In indoor environment, emission factor of the cooking fuel plays a vital role in determining correlation between exposure assessment and health effects. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution exposures are widely influ...In indoor environment, emission factor of the cooking fuel plays a vital role in determining correlation between exposure assessment and health effects. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution exposures are widely influenced by the ventilation status. An optimum control of the air change rate has also significant impact on the exposure pattern. A number of studies revealed that the indoor particulates and gaseous exposures, resulting from the combustion of various cooking fuels, are associated with significant adverse health effects on pregnant mothers and new born babies. The impacts of ventilation status on air pollution exposure in households’ kitchens or living rooms have not been explored enough. Except a few studies with concrete rooms, especially in industries, no other studies have been established on the correlation between the ventilation index and air pollution exposure. The intent of this review is to discuss reported findings focused on the ventilation and exposure to air pollution. This will obviously help better understanding to modulate exposure profile in household condition using simple tool of ventilation measurement.展开更多
Three representative types of houses in Beijing were selected and, in each type, smoking and nonsmoking households were compared. IP, RP. and CO concentrations in the living room and kitchen were monitored during each...Three representative types of houses in Beijing were selected and, in each type, smoking and nonsmoking households were compared. IP, RP. and CO concentrations in the living room and kitchen were monitored during each season. and the level of COHb in the heads of the households were measured. The study showed that indoor air pollution was rather severe, especially during winter. when paniculate concentrations markedly exceeded the standard and CO concentration was as high as 47 ppm. Indoor air pollution was closely related to the type of house, particularly to the mode of heating. In houses. of the same type, pollution improved greatly after central heating facilities were installed. Analysis of 30 elements revealed that pollution was typically caused by coal burning. aggravated by dusty wind, but high indoor Pb levels were probably due to the use of LPG for cooking. In our study the effect of cigarette smoking was sometimes masked by the severe indoor pollution. (C)1990 Academic Press, Inc.展开更多
To analyze the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) in a medium-sized mechanically ventilated gymnasium in Beijing,a field study was carried out. PHOENICS,one of the CFD software,was chosen to simulate the dis...To analyze the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) in a medium-sized mechanically ventilated gymnasium in Beijing,a field study was carried out. PHOENICS,one of the CFD software,was chosen to simulate the distribution of the indicators of indoor air in the gymnasium to check the air-conditioning parameters reasonable or not. And there was a questionnaire for audiences and staff about the acceptance and satisfaction of the thermal comfort,simultaneously,some environmental parameters were monitored. Then an experiment was carried out in gymnasium with the plate sedimentation to the biological aerosol in the air. Finally,the thermal comfort and IAQ in the gymnasium were assessed based on the results of above questionnaire survey and measurements. The results show that most parameters of the environmental are within the standard limits of thermal comfort and IAQ in the monitored period,and the biological contaminants initially come from human beings. The main species in the gymnasium are streptobacillus,coccus,cladosporium,penicillium and neurospora.展开更多
Indoor air pollutants impact human health,comfort and productivity.The method of photocatalysis has been applied mainly in flow reactors and little information is available on indoor air pollutant removal in airtight ...Indoor air pollutants impact human health,comfort and productivity.The method of photocatalysis has been applied mainly in flow reactors and little information is available on indoor air pollutant removal in airtight reactors.In the paper,experiments were carried out to remove formaldehyde(HCHO),ammonia(NH_3) and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the airtight and ventilated chambers.Results demonstrated that 90.4%of HCHO,92.3%of NH_3 and 57.9%of VOCs were removed in the amine adsorption process,while 67.5% (hereinbefore,these are the mass fraction)of HCHO,60.0%of NH_3,and 61.2%of VOCs were removed in the photocatalytic process.However,ozone-assisted photocatalytic process showed great potential to degrade indoor air pollutants in the ventilated chamber.Factors and mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation of HCHO, NH_3 and VOCs were also discussed.展开更多
