Household Survey on Access to Medicines Used for the Treatment of Diarrhoea in Musoma Municipal Council, Tanzania

Background: Access to medicines is part of the human right to health. According to WHO, access to medicine is measured by how easily households obtain medicines for acute and chronic conditions including diarrhoea through household surveys. Diarrhoea is among the top ten leading causes of death. Anti-diarrhoea medicines save lives but, should be available and obtainable to do so. The objectives of this study were to determine anti-diarrhoea medicines used by households, their sources and factors affecting their accessibility in Musoma Municipal. Methods: A cross-section survey was conducted in Musoma Municipal Council, Mara, Tanzania. The lottery method of simple random sampling was used to select three wards and pick three streets from each ward. The study population was 255 household heads from households selected by systematic random sampling from each street. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from household heads. Results and Discussion: Males (51.8%) had more diarrhoea illnesses than females (48.2%). Distinctive household heads (52.6%) had primary education. The majority, (79.1%) of all diarrhoea patients were recommended/prescribed anti-diarrhoea medicines. Of those whom anti-diarrhoea medicines were prescribed/recommended, 63.5% adhered to the prescriber’s/dispenser’s instructions and obtained and used anti-diarrhoea medicines. The most frequent source of anti-diarrhoea medicines was ADDO (38%). Widely used anti-diarrhoea medicines were antimicrobials (77.5%) followed by ORS (17.5%). Reasons not to seek or obtain anti-diarrhoea medicines were;Patient started feeling better (56.3%), Alternative treatment (26%), Financial reasons (10%), Decided medicines weren’t needed (3.5%), Distance from source (2.2%), Reactions to medicine (1%). Utilization of primary health care services was only 21.5%. Under-fives were mostly prescribed with antimicrobials (62.5%) than ORS (31.2%) and Zinc (6.3%) in mild to moderate dehydration contrary to Standard treatment guidelines (STG) in Tanzania. Conclusion: Anti-diarrhoea medicines are moderately easily obtainable in Musoma Municipal (50% of all diarrhoea patients obtained medicines). Alternative treatment (26%) and financial reasons (10%) were vivid factors hindering access. Treatment of diarrhoea in under-five years old is not adhered to in Musoma Municipal (use of 62.5% of antimicrobials and only 31.2% of ORS in mild diarrhoea cases).

Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Households' Credit and Loan Demand——Investigation Based on Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province

By using the relevant data from 273 valid questionnaires of rural households in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, this study emphasizes on the factors of rural households' credit and loan demand by Probit model. The results show that the factors that influencing the credit demand of rural households include the features of the rural households, the economic activities of rural households and so on. Among the factors, the operation expenditure of rural households, the education degree of the household head and the understanding degree of the rural credit policies have great impact on the rural households' credit and loan demand. In the end, the suggestions on the basis of the research are put forward: developing diversified economy; improving rural households' income; increasing the reserve of rural labor resources and enhancing farmers' quality; strengthening the promotion of rural credit cooperative and perfecting the service quality of rural credit cooperative.

Climate Influenced Challenges of Accessibility to Water by Households Downstream of the Upper Benue River Basin-Nigeria

The study examined climate influenced challenges of accessibility to water by households downstream of the Upper Benue River Basin, Nigeria. Literatures related to the topic being investigated were reviewed. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study consisted of communities in Adamawa, Gombe, Bauchi and Taraba states. Eight different communities, two in each local government were sampled for the study. Simple random and purposive samplings were used for the study. A total of 351 respondents were selected for the study using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination. Data analysis was done using frequency tables percentages and mean statistics. The findings of the study showed that climate variability has great impact on water stress and threats to households’ downstream in Upper Benue River basin represented with a mean 3.85 (decrease in the quality and quantity of surface water) as well as 3.43 (drying up of rivers and lakes). The study also revealed that water stress induced by climate variability has a significant effect on household livelihoods represented by 87% of the respondents in the study area. It was also revealed that that households downstream the basin are vulnerable to climate change and households in the study area have development strategies to contend with water stress so as to better their livelihood among which is surface water harvesting (2.78), reducing the number of times dishes are washed (2.96), reducing the quantity of water used for bathing (3.0) among others. The study recommended that stakeholders and the government should make proactive efforts to ensuring that alternative water sources are established in the study area to reduce water stress among the rural populace.

Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

Relationship Between Credit Access and Agri-economy

With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the question of credit is becoming more and more important. Especially in China rural area, building a new socialist countryside needs the support of finance. While as we all known, the financial system in rural area is not effective enough to promote the productivity and the level of welfare of household.

