A Study on the Role of Human Element (Staffs) in Marine Accidents

Ships usually operate in the vibrant and dynamic environment;a majority of crews work and have a rest in a stressful space and have daily job displacements that working in it and moving from port disrupt as soon as reaching to port. Such conditions which require living at work place for a long time raises a unique job life which causes increase in risks of human mistakes. Huge marine accidents occur per year in country in which human element plays a major role. Identification and analysis of the components affect individuals as the staffs in ships, so that such component raises the conditions due to inattention which result in rise of severe and more severe marine accidents. Evaluation of each component has been taken into account in the present research. The present research seeks to examine and identity factors affecting human elements in marine accidents.

An Investigation on γ induced activation reactions on human essential elements

In radiotherapy, the energy of the γ rays used could be larger than 10 Me V, which would potentially activate stable nucleus into a radioactive one. The γ induced reactions on some of the human essential elements are studied to show the probability of changes of nuclei. The Talys 1.4 toolkit was adopted as the theoretical model for calculation. The reactions investigated include the(γ, n) and(γ, p) channels for the stable Na, Mg, Cl,K, Ca, and Fe isotopes, with the incident energy of γ ranging from 1 to 30 Me V. It was found that the cross sections for the reactions are very low, and the maximum cross section is no larger than 100 mb. By considering the threshold energy of the channel, the half-life time of the residue nucleus, and the percentage of the element accounting for the weight and its importance in the body, it is suggested to track the radioactive nuclei22 Na,41Ca, and42,43 K after γ therapy. The results might be useful for medical diagnosis and disease treatment.

Development of China's Public Health as an Essential Element of Human Rights

September 2017 Contents Preface Ensuring People’s Right to Health Based on China’s Conditions Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions Public Health Service Capability Improving Steadily Great Improvement in the Quality of Medical and Health Services Improvement of the National Medical Security System

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.

Human Exposure Assessment of Element Pollution for Environmental Health Implications: Teeth as a Biomonitoring Tool

Reference values reflecting the findings of natural concentrations of teeth in a well-defined group of individuals, are indispensable, if one is to interpret results generated for clinical utility. Hence, a comprehensive compilation of literature survey is attempted to make available as a reference guideline for tooth element concentrations. Presently, the reference values are proposed for 19 elements. Several factors that are found influencing element levels, are common to any biosample and are broadly grouped under four categories namely, the factors of teeth, donor, environment and analytical methods. How best the influencing factors to be considered during analysis, are discussed. It is elucidated that standardized method of analysis with quality assurance and precision will reduce the ambiguity of comparison of inter-laboratory measurement. When the merits and demerits of element measurements are evaluated, it is recognized that except a hurdle of difficult specific sampling, many advantages make teeth an attractive material for environmental health monitoring of population and for assessment of element status of deficiency and excess due to differential exposure. The available data of tooth elements are lesser in comparison to data of blood and hair;further studies are required for reference values of others elements and for distribution pattern in different conditions, parts and types of teeth.

Selected Trace Elements in Domestic Water Boreholes and Their Implications on Human Health, in Huruma Estate, Eldoret Municipality, Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

Trace elements constitute less than 1% of the rocks in the crust (Stumm and Morgan, 1991). In the human body, they constitute less than 100 mg/kg (0.01%). These elements are released to the environment naturally by weathering and volcanic activities (Flint and skinner, 1997). It has been observed that trace elements are greatly absorbed and retained in the body when in liquid diet. This phenomenon also influences the risk to human health, especially of infants and children whose immature digestive system further promote absorption of toxic heavy metals. The study was based on the analysis of domestic borehole water supplies in Huruma estate of Eldoret Municipality for selected trace elements and their implications on human health. The boreholes were systematically selected for sampling points and trace elements, Cr, Cu and Se analyzed using AAS. Statistical analysis for mean, standard deviation and confidence interval limits was done using SPSS. The statistical t-test was used to test for significance differences at (p = 0.05). The graphs were drawn using the Microsoft Excel package. The resulting data obtained from analysis were compared with WHO data for drinking water. In the study, the mean values of the following parameters were as follows: Chromium 17.9 μg/L, Copper 563 μg/L and Selenium 22.7 μg/L. There was a significant difference at 5% level of significance (p = 0.000) in all the parameter values among the sampling points in Huruma estate. The above mean values were far below the WHO recommended limits for drinking water. It was concluded that the borehole water from Huruma was fit for drinking and therefore could not cause cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, borehole water should be used if other water sources (tap water etc.) were not available. All the industries near Huruma estate should carefully analyze and regularly monitor their liquid waste effluents to ensure that no harmful discharges get into the soil.