The Spanish NGO “Alianza por la Solidaridad” has installed improved cookstoves in 3000 households during 2012 and 2013 to improve energy efficiency reducing fuelwood consumption and to improve indoor air quality. Th...The Spanish NGO “Alianza por la Solidaridad” has installed improved cookstoves in 3000 households during 2012 and 2013 to improve energy efficiency reducing fuelwood consumption and to improve indoor air quality. The type of cookstoves were Noflaye Jeeg and Noflaye Jaboot and were installed in the Cassamance Natural Subregion covering part of Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. The Technical University of Madrid (UPM) has conducted a field study on a sample of these households to assess the effect of improved cookstoves on kitchen air quality. Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particle matter (PM2.5) were taken for 24-hr period before and after the installation of improved cookstoves. The 24-hr mean CO concentrations were lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for Guinea-Bissau but higher for Senegal and Gambia, even after the installation of improved cookstoves. As for PM2.5 concentrations, 24-hr mean were always higher than these guidelines. However, improved cookstoves produced significant reductions on 24-hr mean CO and PM2.5 concentrations in Senegal and for mean and maximum PM2.5 concentration on Gambia. Although this variability needs to be explained by further research to determine which other factors could affect indoor air pollution, the study provided a better understanding of the problem and envisaged alternatives to be implemented in future phases of the NGO project.展开更多
Objective Evidence on potential cardiovascular benefits of personal-level intervention among the elderly exposed to high levels of particulate matter(PM)remains limited.We aimed to assess improvements in surrogate mar...Objective Evidence on potential cardiovascular benefits of personal-level intervention among the elderly exposed to high levels of particulate matter(PM)remains limited.We aimed to assess improvements in surrogate markers of cardiovascular injury in vulnerable populations at risks by using indoor air filtration units.Methods We conducted a randomized crossover trial for 2 separate 2-week air filtration interventions in 20 households of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their partners in the winter of 2013,with concurrent measurements of indoor PM.The changes in biomarkers indicative of cardiac injury,atherosclerosis progression and systemic inflammation following intervention were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.Results In the analysis,average levels of indoor PM with aerodynamic diameters<2.5µm(PM2.5)decreased significantly by 59.2%(from 59.6 to 24.3µg/m3,P<0.001)during the active air filtration.The reduction was accompanied by improvements in levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I by−84.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:−90.7 to−78.6),growth differentiation factor-15 by−48.1%(95%CI:−31.2 to−25.6),osteoprotegerin by−65.4%(95%CI:−56.5 to−18.7),interleukin-4 by−46.6%(95%CI:−62.3 to−31.0)and myeloperoxidase by−60.3%(95%CI:−83.7 to−3.0),respectively.Conclusion Indoor air filtration intervention may provide potential cardiovascular benefits in vulnerable populations at risks.展开更多
The investigation of indoor-air quality in newly built and newly decorated residences in Chongqing revealed that the average concentration of formaldehyde and ammonia in these residences exceeded the upper limits of t...The investigation of indoor-air quality in newly built and newly decorated residences in Chongqing revealed that the average concentration of formaldehyde and ammonia in these residences exceeded the upper limits of the standard. The situation of indoor air pollution varied with the type of rooms. The results of investigation show that the indoor-air pollutants caused by decoration work should not be ignored anymore.展开更多
Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored a...Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1‰ of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.展开更多
To establish the model of indoor air pollution forecast for decoration. Methods The model was based on the balance model for diffusing mass. Results The data between testing concentration and estimating concentration ...To establish the model of indoor air pollution forecast for decoration. Methods The model was based on the balance model for diffusing mass. Results The data between testing concentration and estimating concentration were compared. The maximal error was less than 30% and average error was 14.6%. Conclusion The model can easily predict whether the pollution for decoration exceeds the standard and how long the room is decorated.展开更多
Given the deleterious health effects associated with indoor air pollution (IAP), this study was conducted to evaluate an IAP intervention in rural areas in Gansu, one of the poorest provinces of China. We selected 371...Given the deleterious health effects associated with indoor air pollution (IAP), this study was conducted to evaluate an IAP intervention in rural areas in Gansu, one of the poorest provinces of China. We selected 371 rural households to take part in intervention measures including stove improvement and health education. Eight of 371 households were selected to conduct IAP sampling. Four hundred and thirteen women in these households completed a questionnaire and 49 women took part in lung function tests. After the intervention, PM4 levels reduced from 455 μg/m3 to 200 μg/m3 and CO reduced from 3.40 ppm to 2.90 ppm in indoor air. The percentage of predicted value of FEV1 and FVC improved to some degree after the intervention, but all the parameters of lung function assessment did not show a significant change. Prevalence rates of several symptoms associated with IAP significantly declined in the study population, compared with baseline levels. Intervention measures combining stove improvement with health education were effective in reducing IAP levels. Women’s health status, including eye and respiratory symptoms, also showed improvement. However, the effect on lung function was not apparent and warranted additional follow-up. Similarly, evaluation of the long term effects of the IAP intervention will require future studies.展开更多
