High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 0.69% in 18Crl8Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel-free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 0.81%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 um. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150℃ × 1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.

Influence of nitrogen-alloying on the tempering properties of the martensitic stainless steel 00Cr13Ni4Mo

The mechanical and corrosive properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo （S13 -4N） were tested and compared with those of 00Cr13Ni6Mo （S13 -6）. The effects of nitrogen on the properties of the steels were analyzed. The results of the tensile and corrosion tests show the strength,the ductility,and the pitting corrosion resistance of S13 -4N are higher, lower and poorer than those of S13 -6 respectively, when tempered at a temperature below 550 ℃and vice versa when the tempering temperature is higher than 550℃. The results of the X-ray diffraction （XRD） and the electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） analyses reveal that inversed austenite appears at 550℃ and the amount of it peaks at 600 ℃ with the best ductility. And the total amount of the inversed austenite in S13 -6 is more than that in S13 -4N in different forms. Nitrogen performs better in terms of stabilizing inversed austenite while nickel is more favorable for forming inversed austenite, the amount and stability of which affect the ductility remarkably. The reason for the embrittlement of S13 -4N at 450℃ can be the result of carbide and nitride precipitating at grain boundaries.

Fabrication of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with excellent mechanical and pitting corrosion properties

A series of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels were successfully developed with a pressurized electroslag remelting furnace. Nitride additives and deoxidizer were packed into the stainless steel pipes, and then the stainless steel pipes were welded on the surface of an electrode with low nitrogen content to prepare a compound electrode. Using Si3N4 as a nitrogen alloying source, the silicon contents in the ingots were prone to be out of the specification range, the electric current fluctuated greatly and the surface qualities of the ingots were poor. The surface qualities of the ingots were improved with FeCrN as a nitrogen alloying source. The sound and compact macrostructure ingot with the maximum nitrogen content of 1.21wt% can be obtained. The 18Cr18Mn2Mo0.9N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel exhibits high strength and good ductility at room temperature. The steel shows typical ductile-brittle transition behavior and excellent pitting corrosion resistance properties.

Development of nitrogen-alloyed stainless steel sheet products in Baosteel

Nitrogen plays a vitally important role for improving properties for stainless steels in many aspects.In this paper,the physical metallurgy behavior and the beneficial effects of nitrogen on corrosion resistance and other mechanical properties of stainless steels were summarised.Based on nitrogen alloying,various stainless steel products,such as austenitic,duplex and martensitic staniless steels were developed with enhanced properties,such as corrosion resistance,mechanical strength and weldability,among other things.

Effect of strain-induced martensitic phase transformation on the formability of nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels

Strain-induced martensitic phase transformation and its influence on the forrnability of newly developed nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels were systematically investigated. Yield strength for the as- received steels bearing low nickel content was around 300 MPa and their elongation ratios varied from 55.2% to 61.7%. Erichsen numbers of these samples differed from 13.82 to 14.57 mm. Although its Cu content was lower than that of other samples, steel D2 exhibited better plasticity and formability, which was attributed to ~/--,c~＇ martensitic phase transformation. EBSD, XRD, and magnetism tests showed that increases in deformation ratio gradually increased the α＇ martensite phase of a sample ,thereby contributing to its strain and inducing the optimal transformation-induced plasticity effect. An Meeo/5o temperature of around 20 ℃, which is close to the deformation temperature,provided the austenite with adequate stability and gradually transformed it into martensite, thereby endowing lean ASS with better formability.

AOD法冶炼护环用奥氏体不锈钢1Mn18Cr18N

通过对1Mn18Cr18N护环钢中氮的溶解度进行热力学计算分析,发现增加钢水中Cr、Mn的含量,能够显著提高氮的溶解度。同时,随着钢水温度的降低,氮的溶解度也会提高。阐述了采用非真空感应炉和电弧炉、AOD与LF精炼等冶炼工艺生产1Mn18Cr18N护环钢的过程,并利用底吹氮气进行合金化处理,缩短了生产时间,同时成分控制也相当稳定。在使用AOD精炼底吹氮气进行合金化时,钢水中氮含量可达到0.547%,氮的溶解度趋于饱和。LF精炼过程在使用氮气底吹和含氮合金的情况下,钢中氮含量可达0.68%。

Research Progress and Development Tendency of Nitrogen-alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Research progress on nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steels was expounded through the development of steel grades. In addition, hot topics in the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed, in cluding the solubility of nitrogen, brittle ductile transition, and welding. On this basis, it was proposed that the fu- ture development tendency of nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steels lied in the three fields of high-performance steels, resource saving steels, and biologically friendly steels. The problems encountered during the research of ni- trogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed.

