Background: HIV infection results in depletion of immunocompetent cells such as CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells. Trace elements such as Copper, Zinc and selenium are known to be involved in immune function. In rec...Background: HIV infection results in depletion of immunocompetent cells such as CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells. Trace elements such as Copper, Zinc and selenium are known to be involved in immune function. In recent times, HIV-positive patients are treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), with significant progress. This study was aimed at evaluating CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells levels, serum Copper, Zinc and Selenium levels in HIV seropositive subjects on ART and ART naive subjects (HIV positive subjects that have not started ART treatment) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: 150 subjects aged 20 to 79 years were recruited after informed consent. 70 subjects were HIV-positive on ART, 30 subjects were HIV-positive ART naïve subjects, while 50 subjects were apparently healthy subjects. Ten (10) milliliters of blood was collected using a standard venipuncture technique from each subject for the analysis of CD4 T-cells using BD fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACSC count), serum Copper and Zinc were analyzed colorimetrically using semi auto-analyzer WP 21E, while selenium was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer ELICO, SL173. Data generated were analyzed using Graph-Pad Prism version 8.0.2 and p Result: This study revealed a significant reduction in mean zinc, selenium and CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell level respectively (p = 0.0006;0.0001;0.0001) in HIV-Positive subjects on ART and ART naive. There was also a significant increase in mean serum copper level in the HIV-positive subject as compared to control subjects (p = 0.0001). ART treatment improved the CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell count and serum levels of selenium and zinc;however, ART did not correct the imbalance. Furthermore, female subjects on ART have a significantly higher CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count than the males (p Conclusion: Selenium and Zinc deficiency are associated with HIV disease despite the role of ART hence micronutrient supplementation is advised for HIV-positive subjects on ART.展开更多
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) have shown impressive improvement and death rates have drastically reduced, even though complications still exist. This research carried out ...Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) have shown impressive improvement and death rates have drastically reduced, even though complications still exist. This research carried out a baseline stud<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">y</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> to determine the nutritional interplay between HIV-drugs and kidney, liver, and heart indices among subjects undergoing HIV treatment <span>and attending </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Medical Out-Patient Department of a Federal Medical</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> Center in the North</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Eastern part of Nigeria, using a sample size of 50 individuals both male and female, who have been shown to be HIV positive and have been on ART for over 12 months.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Anthropometric data was collect</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ed</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> in triplicate, two from patients</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> file, and one was measured directly and the average </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">was </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">obtained. The electrolytes were determined by </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">colorimetric method while total protein and albumin in blood concentration were determined by spectrophotometric method, but globulin and A/G ratio were determined by <span>calculation. TC was determined using</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>Spectrophotometric method while</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> HDL was determined after precipitation of LDL with phosphotungstate and magnesium w</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ere</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> calculated from Friedwaldís formular, and TG was measured using the colorimetric enzymatic method.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The results showed that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure which were</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">119.9</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mmHg ± 17.5, and 76. 6</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mmHg ± 10.1 respectively, were with the range of the reference values. The mean body mass index was 25.1 ± 4.9;also within range of the reference value. Major indices from the liver function test were mean ALT which was 36.5 ± 29.4 with a reference value of 7</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">55 U/L;AST was 40.0 ± 32.3, with a reference value of 8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">48 U/L. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mean value for albumin was 4.6 ± 7.1 with a reference range of 3.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">5.0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">g/dl, these values also were within the reference range values. The electrolyte test showed all other electrolyte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> to be within the reference range values except for Zinc which was 19.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">μmol/L, with a normal range of 70</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">100 μmol/L and magnesium which was found to be 0.7 mEq/L, with a normal range of 1.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">2.0 mEq/L;Zinc and magnesium play vital roles in over 300 enzymatic reactions, and are known to be important in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">immune response. Shortfalls in these minerals could compromise the patients’ recovery process and place them at risk of hearts conditions such as arrhyth<span>mia or heart attack among many other conditions. There is </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">a </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">need for an </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">immediate review of these treatments in the direction of Zinc and magnesium, either by supplementation or by diet therapy. HIV patients undergoing ART should be placed under strict Zinc and magnesium</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">rich diet to avert untimely death among these patients. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">controlled study should be done to ascertain the best approach to quell the residue of malnutrition in these patients in order to further improve their nutritional status.</span></span></span>展开更多
