Farmers' Land Transfer-out Behavior from the Perspective of Household Livelihood Endowment Based on the Survey in Anhui,Hubei and Sichuan

Based on the household livelihood endowment theory and the survey of 367 farmer households in Anhui,Hubei,and Sichuan in 2016,and using the orderly multi-category logistic model,the behavioral decision of farmers in the land circulation was discussed to explore the key parameters influencing the land transfer-out. It found that decisions of farmers on land transfer-out behavior are affected by many factors.Specifically,household non-agricultural income and per capita land area significantly reduce farmers' willingness to transfer land,while the household head age,agricultural input-output ratio,and confirmation of land right significantly promote the farmers' decision on land transferout. Therefore,increasing the allocation efficiency of household livelihood endowment has important policy value and practical significance for eliminating unreasonable land circulation and promoting large-scale agricultural production.

Household Poverty Dimensions Influencing Forest Dependence at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: An Application of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework

This paper explores the perceived relationship between household poverty and forest dependence among the poorest residents neighboring Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this paper examines the influence of household poverty on forest dependence. The findings reveal that food and health security risks are primary drivers of forest dependence. Education security risks however, were found to have an indirect influence. Both food and health security risks were found to have equal influence on forest dependence. The economic security risks traditionally believed to significantly influence forest dependence were not found to have a direct influence.

Livelihood Factors and Household Strategies for an Unexpected Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice selfsufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers' ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted differentcoping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village(upland crop and livestock production).

Impact of livelihood diversification of rural households on their ecological footprint in agro-pastoral areas of northern China

Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the relationship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption(EFC) was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production(EFP) was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption(EFAC) accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production(EFGP) occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption(EFGC) and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock products. The full-time farming households(FTFHs) had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production(EFAP), EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households(PTFHs) and non-farming households(NFHs), which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and consumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of livelihoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.

数字素养的农户收入增长效应研究

作为数字时代重要的新型人力资本,数字素养成为农户生计资本的重要组成部分。数字素养的提升使农户能够更好地应用先进技术、获取市场信息、拓展销售渠道、增加非农就业创业机会,从而产生显著的收入增长效应。采用“中国乡村振兴综合调查”(CRRS)2020年的数据,从数字设备操作、数字资源获取、数字技术应用、数字意识4个维度选取18项指标评价样本数字素养,实证检验数字素养对农户收入的影响,结果发现:农户数字素养提升能够显著增加其人均农业收入、人均非农收入和人均总收入,该收入增长效应对流动性约束较强的农户和非城郊村的农户更为显著;数字素养可以通过提高农业劳动生产率的路径增加农户农业收入,也可以通过促进家庭生计多样化的路径增加农户非农收入。因此,数字素养不仅具有显著的农户增收效应,而且有助于长尾群体共享数字红利,应在加强和普及数字素养教育的同时,重点帮扶数字弱势群体以缩小数字鸿沟,并切实提高农业劳动生产率和促进农户生计多样化,充分发挥数字素养的农户增收效应。

易地扶贫搬迁与脱贫户生计脆弱性:降低抑或加剧?——来自湘鄂渝黔毗邻民族地区的例证

易地扶贫搬迁在全面建成小康社会过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用,但部分脱贫户仍存在较高的脆弱性,这将是中国减贫工作需要重点关注的问题。本文依据湘鄂渝黔毗邻民族地区脱贫户实地调研数据,运用线性回归模型,系统评估易地扶贫搬迁对脱贫户生计脆弱性有何影响及如何影响,并剖析区域、安置方式、搬迁时间及生计策略的差异性作用。分析结果显示,易地扶贫搬迁对脱贫户生计脆弱性产生改善效果,此结论在经过安慰剂检验和分位数回归模型等稳健性检验后仍然成立。进一步的分析结果显示,地区差异、安置方式与搬迁时间的交互项、生计策略对易地扶贫搬迁的脱贫户生计脆弱性降低作用存在异质性影响。机制检验结果表明,家庭收入多样化和个体志向水平是易地扶贫搬迁降低脱贫户生计脆弱性的重要机制,而家庭收入多样化的中介效应更为突出。本文为易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持政策优化、扶贫工作高质量推进、脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接提供新的经验证据。

易地搬迁农户生计资本变迁及其对增收的贡献度分析——以兰州新区新康村为例

本文以生计资本为微观分析视角,可持续生计分析框架为理论基础,对兰州新区新康村安置点搬迁农户进行实地调研,动态分析搬迁农户生计资本变化以及生计资本对农户增收的贡献度,剖析影响农户生计资本的内在因素。结果发现,搬迁后,除自然资本总量减小,其余生计资本的总量明显增加;生计资本多边形更加稳定;各类生计资本对农户增收的贡献度排序从低到高依次为:自然资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本、人力资本。基于此,针对性地提出相关政策建议,增强农户增收能力,实现搬迁农户可持续生计。

Livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in agro-pastoral mountainous region of eastern Tibetan Plateau

这研究在 Keerma 村庄里检验了生计多样化和农田使用模式，在 Jinchuan 定位了县，东方西藏的高原。通过成层的随机的采样调查，提供参加机会的农村估价。

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products(NTFPs),their contributions to household incomes,and the determinants influencing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone,southwest Ethiopia.Six Kebeles(the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia)were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using proportionalto-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele.Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals.The farmers diversified livelihood activities such as crop and livestock production,collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities.NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes.The contribution from the major NTFPs(forest coffee,honey and spices)accounted for 47%of annual household income.The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors.Variables including being native to the area(+),total land holding(+),possession of livestock(+)and access to extension(+)significantly affected forest coffee production.Age of household head(-),land holding(+)and distance of the market from the residence(-)significantly affected honey production.Size of landholding(+),distance to market(-)and distance of the forest from the residence(-)were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households.Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.

Evaluating Contribution of Trees Outside Forests for Income of Rural Livelihoods of Terai Region of Nepal

Trees Outside Forests (TOF) is a reliable source of income for farmers in rural area but study regarding this has not been explored in depth yet. Therefore, this study was objectively conducted to assess the contribution of income from TOF products in annual income of rural household. Dhangadimai Municipality of Siraha district, Nepal was selected as study site. Altogether, 300 household surveys and 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted to find the income sources and their contribution including TOF. The descriptive analysis and unitary method were applied to analyze the collected data. The off-farm income was US$ 1802.57 in total per household. Among it, the highest income was from remittance around US$ 762.34 (42.29%) and the lowest from government job around US$ 166.68 (9.25%). The farm based total annual income per household was US$ 685.94 on which, the highest income was US$ 220.28 (32.11%) from grains and the lowest income was US$ 0.04 from ploughing other farmers’ field. The total value of livestock of average household was US$ 805.99 and out of this, the highest value was of buffalo i.e. US$ 333.01. At the same time, annual income from TOF product was about US$ 853.31 in total per household. Out of this, the highest income was approximately US$ 521.90 (61.16%) from fruits followed by US$ 214.77 (25.17%) from selling of timber. The highest net income per household was US$ 448.66 respectively from selling timber by rich family while US$ 233.78 for medium family. In addition, the net income from selling fruit by rich, medium and poor family was US$ 427.82, 550.71, and 382.43 respectively. Specifically, the total contribution of income only from TOF product was US$ 853.3027 (20.57%). This research will be useful document to develop the economic policy related to TOFs in different agroforestry

易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响研究

探究易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响,可为易地搬迁政策评估及农户生计弹性研究提供参考。该文基于陕南安康459户搬迁农户的实地调研数据,采用弹性理论框架和可持续生计方法,从人力、自然、物质、金融、社会五大资本构建农户生计弹性评价指标体系,运用熵值法确定权重进而计算农户生计弹性指数,并选择多元线性回归模型分析易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响。结果表明:安置方式、搬迁类型对农户生计弹性均产生显著负向影响,影响程度略有差别;不同生计弹性水平搬迁农户之间的特征存在明显差异,人均受教育年限、劳动力占比、信贷资本、公职人员数量、集体事务参与程度、住房结构、居住便利性、社会影响力和是否为低保户等指标均是影响农户生计弹性的重要因素。针对影响搬迁农户生计弹性的因素进行精准施策并开展帮扶,以满足搬迁农户的不同需求,不断提升其生计弹性,促进农户生计可持续。

生态保护区农户脆弱性研究

基于黄土高原丘陵沟壑水土保持生态功能区A县和秦巴生物多样性生态功能区B县的面对面访谈数据,应用农户脆弱性VEP测度模型和方法,探讨生态保护区农户脆弱性及其成因。研究发现,A县和B县脆弱性分别为34.02%和40.67%,通过脆弱性分解分析,可以观察到,A县和B县分别有15.18%和16.34%的农户是由于均值引致的脆弱性,而33.70%和25.10%的农户是由于风险引致的脆弱性。现阶段,比起低消费均值,高波动所引起的脆弱性风险更应受到关注。同时,两个国家级自然保护区的自然禀赋和区位条件有所差异,农户脆弱性成因也不同,A县人口老龄化所带来的人力资本质量较低是造成农户脆弱性的主要原因,建立养老和兜底保障体系是改善脆弱性的关键环节。而B县人口年龄结构比A县更年轻化,更具活力,物质资本、自然资本等都发挥积极作用,如何为本地农户提供多样化生计,为外出务工人员提供技术、信息支持,则是B县降低脆弱性的工作重心。政府需要结合生态保护区实际情况制定环境保护和经济发展帮扶政策。