Preliminary study of the correlation between trace elements in human hair, liver and kidney by proton induced X-ray emission analysis

This paper deals with the determination of trace elements in normal human hair, liver and kidney by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis. Sampling, specimen preparation and experimental procedures are described in detail. The accuracy of our system has been checked up with the determination of standard reference materials. The preliminary results on correlations between trace elements in human tissues are discussed. Application of the method described in the paper gives evidence in favour of the PIXE as a good tool on environmental life elements and health studies.

Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of eight life elements in human blood samples

A direct and simple method for the clinic muti-element determination of human blood sample by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectropho-tometry is reported. No pretreatment of the sample is necessary other than simple dilution of the sample with aqueous solution of Triton X-100. The detection limits of the elements investigated fall in the range of 0.1- 4.4 μg/L with a relative standard deviation ranging from 1.6 for zinc to 3.73% for lead. Micro liters of samples are sufficient for the determination of each element.

Finite Element Dynamics of Human Ear System Comprising Middle Ear and Cochlea in Inner Ear

A human middle ear consists of an eardrum and three ossicles which are linked by each other, and connect with the eardrum and an inner ear. The inner ear consists of a cochlea and a vestibular system. An abnormality of the human middle ear such as ossicular dislocation may cause conductive hearing loss. The conductive hearing loss is generally treated by surgery using artificial ossicles. The treatments of conductive hearing loss require a better understanding of characteristics and dynamic behaviors of the human middle ear when the sounds transmit from outer inner to inner ear. The purpose of this research is to simulate the dynamic behaviors of a human ear system comprising the middle ear and the cochlea in the inner ear using the finite element method (FEM). Firstly, the eigen-value analysis was performed to obtain the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the total ear system. Secondly, the frequency response analysis was carried out. Thirdly, the time history response analyses were performed using human voices as the external forces. In the time history response analyses, the sounds created as input sound pressures were used. Human voices, for example vowels “I”, “u” and “e” as input sound pressures were created by using the sound pressures downloaded from the opening samples of human voices as wav files in a website. Then it was clarified that the high frequency components of sounds are reduced by the middle ear system.

Measurement of the Trace Elements Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mg and the Ultratrace Elements Cd, Co, Mn, and Pb in Limited Quantity Human Plasma and Serum Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

In public health studies limited volumes of blood are often collected and stored for future hypothesis testing. Archived samples are irreplaceable and therefore it is valuable to develop analytical techniques that require minimal sample vo-lume. This work describes the measurement of trace elements Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and ultratrace elements Cd, Co, Mn, Pb in limited quantity (150 μL) human serum or plasma samples. Samples were digested using a hotblock and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical method was evaluated using a quadrupole (Q) and sector field high resolution (SF) instrument to analyze trace elements in Seronorm? quality control serum material. The method was used to analyze 1888 blinded human plasma samples which were archived for the National Cancer Institute from the Nutrition Intervention Trial in Linxian China. The inductively coupled plasma method was capable of accurately analyzed limited quantity samples of human serum and plasma for the trace elements Mg, Cu, Fe Zn and the ultra trace elements Co, Mn and Pb. The concentration of Cd in human plasma samples was below the level of detection for 75% of the samples analyzed.