Biomass Fuel (BMF) refers to burned plant or animal material;wood, charcoal, dung and crop residues which account for more than half of domestic energy in most developing countries and for as much as 95% in low income...Biomass Fuel (BMF) refers to burned plant or animal material;wood, charcoal, dung and crop residues which account for more than half of domestic energy in most developing countries and for as much as 95% in low income countries. It is estimated that about 3 billion people in the world rely on biomass fuel for cooking, heating and lighting. The biomass fuel chain includes gathering, transportation, processing and combustion. These processes are predominantly managed by women where they work as gatherers, processors, carriers or transporters and also as end-users or cooks. Thus, they suffer health hazards at all stages of the biomass fuel chain. The main objective was to assess health effects related to the use of Biomass fuel and indoor air pollution in Kapkokwon Sub-location, Kericho County, Kenya from March to May, 2013. The study area was Kapkokwon sub location, Bomet County, Kenya. The study population was 202 households. Primary females of the household were the target group as they managed the biomass chain. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted to assess the health effects associated to the use of biomass fuel and indoor air pollution. The research revealed that women suffer different type of physical ailments due to the biomass fuel chain. Physical exhaustion (86%), neck aches (78%), headaches (34%), knee aches (30%) and back aches (16%) were reported as the principal health effects associated with the third stage of the biomass fuel chain. Irritation of the mucus membrane of the eyes, nose and throat (100%), coughing (100%), burns (42%), shortness of breath (38%) and exacerbation of asthma (2%) were identified as principal health effects associated with the fourth stage of the biomass fuel chain (cooking). As a result of the detrimental impact of indoor air pollution (IAP) on health and mortality, many governments, non-governmental organization and international organizations should develop strategies aimed at reducing indoor air pollution. The strategies to include subsidization of cleaner fuel technologies, development, promotion and subsidization of improved cooking stoves, use of solar thermal cookers and solar hot water heaters, processing biomass fuel to make them cleaner, modifying user behavior and improved household design.展开更多
Air pollution is a problem that directly affects human health,the global environment and the climate.The air quality index(AQI)indicates the degree of air pollution and effect on human health;however,when assessing ai...Air pollution is a problem that directly affects human health,the global environment and the climate.The air quality index(AQI)indicates the degree of air pollution and effect on human health;however,when assessing air pollution only based on AQI monitoring data the fact that the same degree of air pollution is more harmful in more densely populated areas is ignored.In the present study,multi-source data were combined to map the distribution of the AQI and population data,and the analyze their pollution population exposure of Beijing in 2018 was analyzed.Machine learning based on the random forest algorithm was adopted to calculate the monthly average AQI of Beijing in 2018.Using Luojia-1 nighttime light remote sensing data,population statistics data,the population of Beijing in 2018 and point of interest data,the distribution of the permanent population in Beijing was estimated with a high precision of 200 m×200 m.Based on the spatialization results of the AQI and population of Beijing,the air pollution exposure levels in various parts of Beijing were calculated using the population-weighted pollution exposure level(PWEL)formula.The results show that the southern region of Beijing had a more serious level of air pollution,while the northern region was less polluted.At the same time,the population was found to agglomerate mainly in the central city and the peripheric areas thereof.In the present study,the exposure of different districts and towns in Beijing to pollution was analyzed,based on high resolution population spatialization data,it could take the pollution exposure issue down to each individual town.And we found that towns with higher exposure such as Yongshun Town,Shahe Town and Liyuan Town were all found to have a population of over 200000 which was much higher than the median population of townships of51741 in Beijing.Additionally,the change trend of air pollution exposure levels in various regions of Beijing in 2018 was almost the same,with the peak value being in winter and the lowest value being in summer.The exposure intensity in population clusters was relatively high.To reduce the level and intensity of pollution exposure,relevant departments should strengthen the governance of areas with high AQI,and pay particular attention to population clusters.展开更多
