Characterisation of Human-Wildlife Conflicts around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

The history of mankind contains so many illustrations of well-classified and violent struggles against various animals over crop production in agricultural fields, attacks on human life or competition in order to have access to certain natural resources. The aim of this study is to characterise the human-wildlife conflicts that occur around the KBNP, especially with regard to primates. Surveys were carried out in 260 households selected using the snowball method. The results showed that human-wildlife conflicts around the KBNP are characterised by the destruction of crops in riparian fields by monkeys, chimpanzees and gorillas, the destruction of houses, physical attacks and zoonoses. Despite the conservation and protection measures for wildlife and local populations put in place by the Park’s managers, conflicts between local populations and the Park’s wild animals are still visible. These conflicts lead to the detention of wild animals by local people roaming in the villages and to poaching on the Park’s boundaries. The weakness of the community management policy on the part of the park managers and the resentment of the indigenous peoples towards the restriction of their access to natural resources are the major constraints on the sustainable management of conflicts between the local populations and the wild animals in the KBNP. The strategies for the sustainable resolution of human-wildlife conflicts around the KBNP must be geared towards and integrated into a community conservation approach.

Assessing Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon

Human-Wildlife Conflict in Gabon is a reality occurring in almost all protected areas in the country. These conflicts create real threats both for the survival of wildlife species and of human beings. This study was carried out at the periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon. This area is particular of seeing elephants wandering around villages. Respondents for the study were drawn from a wide range of stakeholders (State administrators, farmers and NGOs). Data was collected through administration of structured questionnaires and interview guide on the;socio-economic activities. Crops produced/destroyed. Animals are involved and economic loss is incurred due to conflicts. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16 and Kobo tool box. For qualitative data chi-square, descriptive statistic and linear regression model were also used. The results of the study showed that the elephants account for (60.1%) of crop destroyed followed by Ungulates (30.4%) and lastly by rodents (0.9%). The economic damage caused by the wildlife to crops valued at 72,084 USD in the zone in 2022. An urgent solution to this conflict is needed because the consequences are visible as well as the illegal repression by communities that have led to poisoning and killing of wildlife in the study area.

Patterns of human-wildlife conflict and compensation practices around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, China

Understanding the spatial patterns of human-wildlife conflict is essential to inform management decisions to encourage coexistence, but it is constrained by the lack of spatially-explicit data. We collected spatially-implicit data of human-wildlife conflicts from 2009-2015 around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, and investigated the patterns and drivers of these conflicts. A questionnaire was also designed to capture local resident attitudes toward insurance-based compensation for the losses caused by targeted wildlife. We found that the Asiatic black bear （Ursus thibetanus） was the most conflict-prone animal around the reserve, followed by the rhesus macaque （Macaca mulatta） and Southeast Asian sambar （Cervus equinus）. Conflicts were unevenly distributed among seasons, villages, and communities, with several grids identified as conflict hotspots. Poisson models revealed that human-bear conflicts were negatively related to distance to the reserve and proportion of forest, but positively correlated to the proportion of cropland. Binomial models showed that communities affected by crop depredation were positively correlated with the proportion of cropland and negatively correlated with distance to the reserve, whereas communities affected by livestock depredation were negatively correlated with the proportion of cropland. The insurance-based scheme has compensated over 90% of losses, to the satisfaction of 90.6% of respondents. Our results suggest that human-bear conflict could be potentially reduced by eliminating food crops near the reserve boundary and livestock grazing at conflict hotspots.In addition, the insurance-based scheme could be replicated at a broader scale with improvement in loss assessment.