生计资本对农户贫困代际传递的影响——以女性劳动参与的中介效应为典型

基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),构建Probit模型和中介效应模型,实证检验了生计资本对农户贫困代际传递的影响以及女性劳动参与的中介效应。研究发现,生计资本显著阻断农户贫困代际传递,女性劳动参与降低了多维贫困概率,在生计资本阻断农户贫困代际传递中具有显著的中介效应。因此,要加大对农户生活与生产的扶持力度,重视农村教育投资和教育公平,建立多层次社会支持网络,创造更加灵活的就业和创业方式,多举措阻断农户的贫困代际传递。

三峡库区农户生计变化与土地利用功能空间冲突类型识别

剖析农户生计与土地利用功能空间冲突关系对改善农户生计与促进区域经济可持续发展具有重要意义。构建27个指标体系并结合层次分析法和熵权法量化三峡库区农户生计资本与土地利用功能,构建两者冲突模型并采用等距离法划分不同冲突类型,并使用地理探测器判别冲突影响因子。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,三峡库区农户生计资本总量呈上升趋势。其中,2000—2010年,农户人力资本量增加,自然资本量减少;2010—2020年,农户人力资本量减少,自然资本量增加。(2)2000—2020年,三峡库区土地利用功能呈先上升后下降趋势。其中:土地社会功能与经济功能逐年上升,生态功能2000—2010年呈上升趋势,2010—2020年呈下降趋势。(3)2000—2020年,三峡库区农户生计资本与土地利用功能空间冲突总体呈下降趋势。2000年,农户金融资本与土地生态功能空间冲突最强,冲突值为0.595;2010年,农户自然资本与土地生态功能空间冲突最强,冲突值为0.524;2020年农户人力与土地经济功能冲突最强,冲突值为0.455。

新型农村集体经济赋能脱贫户生计转型:优势、机制与进路

新型农村集体经济作为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、全面推进乡村振兴的重要“抓手”,对推动脱贫户从外力帮扶框架中提升自生发展能力,实现生计转型具有重要意义。从决胜脱贫攻坚到全面建成小康社会,“精准脱贫户”面临的生计资本和政策框架发生了根本性的变化,脱贫户生计逐渐从以务农为主的“单一型”生计向以拥有抗风险冲击能力的“多元型”生计转型,从以解决温饱为核心的“生存型”生计向以实现可持续稳固脱贫的“发展型”生计转型。新型农村集体经济作为在党的集中统一领导下建立的,通过“财产联合”或“劳动联合”实现“再合作”的经济形态,能够把包含脱贫户在内的广大农户组织起来对接“大国家”和“大市场”。通过构建“赋权-增能-包容”的分析框架,识别新型农村集体经济赋能脱贫户生计转型的理论机制,即通过赋予脱贫户更充分的农地产权、自由择业权和市场参与权,将国家资源和政策内化为可量化、可折算的经济利益,走出“集体产权模糊论”的困局,让脱贫户能够公平分享集体经济收益;通过在赋权中增能,有效拓展了脱贫户的发展机会和生计空间,提升了脱贫户生计转型能力;加之新型农村集体经济的发展包容性在党的领导下能够赋予脱贫户机会更加公平、参与权更加保障的制度环境,推动脱贫户生计转型。为此,在巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的后扶贫时代,只有创新新型农村集体经济的组织领导、宣传示范、制度供给、要素投入、生产经营、动力培育、联合管理等“七大”体系,才能发展壮大新型农村集体经济,更好地赋能脱贫户生计转型,把脱贫户完整纳入共同富裕的发展道路。

贵州脱贫农户生计脆弱性测度及其动因研究

选取贵州具有代表性的7县256户脱贫农户作为调查对象,构建脱贫农户生计脆弱性评价框架,开展脱贫地区农户生计脆弱性测度及其动因研究。结果表明:受教育程度低、脱贫时间较晚的中年农户的生计脆弱性最高,受教育程度高、脱贫时间较早的青年农户生计脆弱性最低。高生计脆弱性的农户收入水平低且增长速度慢,因教育和赡养问题而产生负债的现象较常发生,中等生计脆弱性农户家庭规模最大,劳动力背负的抚育子女和赡养老人的压力大。高生计脆弱性农户与劳动力数量、收入、受教育程度为负相关,与家中成员患有慢性病、残疾、因教育、疾病等情况产生负债、与交通干线的距离、污染企业、以及家庭资金缺口等因素均为正相关;中等生计脆弱性农户与老年人口负担、与县城距离呈正相关;低生计脆弱性农户与劳动力数量呈负相关,与自然资源依赖度呈正相关。