Individuals spend 90% of their time indoors, primarily at home or at work. Indoor environmental factors have a significant impact on human well-being. It was a longitudinal study that assessed the major factors that r...Individuals spend 90% of their time indoors, primarily at home or at work. Indoor environmental factors have a significant impact on human well-being. It was a longitudinal study that assessed the major factors that reduce indoor air quality, namely particulate matter, and bio-aerosols, using low-cost sensors and the settle plate method, respectively also to determine the effect of atmospheric parameters and land use patterns in households of commercial, industrial, residential, slum, and rural areas of the city. PM2.5 concentration levels were similar in most parts of the day across all sites. PM10.0 concentration levels increased indoors in a commercial area. PM2.5 concentration showed a negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with relative humidity in some areas. Very high values of PM2.5 concentration and PM10.0 concentration have been observed in this study, inside households of selected rural and urban areas. Pathogenic gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, Aspergillus, and Mucor species were the most common bacterial and fungal species respectively found inside households. This study examined particulate matter concentration along with bio-aerosols, as very less studies have been conducted in Jaipur the capital of Rajasthan, a state in the western part of India which assessed both of these factors together to determine the indoor air quality. Rural households surrounding the periphery of the city were found to have similar pollution levels as urban households. So, this study may form the basis for reducing pollution inside households and also for taking suitable measures for the reduction of pollution in the indoor environment.展开更多
The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hos...The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.展开更多
In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the...In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the number of deaths and people with health problems which were thought to be attributable to China's air pollution in the year of 2000. In order to estimate the corresponding economic impacts from the national point of view, the general equilibrium approach was selected as an analysis tool for this study. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was constructed involving 39 sectors and 32 commodities. The human capital approach (HCA) was also used for comparison. The economic burden of disease for people estimated by HCA was equivalent to 1.26‰ (ranging from 0.44‰ to 1.84‰) of China's gross domestic product (GDP). China's GDP loss estimated by the general equilibrium approach reached 0.38‰ (ranging from 0.16‰ to 0.51‰). The difference between the two approaches and the implications of the results were discussed.展开更多
The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(su...The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges(〈 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 〉 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.展开更多
Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) aff ects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values,above which adverse eff ects are expected.Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O_(3)concentrations ...Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) aff ects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values,above which adverse eff ects are expected.Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O_(3)concentrations due to its unique position in the eastern Mediterranean,receiving air masses from Europe,African,and Asian continents,and experiencing a warm Mediterranean climate.In Cyprus,the spatiotemporal features of O_(3) are poorly understood and the potential risks for forest health have not been explored.We evaluated O_(3) and nitrogen oxides(NO and NO 2)at four regional background stations at different altitudes over 2014−2016.O_(3) risks to vegetation and human health were estimated by calculating accumulated O_(3)exposure over a threshold of 40 nmol mol^(−1)(AOT40)and cumulative exposure to mixing ratios above 35 nmol mol^(−1)(SOMO35)indices.The data reveal that mean O_(3)concentrations follow a seasonal pattern,with higher levels in spring(51.8 nmol mol^(−1))and summer(53.2 nmol mol^(−1))and lower levels in autumn(46.9 nmol mol^(−1))and winter(43.3 nmol mol^(−1)).The highest mean O_(3)exposure(59.5 nmol mol^(−1)) in summer occurred at the high elevation station Mt.Troodos(1819 m a.s.l.).Increasing(decreasing)altitudinal gradients were found for O_(3)(NO x),driven by summer–winter diff erences.The diurnal patterns of O_(3) showed little variation.Only at the lowest altitude O_(3) displayed a typical O_(3) diurnal pattern,with hourly diff erences smaller than 15 nmol mol^(−1).Accumulated O_(3) exposures at all stations and in all years exceeded the European Union’s limits for the protection of vegetation,with average values of 3-month(limit:3000 nmol mol^(−1)h)and 6-month(limit:5000 nmol mol^(−1)h)AOT40 for crops and forests of 16,564 and 31,836 nmol mol^(−1)h,respectively.O_(3) exposures were considerably high for human health,with an average SOMO35 value of 7270 nmol mol^(−1) days across stations and years.The results indicate that O_(3) is a major environmental and public health issue in Cyprus,and policies must be adopted to mitigate O_(3) precursor emissions at local and regional scales.展开更多
