Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine,a plant alkaloid.Methods:Five multi-drug resistant(MDR) STEC/EPEC and five MDR ETEC isolates from yaks with haemorrhagic diarrhoea were selected for the ...Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine,a plant alkaloid.Methods:Five multi-drug resistant(MDR) STEC/EPEC and five MDR ETEC isolates from yaks with haemorrhagic diarrhoea were selected for the study.Antibacterial activity of berberine was evaluated by broth dilution and disc diffusion methods.The binding kinetics of berberine to DNA and protein was also enumerated.Results:For both categories of enterovirulent Escherichia coli(E.roli) isolates, berberine displayed the antibaclerial effect in a dose dependent manner.The MIC<sub>50</sub> of berberine chloride for STEC/EPEC isolates varied from 2.07μM to 3.6μM with a mean of(2.95±0.33)μM where as for ETEC strains it varied from 1.75 to 1.96μM with a mean of(1.87±0.03)μM. Berberine bind more tightly with double helix DNA with Bmax and Kd of(24.68±2.62) and(357.8±57.8),respectively.Berberine reacted with protein in comparatively loose manner with Bmax and Kd of(18.9±3.83) and 【286.2±113.6),respectively.Conclusions:The results indicate clearly that berberine may serve as a good antibacterial against multi drug resistant E.coli.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of archaea in the rumen of adult and elderly yaks. Six domesticated female yaks, 3 adult yaks ((5.3±0.6) years old), and 3 elderly yaks ((1...This study was conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of archaea in the rumen of adult and elderly yaks. Six domesticated female yaks, 3 adult yaks ((5.3±0.6) years old), and 3 elderly yaks ((10.7±0.6) years old), were used for the rumen contents collection. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to examine the archaeal composition of rumen contents. A total of 92 901 high-quality archaeal sequences were analyzed, and these were assigned to 2 033 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Among these, 974 OTUs were unique to adult yaks while 846 OTUs were unique to elderly yaks; 213 OTUs were shared by both groups. At the phylum level, more than 99% of the obtained OTUs belonged to the Euryarchaeota phylum. At the genus level, the archaea could be divided into 7 archaeal genera. The 7 genera (i.e., Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Thermogymnomonas, Methanomicrobiu, Meth- animicrococcus and the unclassified genus) were shared by all yaks, and their total abundance accounted for 99% of the rumen archaea. The most abundant archaea in elderly and adult yaks were Methanobrevibacterand Thermogymnomonas, respectively. The abundance of Methanobacteria (class), Methanobacteriales (order), Methanobacteriaceae (family), and Methanobrevibacter (genus) in elderly yaks was significantly higher than in adult yaks. In contrast, the abundance of Ther-mogymnomonas in elderly yaks was 34% lower than in adult yaks, though the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in abundance of other archaea was not significant between the two groups. These results suggested that the structure of archaea in the rumen of yaks changed with age. This is the first study to compare the phytogenetic differences of rumen archaeal structure and composition using the yak model.展开更多
To assess the impact of N fertilization on contents of mineral elements in herbage and the effect of increased forage S on the copper metabolism of grazing yaks, study was conducted during the summer grazing season (...To assess the impact of N fertilization on contents of mineral elements in herbage and the effect of increased forage S on the copper metabolism of grazing yaks, study was conducted during the summer grazing season (2005, 2006, and 2007). Pasture replicates (20 ha; n=3 per treatment) received the same fertilizer treatment in each growing season, consisting of i) 90 kg N ha^-1 from quickly available nitrogen, ii) 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium nitrate, iii) 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium sulfate, and iv) control (no fertilizer). Forage sampling was collected at 60 days intervals following fertilization (10 samples per pasture) for Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Fe, Zn, Ca, and P. To determine the effect of fertilizer treatment on mineral metabolism in grazing yaks, liver and blood samples were collected at the start and end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Ammonium sulfate fertilization increased (P 〈 0.01) forage S concentration. Plant tissue N concentrations were increased by N fertilization, regardless of source in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Yaks grazing S fertilization pastures had lower (P〈0.05) liver and blood Cu concentrations at the end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007, compared with urea, ammonium nitrate, and control. Nominal increases in forage in vitro organic matter digestibility were realized by fertilization, regardless of N source in each year.展开更多
Since the 1990s, yak in the Haizi area in China has been affected by an ailment characterized by pica, emaciation, dyskinesia, and anemia. To determine the cause of disease, the mineral composition of soil and forages...Since the 1990s, yak in the Haizi area in China has been affected by an ailment characterized by pica, emaciation, dyskinesia, and anemia. To determine the cause of disease, the mineral composition of soil and forages, and samples of blood, hair, and liver of yaks from the Haizi area in China were determined. The concentrations of copper in soil and forage from affected ranches and unaffected areas are within the normal ranges. The mean concentration of copper in blood and liver from the affected yaks was (0.31±0.03) and (13.7±3.1)μg·g^-1 respectively, compared with (0.98±0.16) and (95.6±11.2)μg·g^-1 for unaffected yaks. The concentrations of sulfur in soil and forage from affected ranches were (1.91±0.26) and (1.37±0.17)%, respectively, compared with (1.11±0.31) and (0.52±0.18)% (dry matter) for normal areas. The contents of sulfur in blood and liver affected animals were (7.32±1.8) and (2.54±3.1)%, respectively, compared with (4.22±0.73) and (1.31±0.33)% (in fresh and soft tissues) for healthy animals, respectively. Oral administration of tribasic copper chloride prevented and cured the disease. Thus it is reasonable to conclude that ailments of yaks in the Haizi area are probably caused by a secondary copper deficiency, mainly due to high sulfur content in soil and forage.展开更多
