Landscape Formation and Protection of the Hukou Waterfall

Establishing geoparks is an effective approach to protect natural resources and promote local tourism industry. The national geopark of the Hukou Waterfall is an important geopark which attracts more than 2 million tourists per year. The Hukou Waterfall is formed by combination of multiple knickpoints due to the longitudinal profile analysis. Like other waterfalls in the world, the Hukou Waterfall will disappear in the future. Considering the mechanisms of waterfall evolution, this paper suggests establishing control engineering, preserving the water and soil in nearby region, and reinforcing the structure of waterfall to preserve the landscape of waterfall.

Harmonising "hukou"

When Du Yumeng was born in December 2005, she was probably not aware that she had been classified into a different category from other babies--a category which includes people toting wheelbarrows of fresh fruit, selling steamed buns from a comer booth or peddling phone cards. They all share one thing in common--a rural ＂hukou＂, or house-hold registration.

Cities Make Life Better:Hukou and Household Satisfaction about Life

This paper examines the relationship between a change of hukou and household satisfaction about life based on large-sample China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) data. As horizontally shown by cross-section data, significant hukou identity differences exist in the subjective happiness of households reflected in life satisfaction. However, the traditional view that "rural residents are subjectively happier than urban residents" is not verified in this study. From a vertical perspective of tracing data, the estimation results of the DID model and the PSM model indicate that a change of hukou identity for rural residents has a significantly positive effect on their subjective happiness, lending credence to the saying that "cities make life better".

Transcending Hukou Barriers Effectively Unleashes the Income-Raising Effect of Education:Based on an “Agricultural to Non-agricultural Hukou Conversion” Perspective

The relatively low rate of return to education has played an important role in explaining the urban-rural income disparity.However,rural residents have a high demand for education,and one significant reason is that education can help them break the restrictions of the household registration(hukou)system and obtain a higher income.Using data from the 2017 China Household Finance Survey(CHFS 2017),this study employs unconditional quantile regression to find that after reclassifying individuals who have experienced agricultural to non-agricultural hukou conversion back to the rural household registration category,the income-promotion effect on the rural population of completing high school and university education is significantly enhanced.The decomposition analysis using the recentered influence function(RIF)reveals that when considering the agricultural to non-agricultural hukou conversion group,the income disparity between urban and rural areas caused by education is noticeably alleviated.Furthermore,the endogenous switching regression model finds that individuals with agricultural hukou are generally less likely to work in formal institutions.Improving educational attainment helps increase the probability of their obtaining non-agricultural hukou and entering formal employment,resulting in higher income.Hence,policymakers should focus on improving the quality of rural education and reforming the household registration system to gradually eliminate the occupational segregation and income disparity caused by hukou barriers.

户籍身份转换让农业转移人口更好地融入城市了吗?——基于社会地位与收入水平的视角

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)微观数据,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM方法)从劳动者社会地位和收入水平两个视角检验农业转移人口在实现户籍身份转换后(即农转非)是否更好地融入城市。研究结果表明:首先,从实际收入水平和社会地位来看,户籍转换劳动者群体与城市户籍群体间的差异并不显著,户籍转换劳动者在实际收入和社会地位方面已较好地融入城市;其次,户籍转换劳动者群体的客观收入水平与实际社会地位平均高于农村户籍群体,劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在;最后,从主观指标来看,农村户籍劳动者群体在收入水平及社会地位方面的主观评价高于户籍转换劳动者群体,而户籍转换劳动者群体的主观评价指标则高于城市户籍群体,原因可能是:与城市相比,农村户籍及户籍转换劳动者实际工作总收入及ISEI指数提升速度相对较快,心理上的满足度也较高,也可能是受“知足者常乐”心理状态的影响。研究证实了尽管经过多轮户籍制度改革,但劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在,农村户籍劳动者工资收入水平及社会地位仍旧低于城市户籍劳动者;农转非劳动者与城市户籍劳动者在收入水平及社会地位方面的差距并不显著,户籍身份转换劳动者群体已经基本融入城市社会,说明加快推进农业转移人口市民化进程确实有助于提升农业转移人口的收入水平及其社会地位。基于此,提出加快推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,完善市民化成本共担、收益共享机制等建议。

Hukou System Reform and Unification of Rural-urban Social Welfare

Using apolitical economy analytical framework, the present paper examines the hukou system reform in China. The potential unification of the social welfare system of rural and urban areas is discussed. The paper reviews the progress ofhukou system reform since 2004. It is suggested that since China met its Lewis turningpoint in about 2004, and a labor shortage became a limiting factor in production, there has been stronger demand for hukou system reform. In the meantime, various levels of government have apoint where incentives are compatibile for carrying out reforms. The paper also explores some limitations of the currently implemented reform in certain regions andputs forwardrelevantpolicy suggestions.