Use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for the Determination of Trace Elements in Human Scalp

The analysis of trace elements in human hair for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. This study investigated the concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in human scalp hair obtained from subjects living in Forsyth County, North Carolina, USA. The influence of age, sex, race, and smoking habits on the levels of trace elements in the hair samples were also investigated. Additionally, analyses were subjected to a statistical, regression, and principal component analysis to evaluate inter-elemental association and possible pattern recognition in hair samples. Furthermore, Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios, which are often used to evaluate the degree of Ca and Cu utilization in humans and as markers for various health related issues including, atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic cancer, were calculated. The overall mean concentrations of Fe (25 μg/g), Ca (710 μg/g), Mg (120 μg/g), Zn (190 μg/g), Cu (12 μg/g), and Cr (0.20 μg/g) were found in hair samples. The trace element concentrations varied widely in hair samples as demonstrated by large range of concentrations obtained for each element. However, levels of Cd and Pb elements of <0.030 μg/g were detected in hair sample. In general, the levels of the trace elements in hair samples were poorly correlated. However, significant correlations were found between Ca and Mg (r = 0.840, p = 0.05). The levels of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Cr in hair samples and the calculated Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios were found to be largely correlated with age, race, sex, and smoking habits.

老年人足部特征及老年鞋设计要素分析

老年人穿着的鞋履在设计思路方面与一般青年、儿童鞋履存在较大差异。本文从老年人足部特征入手,对我国当前老龄化社会形态下老年鞋的设计要素进行分析,认为对于我国老年人而言,其穿着鞋履需要着重考虑形态与结构、材质与颜色等元素,以这些设计要素为突破口设计出更为人性化的老年鞋。

基于三维有限元模型的人体全腰椎振动特性研究

振动暴露被认为是诱发腰椎退行性病变和下腰痛的重要原因,本研究旨在探寻振动载荷对腰椎生物力学的影响。基于人体腰椎L1节段至骨盆(L1-pelvis)的CT扫描数据,重构L1-Pelvis三维几何模型。对该几何模型进行网格划分和材料特性赋值,建立L1-Pelvis三维有限元模型,并利用可获得的实验数据对模型的有效性进行验证。基于该有限元模型,通过瞬时动态分析计算出腰椎各运动节段在幅值40 N,频率5 Hz轴向正弦振动载荷作用下的力学响应,并与-40 N和+40 N轴向静态载荷作用下的结果进行对比,响应参数包括椎体轴向位移、纤维环膨出变形和纤维环基质冯·米塞斯应力。研究结果表明,相比于静态载荷,振动载荷下腰椎各运动节段的椎体轴向位移、纤维环膨出变形、纤维环基质冯·米塞斯应力的幅值分别增加了0.550~1.020 mm、0.124~0.251 mm、0.043~0.099 MPa,最大增幅分别可达195.0%、175.7%、151.4%。从量化角度说明振动载荷下腰椎发生损伤的风险更高。

Finite Element Method Computations of the Acoustics of the Human Head Based on the Projection Based Interpolation Data

In this paper we present the Projection Based Interpolation (PBI) technique for construction of continuous approximation of MRI scan data of the human head. We utilize the result of the PBI algorithm to perform three dimensional (3D) Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations of the acoustics of the human head. The computational problem is a multi-physics problem modeled as acoustics coupled with linear elasticity. The computational grid contains tetrahedral finite elements with the number of equations and polynomial orders of approximation varying locally on finite element edges, faces, and interiors. We utilize our own out-of-core parallel direct solver for the solution of this multi-physics problem. The solver minimizes the memory usage by dumping out all local systems from all nodes of the entire elimination tree during the elimination phase.

水资源“量-质-域-流-生”全要素保护体系架构与实施策略

水资源保护是关乎民生福祉和国家安全的重要基础性工作。在新时期生态文明和美丽中国建设背景下,水资源保护亟需向流域化、系统化、生态化方向发展。研究基于对水资源系统多维属性功能的解析,从流域整体视角剖析了人类活动对水资源系统的干扰特征,提出了水资源“量-质-域-流-生”全要素保护策略,明确了水资源全要素保护的概念、内涵及体系架构。进一步,从服务于我国水资源管理实践角度,提出了以“退水还河、退污还清、退地还盆、退堵还疏、退渔还生”为核心的水资源全要素保护策略,明确了东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江中下游地区、东南沿海地区、西南地区、西北地区的水资源保护核心要点。最后,从政策法规、制度建设、监管体系等提出了推进我国水资源全要素保护的对策与措施。研究成果是对传统水资源保护工作的有益发展,为新时期国家治水实践提供了有力抓手。