This paper was carried out on the morphological character of the test and epididymis of three types of yak bull age 6,12,18,24 months old (1/2 wild yak, cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak). The results showed that th...This paper was carried out on the morphological character of the test and epididymis of three types of yak bull age 6,12,18,24 months old (1/2 wild yak, cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak). The results showed that the weight and size of testes and epidiymis was increased with the age which was hardly affected by imbalance of food supply during the cold and warm seasons. The development were similar for three kinds of yak at the same age(P>0.05).展开更多
In the study, confinement and semi-confinement raising fattening technology of yaks in agricultural areas of tibet were analyzed. And several suggestions for improving the efficiency of yak raising were put forward. A...In the study, confinement and semi-confinement raising fattening technology of yaks in agricultural areas of tibet were analyzed. And several suggestions for improving the efficiency of yak raising were put forward. Aiming at providing the reference of healthy raising and sustainable development of yaks in the agricul- tural areas of tibet.展开更多
In this study, yak bone collagen hydrolysate(YBCH)was produced by mixed proteases and provided to standard-diet mice at a different dose(low dose(LD), medium dose(MD), and high dose(HD))to investigate its effects on t...In this study, yak bone collagen hydrolysate(YBCH)was produced by mixed proteases and provided to standard-diet mice at a different dose(low dose(LD), medium dose(MD), and high dose(HD))to investigate its effects on the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)production. It was found that YBCH was mainly composed of small molecular peptides whose molecular weight below 2 000 Da. Notably, supplementation with different doses of YBCH could significantly downregulate the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the fecal microbiota. At the family level, the Lachnospiraceae abundance was significantly reduced in the YBCH gavage groups(mean reduction ratio 41.7 %, 35.2%, and 36.4% for LD, MD, and HD group, respectively). The predicted functions of gut microbes in the MD group were significantly increased at “lipid metabolism” and “glycan biosynthesis and metabolism”. Moreover, the SCFA production in the YBCH groups was elevated. Especially, the concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the MD group was separately increased 79.7%, 89.2%, and 78.8% than that in the NC group. These results indicated that YBCH might be applied in the development of functional food for intestinal microecological regulation.展开更多
Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily...Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily after prior suckling of the calf. yaks were allowed to graze for 15 h/day on high-altitude(3200 to 3500 m) pastures. No supplementary food was given. Average daily milk yield of 1.77(s. e. 0. 16)kg and milk yield over 120 days,212.2(s. e. 20.2)kg were significantly higher(P<0.01)than the corresponding figures for uninlproved domestic yaks(1.53(s. e. 0. 10)kg and 164. 6(s. e. 10.5)kg respectively). The fat content of milk from crossbred yaks, 52(s. e. 2. 9)g/kg, was not significantly dlfferent from that of unimproved animals, 53.5(s. e. 4. 1), g/kg.展开更多
Female domesticated yaks were artificially inseminated with semen taken from wild yaks and the offspring used to form a nucleus breeding herd of crossbred animals. The meat production of the first generation(F1 ×...Female domesticated yaks were artificially inseminated with semen taken from wild yaks and the offspring used to form a nucleus breeding herd of crossbred animals. The meat production of the first generation(F1 × F2)from breedtng within the nucleus herd was assessed by slaughter and carcass dissection of males. One group(no. =14)was slaughtered at 6 months of age and the second(no. = 12)at 18months. Crossbred yaks were significantly heavier(P<0.01)at 6 months(74.7(s. e. 10.41)kg v. 59.8(s.e. 10.23)kg)and at 18 months(150.5(s. e. 56.1)kg v. 117.7(s. e. 17.4)kg)than domesticated ones,The killing-out proportion(0.47)was similar at both ages and for both groups of animals. Carcass weight,meat weight and the yield of prime cuts were higher for crossbred animals than for domestic yak at both ages.展开更多