三类户籍身份居民再分配态度形成机制的多元差异——基于结构方程模型的多群组比较分析

本文以城镇户籍身份居民、农村户籍身份居民和城镇就业农村户籍的混合型户籍身份农民工群体为研究对象,基于2015年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,采用结构方程模型的多群组比较分析方法,探究三类户籍身份居民再分配态度形成机制的多元差异及其原因。研究发现,三类群体的再分配态度存在显著差异;三类户籍身份居民再分配态度的形成机制呈现多元差异,且主要受到社会阶层因素的影响,表现在受教育程度对再分配态度的直接影响机制上,受教育程度与家庭年收入通过影响中介变量分配公平感对再分配态度的间接影响机制在三类群组间存在显著差异。形成态度和机制差异的重要原因在于户籍身份的调节作用影响,且这种差异不仅基于两种城乡户籍类型,也基于户籍身份混合型。对此,应建立精确群体的需要瞄准机制,建设基于公民身份的组合式普惠型社会保障制度,为共同富裕夯实制度基础。

The Hukou and Land Tenure Systems as Two Middle Income Traps--The Case of Modern China

China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.

新一轮户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应:理论机制与经验证据

在中国人口红利机会窗口逐步缩窄背景下,需要对新一轮户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应进行评估。通过构建一个劳动力多元化流动决策的分析框架,阐释户籍改革影响劳动力城乡再配置的理论机制,并基于2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据进行实证分析。研究发现:新一轮户籍改革显著促进了农村劳动力向城市转移,与未放开户籍管制的城市相比,放开落户限制城市持有农业户口且在农村地区就业的劳动力减少了3.4%,该效应可进一步分解为持有非农户口劳动力比重增加1.9%,流动人口比重增加1.5%;户籍改革引致的落户门槛降低和公共服务均等化,在降低迁徙成本的同时提高了迁徙收益,促进了劳动力城乡间的再配置;城市财政压力、户籍所在地的农地价值、迁徙的心理与社会融入成本以及不稳定就业均会对户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应形成制约。拓展性分析表明,城市间落户政策差异引致的劳动力城乡再配置会进一步扩大特大城市与其他城市人力资本差距。因此,应进一步深化户籍制度改革,降低一线城市落户门槛,同时促进基本公共服务均等化,充分释放劳动力城乡再配置潜力。

Hukou-Restricted Migration and Migrants'Health:Evidence and Policy Implication

Since the 1980s,rapid economic development in China has continued to attract great numbers of migrants from rural to urban labor markets.As a result,the constraints of the hukou registration system on migration flows have gradually declined.Nevertheless,institutional barriers associated with the hukou remain for migrants in their social integration in destination.And these have led to substantial negative impacts on migrants'physical,social and psychological wellbeing.Regional institutional variation and recent reforms in the hukou system at the provincial or lower level set up a semi experimental context in which to examine how institutional or structural differences can affect migrants'wellbeing.This study analyzes the health-related differences between migrants in two major migrant-receiving cities,Beijing and Shenzhen.To eliminate the effect of self-selection in destination choice,we use propensity score matching to remove the observable differences which are relevant in destination choice and to make the respondents in the two cities more comparable.With the matched samples,we examine the net effect of migration destination on health outcomes and health service use.We found that migrants in Shenzhen have relatively poorer physical and psychological health compared with those in Beijing,and that they have more unmet health needs in spite of their higher use of health services.We discuss the structural and institutional factors which may be relevant to the observed net health differences,including the differences III policy implementation and regulations between these two cities.

Should Home Buying Be Tied to Hukou?

Responding to the recent frenetic rise in house prices,the Central Government in January announced eight new

Are Hukou Point System Fair For Migrant Workers?

In early June,Guangdong in south China unveiled a points system for the millions of farmer-turned-workers in the province hoping to settle in cities and towns.A migrant worker will be qualified to apply for urban household registration once his or her

Does hukou still matter？ The household registration system and its impact on social stratification and mobility in China

户籍制度是中国社会一项基本的制度安排，它把户口作为资源配置和利益分配的重要凭据，对社会分层和流动产生了较大的影响。在改革开放近三十年后，中国的户口还起不起作用，以及起着怎样的作用？通过对综合社会调查数据的分析，发现中国社会分层具有城乡户口差别和城市户口等级差别并存的特点，户口转变和迁移的开放性程度与个人社会流动机会获得有正相芙关系。市场转型虽带来了较多流动机会，但户口等级差别以及户口对体制内流动所起的结构性影响依然存在。鉴于户籍制度的强粘附性生成了社会差别，改革这一制度的基本方向是推行户口一元化和迁移自主化。