文摘Background: HIV infection results in depletion of immunocompetent cells such as CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells. Trace elements such as Copper, Zinc and selenium are known to be involved in immune function. In recent times, HIV-positive patients are treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), with significant progress. This study was aimed at evaluating CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells levels, serum Copper, Zinc and Selenium levels in HIV seropositive subjects on ART and ART naive subjects (HIV positive subjects that have not started ART treatment) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: 150 subjects aged 20 to 79 years were recruited after informed consent. 70 subjects were HIV-positive on ART, 30 subjects were HIV-positive ART naïve subjects, while 50 subjects were apparently healthy subjects. Ten (10) milliliters of blood was collected using a standard venipuncture technique from each subject for the analysis of CD4 T-cells using BD fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACSC count), serum Copper and Zinc were analyzed colorimetrically using semi auto-analyzer WP 21E, while selenium was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer ELICO, SL173. Data generated were analyzed using Graph-Pad Prism version 8.0.2 and p Result: This study revealed a significant reduction in mean zinc, selenium and CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell level respectively (p = 0.0006;0.0001;0.0001) in HIV-Positive subjects on ART and ART naive. There was also a significant increase in mean serum copper level in the HIV-positive subject as compared to control subjects (p = 0.0001). ART treatment improved the CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell count and serum levels of selenium and zinc;however, ART did not correct the imbalance. Furthermore, female subjects on ART have a significantly higher CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count than the males (p Conclusion: Selenium and Zinc deficiency are associated with HIV disease despite the role of ART hence micronutrient supplementation is advised for HIV-positive subjects on ART.
文摘Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) have shown impressive improvement and death rates have drastically reduced, even though complications still exist. This research carried out a baseline stud<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">y</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> to determine the nutritional interplay between HIV-drugs and kidney, liver, and heart indices among subjects undergoing HIV treatment <span>and attending </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Medical Out-Patient Department of a Federal Medical</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> Center in the North</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Eastern part of Nigeria, using a sample size of 50 individuals both male and female, who have been shown to be HIV positive and have been on ART for over 12 months.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Anthropometric data was collect</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ed</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> in triplicate, two from patients</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> file, and one was measured directly and the average </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">was </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">obtained. The electrolytes were determined by </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">colorimetric method while total protein and albumin in blood concentration were determined by spectrophotometric method, but globulin and A/G ratio were determined by <span>calculation. TC was determined using</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>Spectrophotometric method while</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> HDL was determined after precipitation of LDL with phosphotungstate and magnesium w</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ere</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> calculated from Friedwaldís formular, and TG was measured using the colorimetric enzymatic method.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The results showed that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure which were</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">119.9</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mmHg ± 17.5, and 76. 6</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mmHg ± 10.1 respectively, were with the range of the reference values. The mean body mass index was 25.1 ± 4.9;also within range of the reference value. Major indices from the liver function test were mean ALT which was 36.5 ± 29.4 with a reference value of 7</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">55 U/L;AST was 40.0 ± 32.3, with a reference value of 8</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">48 U/L. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">mean value for albumin was 4.6 ± 7.1 with a reference range of 3.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">5.0</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">g/dl, these values also were within the reference range values. The electrolyte test showed all other electrolyte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> to be within the reference range values except for Zinc which was 19.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">μmol/L, with a normal range of 70</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">100 μmol/L and magnesium which was found to be 0.7 mEq/L, with a normal range of 1.5</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">2.0 mEq/L;Zinc and magnesium play vital roles in over 300 enzymatic reactions, and are known to be important in </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">immune response. Shortfalls in these minerals could compromise the patients’ recovery process and place them at risk of hearts conditions such as arrhyth<span>mia or heart attack among many other conditions. There is </span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">a </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">need for an </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">immediate review of these treatments in the direction of Zinc and magnesium, either by supplementation or by diet therapy. HIV patients undergoing ART should be placed under strict Zinc and magnesium</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">rich diet to avert untimely death among these patients. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">The </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">controlled study should be done to ascertain the best approach to quell the residue of malnutrition in these patients in order to further improve their nutritional status.</span></span></span>