Human-Carnivore Conflicts in Private Conservancy Lands of Elerai and Oltiyiani in Amboseli Area, Kenya

Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are normally used in Kenya to mitigate such conflicts;consolation for lost livestock and human life to increase tolerance to them, use of predator proof homesteads especially among pastoralists, use flicking lights at night to discourage approach of carnivores near homesteads, and awareness creation among communities on the ecological role of carnivores. This study examined human-carnivore interactions in privately owned conservancies near Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The conservancies were found to have almost similar human and livestock demography. However, homesteads in Elerai had more fence broken parts and relatively higher levels of livestock predation by lion and hyena. The higher the number of each livestock type was, the higher the specific predation to that livestock type was, implying density dependent effects of predation by carnivores on livestock. It seemed that the fence structure and level of maintenance (including carnivore strategies on specializing on specific livestock size and age consistent with optimizing their foraging strategies) influenced predation incidences. However, the presence of adult males and Maasai warriors (morans) in bomas did not seem to be related with the number of livestock killed by carnivores, implying that they didn’t add vigilance as an additional strategy to prevent livestock depredation. It is recommended that attention be paid on maintenance of homestead and livestock fences as well as vigilance to deter predation. We further recommend strategies to prevent livestock predation such as, installation of chain link predator proof fences or carnivore lighting deterrents at night because woody plants fences are ineffective and deteriorate easily with time, and also lead to depletion of plant resources critical to households.

Prevalence and Severity of Current Human-Elephant Conflicts in Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from the Field and Key Informants

Few animals elicit such drastically different human emotions, so do elephants. Elephants capture the affection of people but also inspire animosity and fear at the same time. This is because there are conflicts with people over space, critical resources, costs of damages and general insecurity to people. This paper examined field evidence and interviewed expert key informants on current intensity and frequency of human-elephants in Amboseli Ecosystem. According to them, generally, the most prevalent (score of 1 lowest to 10 highest) threats to elephants were competition for critical resources (6.32 ± 0.44) followed by blocking of migration (6.24 ± 0.46), harassment of elephants (4.83 ± 0.75), poaching (4.57 ± 0.37), and retaliatory killings (3.78 ± 0.31). For threats that elephants pose to people, the most prevalent one was crop raiding (6.95 ± 0.26) followed by environmental degradation (6.71 ± 0.46), general insecurity to people (5.76 ± 0.65), property destruction (5.16 ± 0.41), injury and death to livestock (3.78 ± 0.37), and injury and death to people (2.71 ± 0.27). For the severity of the threats, the highest score was given to crop raiding whose average score was 7.90 ± 0.24 followed by environmental destruction and degradation (6.89 ± 0.43), injury and death to people (6.72 ± 0.44), injury and death to livestock (6.36 ± 0.50), property destruction (5.78 ± 0.49), general insecurity to people (5.62 ± 0.64). Severity levels followed the same trend or varied slightly. These drivers of human-elephant conflicts need to be addressed decisively to protect both people and elephants. There is a need to ensure local people’s benefit from elephants through ecotourism investments such as wildlife sanctuaries, leasing critical space for elephants’ dispersal on acceptable terms, through appropriate compensation schemes for elephant costs, and supporting local community wildlife rangers to prevent conflicts.

The Conflict Between Humanism&Feudalism in A Midsummer Night's Dream

Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play of love that reflects the sharp conflict between humanism and feudalism in the sixteenth century English society, which finds expression in the dispute between Hermia and her father Egeus on her marriage and Hermia's bold rebellion against the feudalistic parental tyranny. The final success of the lovers in their struggle for the freedom to decide their marriage not only embodies Shakespeare's humanist ideal but also reflects his firm belief that humanism would inevitably triumph over feudalism.