Yaks live in high frigid areas some 3,000-5,000 meters above sea level.In China there are 13 million yaks,making up 90 percent of the world total.They provide with transport means,meat and hide for 4.6 Tibe-tans in Ti...Yaks live in high frigid areas some 3,000-5,000 meters above sea level.In China there are 13 million yaks,making up 90 percent of the world total.They provide with transport means,meat and hide for 4.6 Tibe-tans in Tibet as well as Qinghai,Sichuan,Yunnan and Gansu prov-inces.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine,a plant alkaloid.Methods:Five multi-drug resistant(MDR) STEC/EPEC and five MDR ETEC isolates from yaks with haemorrhagic diarrhoea were selected for the study.Antibacterial activity of berberine was evaluated by broth dilution and disc diffusion methods.The binding kinetics of berberine to DNA and protein was also enumerated.Results:For both categories of enterovirulent Escherichia coli(E.roli) isolates, berberine displayed the antibaclerial effect in a dose dependent manner.The MIC<sub>50</sub> of berberine chloride for STEC/EPEC isolates varied from 2.07μM to 3.6μM with a mean of(2.95±0.33)μM where as for ETEC strains it varied from 1.75 to 1.96μM with a mean of(1.87±0.03)μM. Berberine bind more tightly with double helix DNA with Bmax and Kd of(24.68±2.62) and(357.8±57.8),respectively.Berberine reacted with protein in comparatively loose manner with Bmax and Kd of(18.9±3.83) and 【286.2±113.6),respectively.Conclusions:The results indicate clearly that berberine may serve as a good antibacterial against multi drug resistant E.coli.
基金the International Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(2014DFA32860)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402104)for their financial support
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of archaea in the rumen of adult and elderly yaks. Six domesticated female yaks, 3 adult yaks ((5.3±0.6) years old), and 3 elderly yaks ((10.7±0.6) years old), were used for the rumen contents collection. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to examine the archaeal composition of rumen contents. A total of 92 901 high-quality archaeal sequences were analyzed, and these were assigned to 2 033 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Among these, 974 OTUs were unique to adult yaks while 846 OTUs were unique to elderly yaks; 213 OTUs were shared by both groups. At the phylum level, more than 99% of the obtained OTUs belonged to the Euryarchaeota phylum. At the genus level, the archaea could be divided into 7 archaeal genera. The 7 genera (i.e., Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Thermogymnomonas, Methanomicrobiu, Meth- animicrococcus and the unclassified genus) were shared by all yaks, and their total abundance accounted for 99% of the rumen archaea. The most abundant archaea in elderly and adult yaks were Methanobrevibacterand Thermogymnomonas, respectively. The abundance of Methanobacteria (class), Methanobacteriales (order), Methanobacteriaceae (family), and Methanobrevibacter (genus) in elderly yaks was significantly higher than in adult yaks. In contrast, the abundance of Ther-mogymnomonas in elderly yaks was 34% lower than in adult yaks, though the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in abundance of other archaea was not significant between the two groups. These results suggested that the structure of archaea in the rumen of yaks changed with age. This is the first study to compare the phytogenetic differences of rumen archaeal structure and composition using the yak model.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90202009) for financial support
文摘To assess the impact of N fertilization on contents of mineral elements in herbage and the effect of increased forage S on the copper metabolism of grazing yaks, study was conducted during the summer grazing season (2005, 2006, and 2007). Pasture replicates (20 ha; n=3 per treatment) received the same fertilizer treatment in each growing season, consisting of i) 90 kg N ha^-1 from quickly available nitrogen, ii) 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium nitrate, iii) 90 kg N ha^-1 from ammonium sulfate, and iv) control (no fertilizer). Forage sampling was collected at 60 days intervals following fertilization (10 samples per pasture) for Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Fe, Zn, Ca, and P. To determine the effect of fertilizer treatment on mineral metabolism in grazing yaks, liver and blood samples were collected at the start and end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Ammonium sulfate fertilization increased (P 〈 0.01) forage S concentration. Plant tissue N concentrations were increased by N fertilization, regardless of source in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Yaks grazing S fertilization pastures had lower (P〈0.05) liver and blood Cu concentrations at the end of the study period in 2005, 2006, and 2007, compared with urea, ammonium nitrate, and control. Nominal increases in forage in vitro organic matter digestibility were realized by fertilization, regardless of N source in each year.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(90202009)
文摘Since the 1990s, yak in the Haizi area in China has been affected by an ailment characterized by pica, emaciation, dyskinesia, and anemia. To determine the cause of disease, the mineral composition of soil and forages, and samples of blood, hair, and liver of yaks from the Haizi area in China were determined. The concentrations of copper in soil and forage from affected ranches and unaffected areas are within the normal ranges. The mean concentration of copper in blood and liver from the affected yaks was (0.31±0.03) and (13.7±3.1)μg·g^-1 respectively, compared with (0.98±0.16) and (95.6±11.2)μg·g^-1 for unaffected yaks. The concentrations of sulfur in soil and forage from affected ranches were (1.91±0.26) and (1.37±0.17)%, respectively, compared with (1.11±0.31) and (0.52±0.18)% (dry matter) for normal areas. The contents of sulfur in blood and liver affected animals were (7.32±1.8) and (2.54±3.1)%, respectively, compared with (4.22±0.73) and (1.31±0.33)% (in fresh and soft tissues) for healthy animals, respectively. Oral administration of tribasic copper chloride prevented and cured the disease. Thus it is reasonable to conclude that ailments of yaks in the Haizi area are probably caused by a secondary copper deficiency, mainly due to high sulfur content in soil and forage.