黄河壶口瀑布旅游区空间精神研究——基于网络游客感知

不同空间可以让人产生不同的感知与精神领悟,深入探究地域空间精神,能够更好地挖掘地域特色,传承、整合、提炼、升华地方文化,进而引导、强化、提升游客的旅游体验,实现从悦耳悦目到悦心悦意至悦志悦神的境界。旅游区空间精神的研究,有利于促进旅游高质量发展及区域一体化,通过发展旅游凝聚国家精神。以黄河壶口瀑布旅游区为例,对携程网游客评论文本进行感知分析,结果表明:游客对旅游区的空间精神感知集中于空间特征、文化环境、感知体验三个维度;以黄河为依托的旅游区能够体现一脉相承的空间精神;黄河文明与民族精神是游客对旅游区文化认同的凝聚点;旅游区的空间完整性被行政区划割裂,导致空间精神的人为分离或虚化。

漂在北京:新自由主义治理术与教育培训机构讲师的主体性

以福柯新自由主义治理术为理论视角,通过对26位非北京户口的教育培训机构讲师进行访谈,探讨现行户籍制度对他们的影响。研究发现,教育培训机构讲师之所以选择漂在北京,主要是出于对收入和发展机会的考虑。在他们眼中,北京象征着年轻和拼搏、先进和前沿以及公平。他们并不过度追求和看中北京户口,而是认可靠自己的能力和努力来获取好的生活,其话语呈现为典型的能力至上和个体归因而非制度归因。然而,随着工作的开展以及年龄的增长,他们又逐渐感受到机构工作的不稳定和漂泊之下的巨大压力。他们成为教育培训机构讲师的职业选择呈现为一种受限制的、适应性的自由选择,而他们自身呈现出一种受限制的企业家主体、吊诡的半市民身份和漂泊的主体的形象。

生计资本对农民工居留和落户意愿的影响——基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析

本文基于生计资本理论,利用2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,通过二元Logistic回归模型,从自然资本、物质资本、人力资本、金融资本、社会资本5个维度分析生计资本对农民工居留和落户意愿的影响,结果显示:农民工的居留意愿远大于落户意愿。二者影响因素的共性主要体现在经济层面的状况,差异体现在农民工自身长久利益的驱动等方面。金融资本和人力资本的作用体现在经济条件优越和受教育程度高的农民工有更强的居留和落户意愿。作为社会资本的重要体现,城市公共服务的有效保障和社会资本的累积会增强农民工的落户意愿。作为自然资本和物质资本的重要组成部分,老家承包地和宅基地的生计保障功能可以让农民工安心在城市工作生活,但不利于其在城市落户。在此基础上,本文提出,保障农民工的自然资本以促使其安心落户城市,提升农民工的物质资本以实现其安居乐业,改善农民工的人力资本以增强其城市生存能力,提高农民工的社会资本以实现其在流入地的心理社会融入等。

县域国土空间生态修复分区研究——以江西省湖口县为例

在美丽中国和生态文明建设背景下,国土空间生态修复是统筹自然资源利用与修复、优化空间格局、促进山水林田湖草沙生态保护修复的重要抓手,更是新时期贯彻国家发展战略的新要求。本文以位于鄱阳湖入长江口的湖口县为研究区,基于自然地理特征等划定国土空间生态修复一级大区;在此基础上进行水源涵养、土壤保持、洪水调蓄与生物多样性等重要生态服务功能评价,划定二级亚区;分析重要生态服务功能及具体生态问题,并划定修复单元,为县域国土综合整治与生态修复提供理论和技术支撑。结果显示,研究区可划分为北部长江岸线生态修复区、中西部平原生态修复区和东部山地生态修复区等3个大区,以及7个亚区、18个修复单元。该研究可为实施县域国土空间生态修复、提升国土空间质量提供理论依据。

避责型块内分割:新型城镇化下小城市户籍改革困境分析

户籍改革是新型城镇化的重要任务,改革难点被归为发展型政府遵从经济激励,偏重土地城镇化而规避流动人口市民化的财政支出。外部激励的归因难以解释同一政策执行的地区差异,为何部分经济发达的小城市也难以开放落户?江苏省A市的案例表明,地方政府在遵从发展逻辑之外,还受到避责逻辑支配,呈现“避责型块内分割”:户籍改革由公安部门主管,但涉及的公共服务和资源部门众多,尽管部门权责清晰,改革的成本收益分布却并不对称;发达小城市教育用地机会成本高昂,扩大学位供给的难度加剧,资源短缺下社会不稳定风险增加,教育、国土等部门“买单不吃饭”,缺乏动力承担开放落户带来的新增成本。地方政府行为不仅受纵向激励、还受内部结构的影响,在资源约束的调节作用下,同类政策执行力度出现地区差异。开放落户除了需要中央政府的纵向推动,还需要地方政府发挥能动性来调节横向部门间的成本与收益,扭转非主管部门的避责行为。