Predator-Proof Bomas as a Tool in Mitigating Human-Predator Conflict in Loitokitok Sub-County Amboseli Region of Kenya

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) arises when wildlife shares the same physical space with humans. HWC, particularly livestock predation results in great negative impacts both to pastoralist and carnivores. Various approaches including compensation, livestock guarding, translocation of the problematic predator, and predator-proof bomas (PPB) have been used to mitigate such conflicts. We assessed PPB in mitigating human-predator conflict in Loitokitok sub-county by focusing on its effectiveness, most problematic predator, community’s perceptions, and comparing the PPB and traditional bomas characteristics. Data were obtained from 90 homesteads in Olgulului, Mbirikani and Kimana/Tikondo group ranches. Correlation and paired t-tests were used to analyze the data. Our findings suggest that the boma sizes correlated with the total number of livestock in the boma (r = 0.386, n = 90, p = 0.000) but not the number of people. Hyena and lion accounted for the highest loss of shoats and cattle, with hyena mostly killing shoats (37%) and lions preying largely on cattle (34%). The most problematic predator was as hyena (68%). We found positive relationships between the most problematic predator and total number of livestock (r = 0.319, n = 90, p = 0.002), and boma circumference (r = 0.295, n = 90, p = 0.005). Livestock predation was high in boma during the wet seasons (April, September, October and December). The erection of PPB reduced livestock predation by 91.11% (n = 45) and time spend guarding livestock at night. We recommend a continuous maintenance of the PPB as a long term solution to livestock loss at night and a close guarding of livestock during the day by adults to reduce day time predations.

三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险评价

人兽冲突风险图揭示了风险的空间格局,有助于确定减轻野生动物肇事风险的优先区域。以三江源国家公园所涉4县为研究区域,以乡镇为研究单元,基于区域灾害系统理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力4个方面构建人兽冲突风险评价模型并对研究区的人兽冲突空间风险和总体风险进行综合评价。结果表明:人兽冲突风险影响因素包括兽类密度、肇事次数、归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、人口密度、野生猎物密度、距河流距离、距居民点距离和牲畜密度。三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险具有明显的空间分异规律。风险评价结果总体上中部高于东部和南部,高风险区域主要分布在长江源园区治多县、曲麻莱县的乡镇,较高风险以上区域占比达97.07%,表明三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险总体较高。研究结果为确定人兽冲突风险影响因素和精准防控野生动物肇事提供科学依据。

从唯物史观看人类文明交流互鉴

唯物史观是观察研究不同人类文明形态及其关系的唯一正确方法。把综合完整的文明形态分成物质文明、精神文明、社会文明、政治文明、生态文明,以唯物史观进行观察研究,从而确定文明交流互鉴是符合历史发展规律的主流。主张文明的冲突对抗,是夸大了不同文明形态中上层建筑部分的差异,并把这种差异看作是对抗冲突的根源。正是因为物质文明是决定其他文明形式的根本力量,所以文明交流互鉴是人类解放的必然要求。

基于栅格尺度的黄河流域人地关系时空耦合分析

黄河流域作为中国人口与产业集聚区,其水资源短缺、生态退化、环境污染等问题严重,研究该区域的人地关系对于推进生态保护和高质量发展国家战略具有重要意义。然而面向国土空间规划、生态环境网格化治理等现实需求,目前黄河流域人地关系还缺乏精细栅格尺度研究。使用人类足迹(HF)和生态系统质量指数(EQI)作为人地系统的代理变量,基于Sen+MK趋势检验识别了2000—2020年1km×1km栅格尺度下黄河流域人类活动和生态系统质量时空演化特征,运用四象限图解法量化了两者协调与冲突关系,基于多种回归模型解析了黄河流域人类活动对生态系统质量的影响程度和时空异质性。结果表明,2000—2020年黄河流域EQI和HF整体均呈上升趋势,其中显著上升区域前者占比64.2%,后者占比49.2%。黄河流域人地关系整体呈现协调演化态势,人地协调演化区主要分布在黄土高原、太行山西麓和宁夏沿黄等地区;人地冲突区域仅占7.7%,主要分布在城镇化快速推进地区和上游生态脆弱区。在控制了气温、降水、日照、海拔等自然因子后,HF对EQI仍有显著负向影响,整体看HF每增加1%,EQI将下降0.067%。但这种影响存在时空异质性,人类活动对黄河流域中下游EQI的负向影响更加显著,20年间整个流域的HF对EQI的负向影响呈现缓慢增加态势。为栅格尺度的人地关系研究提供了新的方法论,研究结果为黄河流域人与自然和谐共生的政策制定提供决策支持。