“The Source of Flowing Water”:How Targeted Poverty Alleviation Helps China’s Rural Poor Access Credit

Based on the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data of 2011-2017,this paper investigated the effects of China’s targeted poverty alleviation policy on rural credit access and amount using the“difference-in-differences”methodology.This study found that the targeted poverty alleviation policy increased the availability and amount of formal credit to poor households and reduced the proportion and amount of their borrowing through informal channels,and that the effects increased amid the policy’s implementation over time.This paper further found that the policy effects were more significant for China’s western regions,reflecting a positive role of targeted poverty alleviation in coordinating pro-poor finance across regions.Compared with poor counties,poor households from non-poor counties experienced a greater increase in their probability and amount of formal credit access,reflecting China’s approach of reducing regional poverty before targeting more precisely at individual poor households.This paper also uncovered that no significant“elite capture”effect had existed in the allocation of formal agricultural credit under targeted poverty alleviation,but extremely poor households experienced no significant change in their access to formal credit.While the targeted poverty alleviation policy has helped create a sound rural credit market,it should further improve access to formal finance for extremely poor households.

不同类型信贷约束对家庭消费的影响存在差异吗?

构建国内国际双循环体系是我国新发展格局的重点,然而现阶段居民消费不足已成为国内大循环中的一大堵点。本文利用中国家庭收入调查项目(CHIP)2018年数据分析了不同类型信贷约束对家庭消费的影响。研究结果表明:信贷约束对家庭消费有显著的负向影响;需求型信贷约束比供给型信贷约束对家庭消费的负向影响更大;相比于私人信贷约束,机构信贷约束对家庭消费的负向影响更大。信贷约束对家庭各类消费都有抑制作用,其中享乐型消费受到的影响最大。机制分析表明,信贷约束通过影响家庭非工资收入和主观贫困等抑制家庭消费。异质性分析发现,农村地区家庭的消费支出受到信贷约束的影响更大。研究结论可以在一定程度上为政府制定差异化信贷政策提供参考。

数字基础设施建设对家庭消费的影响

完善数字基础设施对提高居民效用水平和增进民生福祉具有重要意义。基于中国家庭金融调查数据,借助“宽带中国”战略这一准自然实验,构建渐进双重差分模型评估数字基础设施对家庭消费的影响。研究发现,数字基础设施建设能有效提升家庭消费水平,不同形式的稳健性检验均支持这一结论。机制检验表明,数字基础设施建设通过促进居民就业和增加家庭信贷可得性,提升了家庭消费水平。异质性分析发现,数字基础设施建设对低人力资本家庭、中老年家庭以及中西部地区家庭消费的促进作用更为显著。因此,要持续推进数字基础设施建设,弥合数字鸿沟,提高数字经济包容性,满足家庭多样化消费需求,为扩大内需、提高居民生活水平创造有利条件。

互联网使用是否助推了家庭金融市场参与?——基于CFPS数据的经验研究

作为经济参与最基本的单位,家庭的金融市场参与对其自身福利水平和金融市场健康发展都至关重要,而互联网的使用又对家庭金融市场的参与存在不可忽视的影响。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,从风险金融市场和正规信贷市场两方面分析,发现互联网使用对家庭金融市场参与存在显著的正向效果。异质性分析发现,经常使用互联网学习、工作、社交以及商业活动能够显著促进家庭参与金融市场,而经常使用互联网娱乐没有显著影响;互联网对家庭金融市场参与的促进效应在城镇和高教育水平家庭中表现更为显著。机制分析表明,互联网使用能够通过提升家庭金融素养水平和信息渠道效应助推家庭金融市场参与。

不愿向银行借贷的家庭更不愿消费吗?——基于扩展短视消费模型的分析

从需求侧信贷约束视角出发,构建“扩展短视消费模型”,分析了主观流动性约束对家庭消费支出的影响机制,在此基础上,基于中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),使用Logit、Probit方法对该机制进行实证检验。研究发现:第一,主观流动性约束通过降低家庭正规信贷与非正规信贷规模,对家庭消费支出的减少具有显著影响。第二,在主观流动性约束影响家庭消费支出的过程中,金融素养发挥着重要的调节作用。家庭拥有资产越多,其金融素养提升就越能缓解主观流动性约束对家庭消费支出的抑制。但在低资产组家庭中,家庭的处境并没有因为金融素养的提高而获得改善。第三,家庭主观流动性约束也显著提升了家庭消费支出对家庭收入变化的敏感程度,降低了家庭平滑消费的能力。在当前“扩消费、稳增长”过程中,应优化收入分配制度,增加低资产家庭的收入,同时积极推进金融教育的普及,并加大银行等正规金融机构的信息披露力度,通过缓解家庭面临的主观流动性约束来促进消费支出。

数字支付能显著降低农户消费不平等吗?

