corrosion potential of the weld metal of not less than that of the AISI304 base metal and a ratio of delta-ferrite in austenite matrix of the weld metal of not lower than 3%.Such a ratio is a criterion widely accepted to protect the weld metal from solidification cracking. At the welding current of 75 A and by using pure argon as a shielding gas 0 to 8 vol.% and applying a welding speed in the range of 2-3.5 mm·s^(-1) was found to give a complete weld bead with an increased depthper-width ratio(promote weldability). For welding speed in the range of 3 and 3.5 mm·s^(-1)(promote corrosion resistance). Increasing the welding speed in such a range decreased the amount of delta-ferrite in the austenite matrix, and increased the pitting corrosion potential of the weld metal to be 302 mV_(SCE).This value was still lower than the pitting corrosion potential of the AISI 304 base metal. Mixing nitrogen in argon shielding gas increased the nitrogen content in the weld. The optimum condition was found when using a welding speed of 3 mm· s^(-1) and mixing 1 vol.% of nitrogen in the argon shielding gas(promote weldability and corrosion resistance). Pitted areas after potentiodynamic test were observed in the austenite in which its Cr content was relatively low.

Static and dynamic finite element analysis of 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process

Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to analyze 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process with the help of MSC.Marc software. The entire 30-pass deformation process and the actual parameters of production line were taken into account. Static and dynamic procedures were used to study the continuous rolling process with the aid of the thermo-mechanical coupled FEM of elastic-plasticity. The properties of billets, such as deformation, temperature field and rolling force, were mainly discussed. The simulation results of temperature agree well with the measured values. Comparisons of the analysis results obtained using static implicit method and dynamic implicit method were presented. It is shown that static implicit procedure is more accurate than dynamic implicit procedure and is able to simulate the rolling process with a lower speed, such as a roughing mill. Whereas, dynamic analysis shows a higher efficiency than static analysis and is fit for simulating the rolling process with a higher speed, such as a finishing mill.

Investigation of SUS304 Stainless Steel with Warm Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing

Basing on warm mechanical property of SUS304 stainless steel and hydro-mechanical deep drawing process, warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing process is proposed and discussed with experiments in this paper. The experiments are performed at four different temperatures. The results show that the formability of stainless steel is improved under the condition of warm temperature. Warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing raises limiting drawing ratio of SUS304 effectively, and limiting drawing ratio 3.3 is obtained, which is beyond 2.0 with conventional deep drawing. The temperature of 90℃ is beneficial to the forming of SUS304 stainless steel, the strain-induced martensite is controlled effectively, and the thickness distribution is more uniform.

Characterization of Passive Films Formed on As-received and Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel

The current research of corrosion resistance of stainless steels mainly focuses on characterization of the passive films by point defect mode and mixed-conduction model. The corrosion resistance of the passive films formed on asreceived and sensitized AISI304 stainless steel in borate bu er solution were evaluated in this paper. The degree of sensitization and corrosion resistance of AISI304 stainless steels was evaluated by double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The passive films formed on the stainless steels were studied by XPS technique. It was found that as-received specimen had higher pitting corrosion potential and corrosion resistance than sensitized one. The Mott-Schottky results showed that sensitized stainless steel had more defects in the passive film than as-received one. The compositions of the passive films were mainly Cr and Fe oxides according to XPS results.

Effect of W/Cu composite filler metals on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded pure niobium/304 stainless steel joint

Cracking in a laser weld of niobium to stainless steel occurred due to the formation of brittle,continuously distributed Nb-Fe intermetallic compounds.A crack-free joint,which had a tensile strength of 147 MPa,was obtained by using the W/Cu composite filler metals.To determine the reasons for cracking in the Nb/SS joint and the function of the W/Cu composite filler metals on the improvement of the cracking resistance of the Nb/W/Cu/SS joint,the microstructures of the joints were studied by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The cracking susceptibilities of the joints were evaluated with microhardness test on the cross section of the Nb/W/Cu/SS joint.The results showed that the Nb/W/Cu/SS joint was characterized by various solid solution.The formation of solid solution reduced the cracking susceptibility of the joint.