This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment(BM)in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation(DV)system and indoor air stability conditions(i.e.,stable a...This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment(BM)in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation(DV)system and indoor air stability conditions(i.e.,stable and unstable conditions).The vertical temperature differences and the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration in the BM were measured.Results show that when DV is combined with the stable condition(DS),pollutant tends to accumulate in the BM,leading to a high pollutant concentration in this region.Whereas,when DV is combined with the unstable condition(DU),pollutant diffuses to a relatively wider area beyond the BM,thus the pollutant concentration in the BM is substantially reduced.Moreover,increasing the flow rate can reduce the pollutant concentration in the BM of the DS but yields little difference of the DU.In addition,personal exposure intensity increases with time,and the DS has a relatively higher increase rate than DU.The results suggest that indoor air stability will affect the performance of DV systems.DS will lead to a higher health risk for people when they stay in the indoor environment with pollutant sources,and DU is recommended for minimizing pollutant level in the BM in order to reduce the pollutant concentration and providing better air environments for the occupants.展开更多
This paper puts forward a novel concept, the spatial flow influence factor (SFIF), which provides a new insight into the airflow structure. This concept is very helpful in the control of indoor air pollutants since: (...This paper puts forward a novel concept, the spatial flow influence factor (SFIF), which provides a new insight into the airflow structure. This concept is very helpful in the control of indoor air pollutants since: (1) for a given indoor airflow and given sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the optimal arrangement of the VOC sources can easily be obtained; (2) for given positions of VOC sources and occupied regions (or target regions), the optimal indoor airflow pattern or organization can be determined; (3) the SFIF for an indoor space can also be regarded as the indoor air safety index of that space. To illustrate this concept, we present several examples of applying a SFIF to indoor air VOC control.展开更多
文摘In indoor environment, emission factor of the cooking fuel plays a vital role in determining correlation between exposure assessment and health effects. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution exposures are widely influenced by the ventilation status. An optimum control of the air change rate has also significant impact on the exposure pattern. A number of studies revealed that the indoor particulates and gaseous exposures, resulting from the combustion of various cooking fuels, are associated with significant adverse health effects on pregnant mothers and new born babies. The impacts of ventilation status on air pollution exposure in households’ kitchens or living rooms have not been explored enough. Except a few studies with concrete rooms, especially in industries, no other studies have been established on the correlation between the ventilation index and air pollution exposure. The intent of this review is to discuss reported findings focused on the ventilation and exposure to air pollution. This will obviously help better understanding to modulate exposure profile in household condition using simple tool of ventilation measurement.
文摘Three representative types of houses in Beijing were selected and, in each type, smoking and nonsmoking households were compared. IP, RP. and CO concentrations in the living room and kitchen were monitored during each season. and the level of COHb in the heads of the households were measured. The study showed that indoor air pollution was rather severe, especially during winter. when paniculate concentrations markedly exceeded the standard and CO concentration was as high as 47 ppm. Indoor air pollution was closely related to the type of house, particularly to the mode of heating. In houses. of the same type, pollution improved greatly after central heating facilities were installed. Analysis of 30 elements revealed that pollution was typically caused by coal burning. aggravated by dusty wind, but high indoor Pb levels were probably due to the use of LPG for cooking. In our study the effect of cigarette smoking was sometimes masked by the severe indoor pollution. (C)1990 Academic Press, Inc.