热力学计算在高氮奥氏体不锈钢研究中的应用

采用Thermo-Calc软件,计算了碳、铬、锰、镍元素和压力因素对22Cr高氮奥氏体不锈钢氮溶解度、凝固过程中相转变以及析出相的影响,并对设计的新型高氮奥氏体不锈钢组织及析出相进行了研究。结果表明:铬元素主要增加液态钢的氮溶解度,增加0.1%(质量分数)的碳即能显著增大奥氏体不锈钢在高温凝固时的最小氮溶解度。锰元素既增加液态钢中的饱和氮溶解度,又增加凝固初期的最小氮溶解度。适当的锰含量能扩大并稳定奥氏体相区,避免"铁素体阱"的出现。少量的镍含量既增加奥氏体不锈钢高温凝固时的最小氮溶解度,缩小高温δ铁素体存在的温度区间,也能使钢在室温下有完全的奥氏体组织。加压冶炼能有效促进氮溶解度。新型高氮奥氏体不锈钢的析出相主要为Cr23C6,Cr2N。采用热力学计算工具可以对高氮奥氏体不锈钢的冶炼、组织控制、热处理和热加工提供科学的指导。

用机械合金化法制备含氮不锈钢粉末

采用机械合金化法(MA)分别在N_2气氛和氨水介质中利用高能球磨进行了含氮不锈钢粉末的制备，探讨了MA法对含氮不锈钢粉末性能的影响．结果表明，随球磨时间延长，粉末含氮量升高，接近高氮不锈钢氮含量，且颗粒不断细化，球磨10h的粉末粒度可达到1．878μm．

LF炉精炼AISI410不锈钢吹氮合金化研究

研究了40 t LF炉精炼AISI410不锈钢时,在常压下吹氮气增氮工艺(吹氮流量、吹氮时间及钢液温度)对AISI410不锈钢氮含量的影响,建立了AISI410不锈钢氮溶解度热力学计算模型。结果表明:钢中氮含量随着吹氮时间、氮气流量的增加而增大;常压下吹氮10 min,钢液含氮量可达到0.05%;随着氮流量增加钢液达到饱和的时间缩短,氮的溶解度随着钢液温度的降低而升高。应用热力学模型进行了分析,不同吹氮条件下氮溶解度实测值与热力学模型计算值较吻合。为LF炉精炼含氮不锈钢控制氮含量提供了理论依据。

氮含量对超细晶奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过机械合金化和放电等离子烧结技术制备超细晶奥氏体不锈钢,分析其组织与性能,研究了氮含量对该不锈钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随氮含量的增加,烧结试样中马氏体越来越少。氮具有稳定奥氏体的作用,当氮含量为1.2%时,试样基体转化为单一奥氏体相。制得试样晶粒均细小且均匀,尺寸都达到纳米级,氮含量为1.2%的试样,晶粒尺寸最小,只有100 nm。表明采用机械合金化方法结合等离子烧结技术成功制备了纳米级奥氏体不锈钢。氮的加入还能显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的硬度、耐磨性和抗拉强度。

超细晶高氮奥氏体不锈钢的制备及其性能

通过机械合金化和放电等离子烧结技术制备超细晶高氮奥氏体不锈钢，用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜、能谱仪对粉体及烧结试样进行了表征，对其进行了力学性能试验。结果表明：在球磨的过程中，粉末中的氮化物逐渐消失，烧结试样基体为奥氏体；烧结试样氮含量1．19％，其晶粒尺寸为50～100nm，氮元素在试样基体内分布均匀；制备的超细晶高氮奥氏体不锈钢硬度、抗拉强度均超过普通的304奥氏体不锈钢，耐腐蚀性能比304奥氏体不锈钢更加优良。

机械合金化制备超细晶高氮奥氏体不锈钢粉末的探讨

研究了不同球磨时间对粉末颗粒度、晶粒度和相组成的影响,以及真空退火、添加过程控制剂(PCA)对球磨后粉末的相组成和形貌的影响。结果表明,随着球磨时间的增加,粉末的颗粒度及晶粒度均不断减小。真空退火处理可以使球磨后的粉末奥氏体化程度大大提高,过程控制剂的加入,可以使球磨后的粉末颗粒均匀化,细小化。氮氧分析表明,在球磨过程中氮基本上没有流失。