Uniaxial Time-Dependent Ratcheting of SS304 Stainless Steel at High Temperatures

The uniaxial time-dependent strain cyclic behaviors and ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel were studied at high temperatures （350 ℃ and 700 ℃）. The effects of straining and stressing rates, holding time at the peak and/or valley of each cycle in addition to ambient temperature on the cyclic softening/hardening behavior and ratcheting of the material were discussed. It can be seen from experimental results that the material presents remarkable time dependence at 700 ℃, and the ratcheting strain depends greatly on the stressing rate, holding time and ambient temperature. Some significant conclusions are obtained, which are useful to build a constitutive model describiog the time-dependent cyclic deformation of the material.

84消毒液对304不锈钢腐蚀的影响

目的 探究84消毒液对304不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响及其腐蚀机理。方法 采用数码相机和三维视频显微镜对304不锈钢进行宏观与微观腐蚀形貌观察,结合电化学测试分析研究84消毒液对304不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果 在喷洒试验初期,在不锈钢表面可观察到少量较浅的点蚀坑生成,腐蚀电位升高,腐蚀电流密度下降。随着喷洒时间的延长,试验后期,点蚀坑增加和变大,腐蚀电位降低,腐蚀电流密度提高,304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能降低,腐蚀速率提高。结论 大气环境下喷洒84消毒液,304不锈钢发生局部腐蚀。试验初期,NaClO促进了不锈钢钝化膜的形成,腐蚀速率下降。随着喷洒时间的延长,NaClO被还原形成的Cl^(–),使钝化膜发生破裂,促进了不锈钢的点蚀。

Effect of Strain and Chloride Concentration on Pitting Susceptibility for Type 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

为类型 304 不锈钢的 pitting 危险性上的紧张和氯化物集中的效果在经常的紧张下面用电气化学的技术在 situ 被学习。影响因素 f 向前被带在 pitting 上珍视紧张的效果。在在紧张层次下面的各种各样的氯化物集中的类型 304 不锈钢的 pitting 行为 0% ， 10% ，和 30% 被调查。Potentiostatic 极化技术被用来学习氯化物集中怎么影响了腐蚀电流密度。结果显示 f 实质地增加了，当氯化物集中是超过 90 mg · L 时， pitting 潜力显著地变化了 ? 1。在，上面提及的紧张的三个层次下面，氯化物集中在 463 mg · L 下面 ? 1,121 mg · L ? 1，和 98 mg · L ? 1 分别地， pitting 潜力向确实变了并且，被动电影变得更稳定。当紧张低于 10% 时，当紧张增加了，类型 304 不锈钢的 pitting 危险性极大地变化了，而当紧张是超过 10% 时，危险性仅仅有点变化了。

Fractal Characteristic of Pits Distribution on 304 Stainless Steel Corroded Surface and Its Application in Corrosion Diagnosis

Electrochemical techniques and fractal theory were employed to study the corrosion behaviors and pits distribution characteristics on the corroded surfaces of 304 stainless steel exposed in FeCl3 solution. Fractal features of pits distribution over the corroded surfaces were observed and described by the fractal dimension. A 5-8-2 back-propagation （BP） artificial neural network model for the diagnoses of the pitting corrosion rate and pits deepness of 304 stainless steel under various conditions was developed by considering the fractal dimension as a key parameter for describing the pitting corrosion characteristics. The predicted results are well in agreement with the experimental data of pitting corrosion rate and pit deepness. The max relative errors between their experimental and simulation data are 6.69% and 4.62%, respectively.

HOT DUCTILITY OF 304HC STAINLESS STEEL AND THE MODEL OF RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION

The ductility map of 304HC stainless was determined by using the Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermal-mechanical simulator. The effect of Cu on the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel was analyzed and the mathematical model of resistance to deformation was established. The microstructure, inclusion and fracture surface were studied by using the method of micro structure analysis, scanning, energy spectrum and electron microscope. The results show that Cu has effect on the hot ductility, and the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel decrease with the increase of content of Cu. The deformation temperature also has much effect on the hot ductility, the suitable deformation temperature are 1100-1200℃. The reason of it is that the Cu rich chemical compounds were precipitated from austenite phase during cooling. The Cu rich chemical compounds are brittle substance such as Cu2S, Cu2O and ε-Cu etc.