课程思政在人体胚胎学教学中的应用初探

课程思政是当前我国高等院校进行教学改革的教育理念,其核心是以专业资源为切入点挖掘思政元素,在专业的基础上有机融入思政元素,把思政教育贯穿专业课程教育教学的全过程。胚胎学是“组织学与胚胎学”这门医学专业基础课的一部分,是研究新生个体发生发育的过程及其机制的科学,研究内容涉及受精卵发育为成熟胎儿的全过程,包括生殖细胞发生、受精、胚胎发育、胚胎与母体的关系、先天性畸形等,蕴含着丰富的思政元素和人文精神。通过对胚胎学教学中具体知识点的思政元素进行分析与挖掘,努力提高教师的课程思政教学能力,以促进思政元素融入胚胎学教学的各个环节,践行立德树人根本任务。

超大规模人居信息传导与数据要素配置

文字的产生和较大规模的人口集聚是人类进入文明时代最重要的标志。面对资源环境承载力的约束,传统城市化的基于地域性的人口集聚逐渐接近规模极限。同时,随着信息介质的轻量化和信息表达的刚性化,信息的流动性也达到了前所未有的高度,完全有能力维系一个超越地域性的经济社会共同体。未来人居正在从地域性集聚向关系型集聚演化,信息空间环境营造与物质空间环境营造同样应当得到人居环境科学的重点关注。在信息空间环境营造的工程实践中,城市级的数据要素资源配置是最重要的基础性工作。人居环境科学长期的理论积淀和技术方法可以为人居导向的信息空间环境营造提供有效的指导和借鉴,为超大规模人居及其治理能力现代化提供新的视角和路径。

沧州市人居环境适宜性评价及其空间分布格局

科学评价人居环境适宜性并揭示其空间分布格局对协调区域可持续发展进程具有重要意义,目前已有研究多局限于单一尺度的综合评价,尚缺乏一套通用的评价指标体系以指导多层级多维度评估。本文选取沧州市为研究区,设计综合反映人居环境自然适宜性和人文适宜性的指标体系,构建人居环境质量综合指数,从县域–镇域不同层级、单因子–分维度–全局不同视角分别评估研究区的人居环境适宜性,对人口分布及经济与人居环境质量的相关性进行探讨。结果表明:(1)研究区人居环境自然适宜性总体舒适度较高;人文适宜性在市辖区较高,周边农村地区较低;综合适宜性最高的地方位于北部青县、中部市辖区和西南部的泊头市。(2)整体上,沧州市各乡镇人居环境适宜性存在显著的空间自相关关系,空间集聚效应较为显著,相邻乡镇之间存在相互影响。(3)人居环境综合适宜性与人口分布呈正相关,自然适宜性与人口密度、人均GDP呈负相关;人文适宜性与人口分布存在较高的协同性和相似的空间分布特征。

强直性脊柱炎椎骨去松质骨化截骨术后钛棒有限元分析

目的通过对去松质骨化(VCD)截骨术后强直性脊柱炎患者胸椎(T)_(11)~骶骨(S)节段钛棒应力变化分析,为术前钛棒选择、改进提供参考。方法将VCD截骨术后强直性脊柱炎患者连续扫描的断层影像原始数据以DICOM格式导入Mimics 21.0软件,分别重建T_(11)~S、螺钉和钛棒,导入到3-Matic建立初步几何模型,进行去噪、铺面、平滑等处理,完善后的模型导入Hypermesh10软件进行网格划分,对材料进行属性赋值后导入ANSYS 19.2中显示有限元模型,设定边界和载荷条件,测量螺钉与钛棒连接处应力值。结果在中立位、前屈、侧向弯曲、轴向旋转工况下,钛棒在上端椎(T_(11))应力最大,顶椎(L_(3))应力最小;在后伸工况下,钛棒在下端椎(L_(5))应力最大。结论在上、下端椎可考虑增粗钛棒直径,增强钛棒硬度,或改为双棒。