VOD精炼316L不锈钢吹氮合金化的研究

用0.8 kg钢水石墨坩埚的硅钼棒炉研究了常压下氮气分压(33～100 kPa)、吹氮时间(0～50 min)、吹氮流量(0.3 L/min)、钢液温度(1 773～1 833 K)对316L钢(%:0.031C、16.13Cr、10.12Ni、2.12Mo、0·028N)中氮含量的影响,并试验了在前期真空条件下1 853～1 833 K吹氮40 min、2 kPa、0.1 L/min,中期吹氮40 min、100 kPa、0.3 L/min,后期吹氮50 min、100 kPa、自然冷却至1 773 K时316L钢水的增氮行为。结果表明,钢中氮含量随着吹氮时间、氮分压的增加而增大,常压下吹氮10 min,钢液含氮量即可超过0.10%,随吹氮流量增加钢液达到饱和的时间缩短,氮的溶解度随着钢液温度的降低而升高。应用热力学和动力学模型进行了分析。

氮合金化堆焊硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能研究

在马氏体不锈钢中加入氮合金,并通过铌、钒、钛固氮形成氮合金化堆焊硬面合金,进行了电化学腐蚀和化学侵蚀实验,研究了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:堆焊硬面合金的氮合金化,抑制了铬的碳化物的析出,有效增强了钝化膜的稳定性,使硬面合金的自腐蚀电位从-345mV提高到-264mV,增强了堆焊硬面合金抗电化学腐蚀性能;氮合金化堆焊硬面合金均匀细小的组织形态,使得在FeCl3溶液中发生点蚀的蚀坑小且分散,提高了硬面合金的耐腐蚀性能。

316L奥氏体不锈钢的氮合金化

采用金相显微镜、XRD、拉伸试验机及高低温冲击试验机等,并结合Thermo-calc软件计算研究了氮对316L奥氏体不锈钢微观组织、析出相、力学性能和耐点蚀性能的影响。结果表明:氮合金化能够抑制316L不锈钢中σ相和Chi相的析出,增加Cr2N的析出倾向,对奥氏体晶粒细化不明显;氮的添加能够提高316L不锈钢的室温强度和-100℃以上温度的夏比冲击功,降低-100℃以下的夏比冲击功,但对室温拉伸塑性影响不明显。此外,氮能够改善316L不锈钢的耐点蚀能力。

等离子体熔炼含氮合金钢研究

在敞口镁砂坩埚内，采用金属水冷非转移弧和石墨转移弧等离子体，以氮、氩、氧等混合气体为氮合金化元素，冶炼含氮的铬锰镍合金和不锈钢。在３０ｍｉｎ内，不锈钢中含氮达０．１５％～０．３０％，代镍可达２％～６％。分析钢液氮合金化的热力学、动力学条件，研究化学吸附和电吸附氮的现象，提出了强化扩散和对流扩散，加速钢液吸氮速度，提高钢液氮含量的工艺条件。

先进钢铁材料技术的进展

钢铁材料是不断发展的先进材料 ,它依然是本世纪的主要结构材料。先进钢铁材料具有环境友好、性能优良、资源节约、成本低廉的特征。从钢铁材料理论进展出发 ,结合市场的需求 ,论述了微合金化钢、超细晶粒钢、氮合金化不锈钢、高质量特殊钢、钢材组织性能预报和材料信息化技术等重要的先进钢铁材料技术进展。

机械合金化及在含氮不锈钢制备中的应用

机械合金化法是新兴的材料制备方法,简要介绍了机械合金化的基本原理,报道了机械合金化法制备高氮不锈钢的研究进展,并对发展趋势及研究方向进行了探讨。

30t VOD精炼含氮不锈钢底吹氮气合金化的生产实践

依据30 t VOD生产数据,在初始[C]0.50%~0.60%,初始[Si]0.12%~0.20%,初始钢水温度1 640~1 650℃,氩和氮气压分别为0.8×10~6~1.0×10~6 Pa和1.5×10~6~1.6×10~6Pa的条件下,对比底吹氩气和底吹氮气两种工艺在入VOD初始、吹氧脱碳以及还原脱气后的不锈钢(0.04%~0.06%N)中氮含量。结果表明,VOD底吹氮气精炼后Cr13型和Cr17型两类不锈钢的钢液氮含量为260×10^(-6)和300×10^(-6),其氮合金化效果显著;常压下氮气搅拌Cr13型和Cr17型不锈钢钢液的平均增氮速率为40×10^(-6)/min和45×10^(-6)/min;钢液温度升高,增氮速率增加,通过降低VOD精炼不锈钢的钢液氧含量,能够提高底吹氮气的氮合金化效果。