高密度城区野猪生境适宜性与“人猪冲突”潜在风险区识别研究

快速城市化进程引发的生境变化导致城市生物多样性整体下降,但一些能适应碎片化生境的物种却大量繁殖,被迫扩散或进入城区觅食,从而引发野生动物和居民的现实或潜在冲突。文章针对近年来城区“人猪冲突”现象,以武汉市洪山区为例,基于红外相机监测,结合MaxEnt模型,探究高密度城区野猪生境适宜性和“人猪冲突”的潜在热点区域。结果表明:洪山区野猪偏好海拔高于60 m、坡度介于10°~45°的城市林地区域,主要集中在洪山区中部的低山缓丘,共识别出潜在适宜区面积13.80 km2;洪山区潜在“人猪冲突”区域位于中部,并形成自西向东北贯穿、3个核心区聚集的格局;高密度城区野猪夜行性显著;适宜区主要分布在城市林地,不适宜区主要是建设用地;土地利用类型、高程和坡度对城区野猪种群分布影响较大;城市林地斑块及之间的建成区面临较大“人猪冲突”风险。

基于CiteSpace的人与野生动物冲突研究现状及趋势可视化分析

随着世界范围内人与野生动物冲突现象的不断加剧,相关学者在该领域展开大量研究。然而,此前一直缺乏对人与野生动物冲突领域研究内容以及成果的归纳总结,这将阻碍人与野生动物冲突领域理论的发展,也会影响冲突的实际解决。因此,以Web of Science(WOS)核心合集和中国知网(CNKI)中2002—2022年的文献为研究样本,运用CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,对国内外人与野生动物冲突领域的研究现状、研究热点主题、研究发展脉络以及研究前沿进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)国内外发文量的增长趋势类似,国外在2013年迎来拐点,国内在2017年出现拐点,呈现增长趋势并持续至今;(2)国内外均未形成核心作者群体,且研究机构均以高校与保护区合作为主;(3)国内外研究均是由浅入深的过程,从研究冲突表现形式及特征、野生动物保护与管理、典型冲突物种、利益相关者态度和缓解对策,到研究开始结合野生动物生态和外部社会因素两方面,且在冲突产生的驱动因素方面有所探索,在冲突缓解及补偿策略方面的研究也更加多元;(4)国外的研究前沿趋向于摄食生态学、捕食者控制和运动生态学等,国内的研究前沿主要集中在保护区的冲突特征、放牧管理、补偿、保险和生物多样性保护等。研究结果可为人与野生动物冲突研究的纵深发展提供参考借鉴,并为人与自然和谐共生目标的达成提供科学依据。

基于Cov‑AHP的EES系统指标体系构建及对人兽冲突影响测度

在野生动物及其栖息地保护的进程中,人兽冲突事件时有发生,探究人兽冲突的影响因素并提出相应建议是促进人与自然和谐共生的必然要求。本研究以北京市周边地区2009—2017年经济、生态和社会系统(EES系统)的22个变量入手,基于协方差-层次分析法(Cov‑AHP)建立了EES系统指标评价体系。为了探究EES系统中人兽冲突的影响因素,建立多元线性回归模型,运用AIC准则筛选并分析对人兽冲突具有显著影响的变量。结果显示:北京市周边地区人兽冲突形式主要表现为损毁农田和果园,受损失最小的是平谷区,最大的是门头沟区和延庆区,冲突高峰期为每年的8—9月。经济系统中,第二产业增长率、第二产业占比、政府一般预算收入、粮食总产量的增长会加剧人兽冲突的损失;生态系统中,退耕造林面积越大、距水系距离越近,越容易造成人兽冲突损失,而距林地距离越近,越不容易造成人兽冲突损失;社会系统中,恩格尔系数、公共图书馆总藏量会加剧人兽冲突的损失,而防护措施占比则相反。因此,在发展经济的同时,应当优化当地的产业结构,加强生态文明建设,提高当地居民对野生动物及栖息地保护的认知。在推进退耕还林工程的过程中,应该合理地恢复当地的生态环境,避免矫枉过正,与野生动物和谐相处,并建立健全防护措施,减少野生动物对人类带来的负面影响。本研究侧重在EES复合系统中探究人兽冲突的主要影响因素,为减少人兽冲突的损失,促进人与自然和谐共生提供理论依据和数据支持。