大熊猫国家公园农户生计资本及其对生活满意度的影响

以大熊猫国家公园农户为研究对象,基于问卷调查获得研究数据,通过构建农户生计资本评价指标体系分析其生计资本状况,并运用多元有序Logistic模型探究农户生计资本对生活满意度的影响,有助于提高农户的生计水平和生活满意度。结果表明:大熊猫国家公园农户生计资本平均水平为0.454,其中人力资本和社会资本最为丰富,其次为物质资本和金融资本,而自然资本较为短缺,农户平均生计资本耦合协调度为0.175,大多数农户处于低度耦合协调状态,农户生计资本结构不合理。农户社会、人力、金融、物质资本对生活满意度均产生显著正向影响,自然资本对生活满意度影响不显著。对此,提出扩大农户社会关系网络、加强产业扶持和提高引进外商投资力度,普及农村义务教育和发展成人教育等政策建议,为增加国家公园农户生计资本,提高农户生活满意度,促进生态保护与农户生计协调发展提供参考借鉴。

公益林生态补偿政策对林农生计策略与收入的影响

基于2018年陕西省公益林区农户微观调研数据,采用OLS回归模型、中介效应模型和PSM倾向性得分匹配等方法,探究公益林生态补偿政策、林农生计策略与收入影响的关系。结果表明:公益林生态补偿政策对农户总收入的影响具有促进作用,剔除生态补偿与仅选择贫困地区样本后,这一效应依旧显著;公益林生态补偿政策对林农生计策略产生正向显著影响,并通过提高农户生计非林化和生计多样化水平间接作用于农户总收入的增长;从具体的收入结构角度看,政策的参与虽减少了林业收入,但却能促进非林工资收入和非林经营收入的增长,保证农户在参与政策以后仍能实现家庭总收入和家庭人均收入的提高。因此,政府部门应通过完善公益林生态补偿政策及相关配套措施、加强农户生计转型对口帮扶、加快公益林产权市场化运作等方式,提高农户政策参与积极性与生计能力适应性,实现公益林可持续发展和林农增收双赢的良性循环。

乡村旅游影响下的民族地区农户可持续生计分析

以新疆塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县为例,通过构建乡村旅游背景下农户可持续生计分析评价指标体系,对民族地区农户可持续生计进行分析。结果表明,塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县农户可持续生计综合得分为0.415,处于中等水平;生计资本对塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县农户生计可持续的影响最大,生计结构和过程转变表现明显;塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县农户仍面临自然因素限制、教育水平低、参与旅游劳动力占比有待提升、民族特色文化有待传承和保护等问题,针对此提出了相关建议。

社会资本能否降低农户相对贫困脆弱性?——基于生计策略转型视角

农村相对贫困的治理事关全国共同富裕目标能否如期实现。文章根据中国家庭追踪调查2018年、2020年数据,使用预期贫困脆弱性方法测算不同生计策略农户的相对贫困脆弱性,实证检验社会资本对农户相对贫困脆弱性的影响,进一步运用倾向得分匹配法进行稳健性检验,基于中介效应模型分析社会资本的传导机制。研究结果表明:(1)2020年较2018年农户相对贫困发生率下降了1.13个百分点,务农型农户的相对贫困发生率显著高于其他两类农户,分别提高了5.83个百分点、7.43个百分点;中国农村相对贫困多以暂时贫困为主,占比20.24%,远高于长期贫困的12.83%。(2)社会资本对缓解农户相对贫困脆弱性具有正向显著作用,机制分析表明社会资本在农户生计策略转型中能够降低农户相对贫困脆弱性,尤其对务农型农户的缓解效果最为显著。(3)个人及家庭特征、村庄等因素对不同生计策略农户的相对贫困脆弱性的影响存在显著差异。基于脆弱性理论,文章结合农户生计风险及外部环境冲击,构建社会资本对农户相对贫困脆弱性的缓解分析框架,并采用基于预期贫困脆弱性方法识别农户相对贫困,按照不同生计策略进行分类,探索社会资本对农户相对贫困脆弱性的影响,能为提升脱贫巩固政策的瞄准精度与有效性提供借鉴。根据研究结论,建议根据农户的社会资本状况和生计策略差异制定脱贫成果巩固政策,构建抵御返贫风险冲击的社会网络,扩宽非农就业渠道,促进农户生计策略转型以提升收入。