基金Project(2006BAJ02A10) supported by the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China
文摘To analyze the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) in a medium-sized mechanically ventilated gymnasium in Beijing,a field study was carried out. PHOENICS,one of the CFD software,was chosen to simulate the distribution of the indicators of indoor air in the gymnasium to check the air-conditioning parameters reasonable or not. And there was a questionnaire for audiences and staff about the acceptance and satisfaction of the thermal comfort,simultaneously,some environmental parameters were monitored. Then an experiment was carried out in gymnasium with the plate sedimentation to the biological aerosol in the air. Finally,the thermal comfort and IAQ in the gymnasium were assessed based on the results of above questionnaire survey and measurements. The results show that most parameters of the environmental are within the standard limits of thermal comfort and IAQ in the monitored period,and the biological contaminants initially come from human beings. The main species in the gymnasium are streptobacillus,coccus,cladosporium,penicillium and neurospora.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21177087)the Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau(SEPB)Program(No.09-26)
文摘Indoor air pollutants impact human health,comfort and productivity.The method of photocatalysis has been applied mainly in flow reactors and little information is available on indoor air pollutant removal in airtight reactors.In the paper,experiments were carried out to remove formaldehyde(HCHO),ammonia(NH_3) and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the airtight and ventilated chambers.Results demonstrated that 90.4%of HCHO,92.3%of NH_3 and 57.9%of VOCs were removed in the amine adsorption process,while 67.5% (hereinbefore,these are the mass fraction)of HCHO,60.0%of NH_3,and 61.2%of VOCs were removed in the photocatalytic process.However,ozone-assisted photocatalytic process showed great potential to degrade indoor air pollutants in the ventilated chamber.Factors and mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation of HCHO, NH_3 and VOCs were also discussed.
文摘The Spanish NGO “Alianza por la Solidaridad” has installed improved cookstoves in 3000 households during 2012 and 2013 to improve energy efficiency reducing fuelwood consumption and to improve indoor air quality. The type of cookstoves were Noflaye Jeeg and Noflaye Jaboot and were installed in the Cassamance Natural Subregion covering part of Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. The Technical University of Madrid (UPM) has conducted a field study on a sample of these households to assess the effect of improved cookstoves on kitchen air quality. Measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particle matter (PM2.5) were taken for 24-hr period before and after the installation of improved cookstoves. The 24-hr mean CO concentrations were lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for Guinea-Bissau but higher for Senegal and Gambia, even after the installation of improved cookstoves. As for PM2.5 concentrations, 24-hr mean were always higher than these guidelines. However, improved cookstoves produced significant reductions on 24-hr mean CO and PM2.5 concentrations in Senegal and for mean and maximum PM2.5 concentration on Gambia. Although this variability needs to be explained by further research to determine which other factors could affect indoor air pollution, the study provided a better understanding of the problem and envisaged alternatives to be implemented in future phases of the NGO project.
基金This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7222246)Royal Dutch Philips Electronics Ltd.(Grant NL18-2100478471).
文摘Objective Evidence on potential cardiovascular benefits of personal-level intervention among the elderly exposed to high levels of particulate matter(PM)remains limited.We aimed to assess improvements in surrogate markers of cardiovascular injury in vulnerable populations at risks by using indoor air filtration units.Methods We conducted a randomized crossover trial for 2 separate 2-week air filtration interventions in 20 households of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their partners in the winter of 2013,with concurrent measurements of indoor PM.The changes in biomarkers indicative of cardiac injury,atherosclerosis progression and systemic inflammation following intervention were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.Results In the analysis,average levels of indoor PM with aerodynamic diameters<2.5µm(PM2.5)decreased significantly by 59.2%(from 59.6 to 24.3µg/m3,P<0.001)during the active air filtration.The reduction was accompanied by improvements in levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I by−84.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:−90.7 to−78.6),growth differentiation factor-15 by−48.1%(95%CI:−31.2 to−25.6),osteoprotegerin by−65.4%(95%CI:−56.5 to−18.7),interleukin-4 by−46.6%(95%CI:−62.3 to−31.0)and myeloperoxidase by−60.3%(95%CI:−83.7 to−3.0),respectively.Conclusion Indoor air filtration intervention may provide potential cardiovascular benefits in vulnerable populations at risks.
基金Key Laboratory on Heat and Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing Institute of Architecture and Engineering, and by the Foundation of Chongqing University for Key Teachers.