文摘This paper was carried out on the morphological character of the test and epididymis of three types of yak bull age 6,12,18,24 months old (1/2 wild yak, cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak). The results showed that the weight and size of testes and epidiymis was increased with the age which was hardly affected by imbalance of food supply during the cold and warm seasons. The development were similar for three kinds of yak at the same age(P>0.05).
基金Supported by the State "Twelfth Five-year" Science and Technology Support Project(2012BAD12D04)
文摘In the study, confinement and semi-confinement raising fattening technology of yaks in agricultural areas of tibet were analyzed. And several suggestions for improving the efficiency of yak raising were put forward. Aiming at providing the reference of healthy raising and sustainable development of yaks in the agricul- tural areas of tibet.
基金support from the staff of the National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food,Jiangnan Universitysupported by the Postdoctoral Research Funding of Jiangsu Province (2021K269B)National Key Research & Developmental Program of China (2018YFA0900300)。
文摘In this study, yak bone collagen hydrolysate(YBCH)was produced by mixed proteases and provided to standard-diet mice at a different dose(low dose(LD), medium dose(MD), and high dose(HD))to investigate its effects on the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)production. It was found that YBCH was mainly composed of small molecular peptides whose molecular weight below 2 000 Da. Notably, supplementation with different doses of YBCH could significantly downregulate the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the fecal microbiota. At the family level, the Lachnospiraceae abundance was significantly reduced in the YBCH gavage groups(mean reduction ratio 41.7 %, 35.2%, and 36.4% for LD, MD, and HD group, respectively). The predicted functions of gut microbes in the MD group were significantly increased at “lipid metabolism” and “glycan biosynthesis and metabolism”. Moreover, the SCFA production in the YBCH groups was elevated. Especially, the concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the MD group was separately increased 79.7%, 89.2%, and 78.8% than that in the NC group. These results indicated that YBCH might be applied in the development of functional food for intestinal microecological regulation.
文摘Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily after prior suckling of the calf. yaks were allowed to graze for 15 h/day on high-altitude(3200 to 3500 m) pastures. No supplementary food was given. Average daily milk yield of 1.77(s. e. 0. 16)kg and milk yield over 120 days,212.2(s. e. 20.2)kg were significantly higher(P<0.01)than the corresponding figures for uninlproved domestic yaks(1.53(s. e. 0. 10)kg and 164. 6(s. e. 10.5)kg respectively). The fat content of milk from crossbred yaks, 52(s. e. 2. 9)g/kg, was not significantly dlfferent from that of unimproved animals, 53.5(s. e. 4. 1), g/kg.
文摘Female domesticated yaks were artificially inseminated with semen taken from wild yaks and the offspring used to form a nucleus breeding herd of crossbred animals. The meat production of the first generation(F1 × F2)from breedtng within the nucleus herd was assessed by slaughter and carcass dissection of males. One group(no. =14)was slaughtered at 6 months of age and the second(no. = 12)at 18months. Crossbred yaks were significantly heavier(P<0.01)at 6 months(74.7(s. e. 10.41)kg v. 59.8(s.e. 10.23)kg)and at 18 months(150.5(s. e. 56.1)kg v. 117.7(s. e. 17.4)kg)than domesticated ones,The killing-out proportion(0.47)was similar at both ages and for both groups of animals. Carcass weight,meat weight and the yield of prime cuts were higher for crossbred animals than for domestic yak at both ages.
文摘Yaks live in high frigid areas some 3,000-5,000 meters above sea level.In China there are 13 million yaks,making up 90 percent of the world total.They provide with transport means,meat and hide for 4.6 Tibe-tans in Tibet as well as Qinghai,Sichuan,Yunnan and Gansu prov-inces.