马边大风顶国家级自然保护区人兽冲突现状调查

全球范围内,人兽冲突现已经成为保护生物学家亟需解决的重大挑战。为了解马边大风顶自然保护区周边社区人兽冲突现状,以提出科学的缓解人兽冲突方案,本研究于2024年1月在与保护区接壤的梅林、白家湾、高卓营和永红四个乡镇通过问卷调查与实地走访对其人兽冲突情况展开调查。结果显示:(1)受访的4个乡镇11个村庄共386户农户中有281户遭遇过人兽冲突,人兽冲突发生率为73%,事件主要发生在保护区周边8 km范围以内。(2)冲突类型主要包括破坏庄稼(90.36%)、掠食牲畜(25.36%)和攻击人类(1.07%)。破坏庄稼的兽类有藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris);掠食牲畜的兽类有豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、藏酋猴、野猪。(3)受访村共253户农户有农作物损失的情况,损失面积占种植总面积的25.56%,有17户获得赔偿;70户农户有家畜被捕食的情况,有1户获得赔偿;攻击人类事件发生过3起,受害者未获得任何赔偿。(4)年龄、文化程度、收入来源以及财产损失情况是影响农户对野生动物保护态度的关键因素。上述结果为保护区制定科学有效的管理政策提供科学依据,对促进当地人与野生动物和谐相处,保护生物多样性和生态环境具有重要意义。

2017—2020年思茅区亚洲象肇事及补偿情况调查

对思茅区亚洲象肇事情况进行调查,并分析思茅区土地利用类型情况及其对亚洲象肇事活动的影响。结果表明:2009年以来思茅区亚洲象数量呈稳定快速增长趋势,肇事数量和造成的损失也呈增长态势,2017—2020年共造成经济损失2 400.10万元,人员伤亡4人,分布范围和受损户数扩大;亚洲象对农作物损害程度不同,其肇事频率与季节性食物变化密切相关,月损失呈先波动增长后降低的趋势;土地利用格局是其种群扩散分布的重要基础。建议采取建设生态廊道提高亚洲象栖息地连通度,建设食源基地与完善象损赔偿机制,强化亚洲象预警系统等对策缓解人象冲突。

Patterns,Causes and Perceptions of Human-Large Carnivore Conflict in the Chitwan National Park,Nepal

One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.

基于多方法的猕猴种群数量县域快速调查与人猴冲突分析:以贵州长顺为例

近年来,猕猴(Macaca mulatta)在多地种群增长迅速且人猴冲突事件频发。摸清猕猴种群数量及其人猴冲突状况是开展有效管理的前提。本文以贵州长顺县为例,综合利用非诱导式访问、样线(带)与定点观测、红外相机配合夜宿地调查以及无人机调查等方法对贵州长顺县猕猴种群数量及人猴冲突现状进行调查分析。结果显示:(1)以95%的可靠性和62%的调查精度表明,长顺县域共分布有猕猴群体20群,总数351±138只,并集中分布于南部区域;(2)应用的调查方法各有优缺点,其中,样线(带)与定点观测法发现猴群几率较大,访问调查法较为便捷,多方法综合使用能有效弥补单一调查方法获取数据的局限性;(3)猕猴危害作物高峰期发生在6—7月,与当地主要受害作物种类玉米成熟期时间一致,同时观测到靠近山林和水源的作物更易遭受猕猴危害;(4)原住民对猕猴保护态度各有不同,其中,有47.92%的受访者对猕猴保护政策持积极态度,52.08%的受访者持消极态度,其保护态度主要受受访者主要收入来源、受教育程度和猕猴危害造成的损失程度3个因素影响。本研究可为西南山地区域性猕猴种群快速调查与保护管理决策提供有益参考。