居民消费对实现共同富裕以及推动经济长期稳定发展具有重要意义。以往研究主要关注城乡居民消费差距,较少关注农户内部消费不平等问题。鉴于此,基于2017、2019年中国家庭金融调查数据,采用由农户人均消费支出测算的Kakwani指数构建消费不平等测度指标,使用双向固定效应模型和工具变量法实证分析数字支付对农户消费不平等的影响。研究结果表明,数字支付能够显著降低农户消费不平等;机制分析表明,数字支付通过缓解流动性约束和提高消费可及性,进而降低农户消费不平等;异质性分析表明,数字支付对户主年龄更高、受教育水平更低农户消费不平等的缓解作用更大,对发展型消费不平等的缓解作用大于生存型消费。基于此,本文认为应加大对农村数字支付发展的支持力度,推动农村数字普惠金融发展,提升农村居民数字素养,支持农村发展型消费品产业发展。

信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的影响研究

基于水稻种植户调查数据,运用内生转换Probit模型和反事实分析框架,实证分析信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的影响。结果表明:户主年龄、性别和受教育程度以及社会网络等是影响水稻种植户信贷可得性的重要因素。信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术具有显著的促进作用。与未获得信贷的反事实情境相比,信贷获得使得水肥一体化技术的采纳概率显著提高了19.9%。CMP模型的估计同样验证信贷获得对水肥一体化技术采纳的正向影响,即结果具有稳健性。进一步分析发现,扩大信贷规模可以显著提高水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的概率。基于此,建议加大对粮食种植户的信贷支持,并结合农户特征提高信贷支持政策的精准性,以促进水肥一体化技术应用。

基于数据治理的中国征信市场准入监管制度研究

征信市场准入监管作为实现征信市场数据治理目标的事前监管,应充分发挥维护市场秩序、保障征信数据安全流通和高效利用的制度价值。在中国市场化征信体系建设的进程中,征信市场准入监管的制度问题主要有三:征信市场筛选“合格者”和“最优者”的准入条件尚不明确,企业难以达到独立第三方的合规标准,以及征信数据权利的分配和行使机制尚不完善。此三类问题均可通过监管制度的合理设计予以缓解和解决。立足分级分类的监管思路,可从征信市场的数据治理层面优化主体资格管理制度,进而完善我国征信市场准入监管,包括在现阶段由政府统一根据征信数据的风险类型分类设置准入门槛、分级制定行为监管标准以及明确审慎地配置征信数据的各项权利。

美联储加息冲击对中国房地产市场的溢出效应及其应对

利用2007—2022年季度数据构建BVAR模型,研究美联储加息对中国房地产市场的外溢效应,发现美联储加息将导致家庭债务、商品房销售额、房价和房地产投资下降,产生负向外溢效应。而后构建含有GHH效用函数、异质性家庭、信贷约束和房地产部门的小国开放经济DSGE模型,在加息冲击下,DSGE模型能够较好地拟合BVAR模型的特征事实。机制分析表明利息差渠道、国际资本流动渠道和利率渠道是其中主要的内在影响机制,信贷约束具有放大机制。反事实实验表明当美联储加息时,中国加息将使房地产市场进一步恶化;中国采取降息或放松信贷政策的逆向操作,在一定程度上能够对冲美联储加息的负面影响,但加剧了资本外流。中国在短期采取降息、在中长期采取加息和放松信贷相结合的政策组合,能够达到更好的政策调控效果。

有线数字电视光纤入户网络设计与实现

科学技术的发展使电视信号传输技术得到了很大程度的提高,传统的模拟电视已经无法很好地满足人们的视听需求,而随着在有线电视网络中融入新的信息技术,逐步推广应用,已经逐渐走入了广大人民群众的日常生活,并得到了他们的广泛好评。文章首先简要阐述有线数字电视光纤入户的技术要求,并分析其主要技术,随后对有线数字电视光纤入户网络如何设计与实现进行探讨,从而满足人们更高的视听需求。

VB开发基于ACCESS数据库的学历证书电子注册系统

随着学分制改革的不断深入,各个高校都有了学分制信息管理系统。同时出现了被不少高校采用的以ACCESS数据库为载体进行数据上传、下载的学分制信息管理系统。国家学历证书电子注册要求的是V isual FoxPro的DBF格式数据。解决ACCESS格式数据与DBF格式数据的相互转换就成了各个高校电子注册人员最关心的问题。基于ACCESS数据库的学历证书电子注册系统能有效的解决该问题,同时还能完成学历证书电子注册工作的相关工作。

How Does E-Commerce Policy Affect Consumption Disparities of Rural Households?-Evidence from China

In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.