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel electroslag strip cladding

The 304 stainless steel strips were deposited one layer on carbon steel base metal by electroslag strip cladding （ESC） and submerged arc cladding （SAC）, respectively. The solidification microstrueture of ESC metal was analyzed by the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance studies of strip cladding metals were carried out in 10% oxalic acid electrolytic etching test. The results showed that the cladding metal obtained by ESC presented low content of C, high content of Cr and enough alloying element of Ni in the chemical composition. The transition zone of ESC with small width was almost parallel with the base metal, leading to a lower dilution. There are three types of solidification modes （ A→AF→FA ） occurred in the ESC metal due to the decrease of cooling rate and degree of dilution from the transition zone to the top of ESC metal. As a result, the microstructure of ESC metal exhibited mainly austenite with a small amount of ferrite, contributing to achievement of better corrosion resistance.

The Enrichment of Chloride Anion in the Occluded Cell and Its Effect on Stress Corrosion Crack of 304 Stainless Steel in Low Chloride Concentration Solution

在为在低氯化物集中答案的类型 304 奥氏体的不锈钢的堵塞房间(OC ) 以内的氯化物阴离子的丰富借助于模仿的 OC 被调查了。类型 304 不锈钢的压力腐蚀快克(SCC ) 上的氯化物阴离子的丰富的影响被学习了。氯化物阴离子移植的数量与通过阳极流动的费用成正比，这被观察。拥有到氯化物阴离子的丰富的效果，低氯化物集中答案能为类型 304 不锈钢导致 SCC。

Study on numerical simulation of TA1-304 stainless steel explosive welding

In order to guide the explosive welding experiment of titanium-stainless steel,Three-dimensional numerical simulation of explosive welding,which select TA1 as flyer plate and 304 stainless steel as base plate,is carried out by using the LS-DYNA software and SPH-FEM coupling algorithm in the present study.The explosive welding window is calculated and established.It is found that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The displacement,velocity and pressure-time curves of characteristic elements show that the quality of explosive welding composites is superior.It is proved that SPH-FEM coupling algorithm is effective for explosive welding of TA1/304 stainless steel and can effectively guide the selection of explosive welding parameters.

Characterization of stress corrosion crack growth of 304 stainless steel by electrochemical noise and scanning Kelvin probe

The fatigue pre-cracking 304 stainless steel (SS) specimens with lengths of 1.002 mm (L-crack) and 0.575 mm (S-crack) were prepared. Their corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical noise (EN) in 4 mol/L NaCl + 0.01 mol/L Na2S2O3 solution under slow-strain-rate-testing (SSRT) conditions. Moreover, the characteristics of L-crack's surface morphology and potential distribution with scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) before and after SSRT were also discussed. Compared with S-crack, L-crack is propagated and the features of crack propagation can be obtained. After propagation, the noise amplitudes increase with increasing stress and accelerating corrosion, the white noises at low and high frequencies (WL and WH) of the later stage are one order of magnitude larger than that at early stage in the current power spectral densities (PSDs). The potential PSDs also increase, but WH disappears. In addition, the crack propagation can be demonstrated according to variation of probability distribution, surface morphology and potential distribution.

Activated flux tungsten inert gas welding of 8 mm-thick AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

AISI 304 stainless steel plates were welded with activated flux tungsten inert gas(A-TIG) method by utilizing self-developed activated flux. It is indicated from the experimental results that for 8 mm-thick AISI 304 stainless steel plate, weld joint of full penetration and one-side welding with good weld appearance can be obtained in a single pass without groove preparation by utilizing A-TIG welding. Moreover, activated flux powders do not cause significant effect on the microstructure of TIG weld and the mechanical properties of A-TIG weld joints are also superior to those of C-TIG(conventional TIG) welding.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.