国家公园人兽冲突现状、问题与缓解路径

当前,人兽冲突是国家公园高质量建设面临的主要问题之一,如何在保护野生动物的同时保护好人民群众的生命财产安全至关重要。2023年,对第一批国家公园内624户原住居民家庭开展问卷调查,并对国家公园管理机构和地方政府部门进行半结构式访谈,深入了解国家公园人兽冲突现状和存在问题,发现三江源、大熊猫、东北虎豹、武夷山国家公园内分别有70%、47%、76%、33%的家庭因人兽冲突受到损害,主要肇事主体为野猪、狼和棕熊,给园区居民造成的经济损失从上千元至万元不等。虽然各地区野生动物损害补偿办法持续完善,不断加强事前预防探索力度,但是损害补偿不到位、家庭防范效果不理想、监测预警体系不健全、事中控制手段缺乏等问题依然突出。为此提出优化野生动物致害补偿办法、加强事前防范措施、丰富事中控制手段、加强区域风险评估、提升监测预警能力、控制野生动物种群数量,实现园区人与兽的科学管理等政策建议,最大程度保障居民人身安全。

基于大小语言模型协同的社区矛盾调解框架

大语言模型因其出色的情景学习和因果推理能力已越来越多地应用于人们的生活中,与大语言模型能力相对应的是在社区矛盾调解中需调解员在了解完矛盾纠纷后,对是非有一定的辨别能力,并站在中立角度对矛盾进行调解。大语言模型可以在一定程度上缓解现有的社区矛盾调解制度中存在的人力资源不足、调解难度高、公信力缺失的问题,但大语言模型昂贵的调用费用,又限制了其在基层社区中的使用。鉴于此,提出一种基于大小语言模型协同的社区矛盾调解框架,该框架使用免费的小语言模型生成矛盾摘要,并根据调解员的参与方式分为人机分流与人机协同。案例分析表明,该框架可以将调用大语言模型带来的花费降低到原本的一半以下,且调解质量趋向于人工调解员。

贵阳市人猴冲突及其时空分布

人类与野生动物的冲突正成为保护生物学关注的重点问题之一,人兽冲突增加人畜共患病相互传播的风险,带来一系列严重的安全问题。本文统计了2014—2022年发生在贵阳市的2000起人猴(猕猴Macaca mulatta)冲突事件,并用全事件记录法对黔灵山公园猕猴抢劫行为进行观察。结果表明:贵阳市人猴冲突的主要形式是猕猴进入社区抢劫(偷盗)居民的食物。在83%的入户抢劫事件中,猕猴多以3~10只为一群(15%为1只猕猴,2%为2只猕猴)。入户抢劫雄性猕猴占60%,携婴雌性占10%,无法区分或者统计性别占30%。人猴冲突主要发生在以黔灵山公园为中心10 km的范围内(0.065~23.5 km),呈扩散型向周围递减;抢劫事件数量与距黔灵山公园的距离呈负相关性(−0.17,R^(2)=0.117)。抢劫事件发生时间集中在09:00—12:00和15:00—17:00。2014—2022年,人猴冲突整体呈上升趋势,冲突主要集中在每年的1月,其他月份比较分散。由于人为投食和缺少天敌,黔灵山公园猕猴种群增长过快,导致其扩散到城市周围进行入户抢劫。本研究揭示了贵阳猕猴抢劫的时空动态,为城市区域的人兽冲突提供科学参考。