文摘The investigation of indoor-air quality in newly built and newly decorated residences in Chongqing revealed that the average concentration of formaldehyde and ammonia in these residences exceeded the upper limits of the standard. The situation of indoor air pollution varied with the type of rooms. The results of investigation show that the indoor-air pollutants caused by decoration work should not be ignored anymore.
文摘Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1‰ of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.
基金This study was support by Tenth-five Program of China (2001BA70B02)
文摘To establish the model of indoor air pollution forecast for decoration. Methods The model was based on the balance model for diffusing mass. Results The data between testing concentration and estimating concentration were compared. The maximal error was less than 30% and average error was 14.6%. Conclusion The model can easily predict whether the pollution for decoration exceeds the standard and how long the room is decorated.
文摘Given the deleterious health effects associated with indoor air pollution (IAP), this study was conducted to evaluate an IAP intervention in rural areas in Gansu, one of the poorest provinces of China. We selected 371 rural households to take part in intervention measures including stove improvement and health education. Eight of 371 households were selected to conduct IAP sampling. Four hundred and thirteen women in these households completed a questionnaire and 49 women took part in lung function tests. After the intervention, PM4 levels reduced from 455 μg/m3 to 200 μg/m3 and CO reduced from 3.40 ppm to 2.90 ppm in indoor air. The percentage of predicted value of FEV1 and FVC improved to some degree after the intervention, but all the parameters of lung function assessment did not show a significant change. Prevalence rates of several symptoms associated with IAP significantly declined in the study population, compared with baseline levels. Intervention measures combining stove improvement with health education were effective in reducing IAP levels. Women’s health status, including eye and respiratory symptoms, also showed improvement. However, the effect on lung function was not apparent and warranted additional follow-up. Similarly, evaluation of the long term effects of the IAP intervention will require future studies.
文摘Biomass Fuel (BMF) refers to burned plant or animal material;wood, charcoal, dung and crop residues which account for more than half of domestic energy in most developing countries and for as much as 95% in low income countries. It is estimated that about 3 billion people in the world rely on biomass fuel for cooking, heating and lighting. The biomass fuel chain includes gathering, transportation, processing and combustion. These processes are predominantly managed by women where they work as gatherers, processors, carriers or transporters and also as end-users or cooks. Thus, they suffer health hazards at all stages of the biomass fuel chain. The main objective was to assess health effects related to the use of Biomass fuel and indoor air pollution in Kapkokwon Sub-location, Kericho County, Kenya from March to May, 2013. The study area was Kapkokwon sub location, Bomet County, Kenya. The study population was 202 households. Primary females of the household were the target group as they managed the biomass chain. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted to assess the health effects associated to the use of biomass fuel and indoor air pollution. The research revealed that women suffer different type of physical ailments due to the biomass fuel chain. Physical exhaustion (86%), neck aches (78%), headaches (34%), knee aches (30%) and back aches (16%) were reported as the principal health effects associated with the third stage of the biomass fuel chain. Irritation of the mucus membrane of the eyes, nose and throat (100%), coughing (100%), burns (42%), shortness of breath (38%) and exacerbation of asthma (2%) were identified as principal health effects associated with the fourth stage of the biomass fuel chain (cooking). As a result of the detrimental impact of indoor air pollution (IAP) on health and mortality, many governments, non-governmental organization and international organizations should develop strategies aimed at reducing indoor air pollution. The strategies to include subsidization of cleaner fuel technologies, development, promotion and subsidization of improved cooking stoves, use of solar thermal cookers and solar hot water heaters, processing biomass fuel to make them cleaner, modifying user behavior and improved household design.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42071342,31870713,42171329)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,China (No.8222069,8222052)。
文摘Air pollution is a problem that directly affects human health,the global environment and the climate.The air quality index(AQI)indicates the degree of air pollution and effect on human health;however,when assessing air pollution only based on AQI monitoring data the fact that the same degree of air pollution is more harmful in more densely populated areas is ignored.In the present study,multi-source data were combined to map the distribution of the AQI and population data,and the analyze their pollution population exposure of Beijing in 2018 was analyzed.Machine learning based on the random forest algorithm was adopted to calculate the monthly average AQI of Beijing in 2018.Using Luojia-1 nighttime light remote sensing data,population statistics data,the population of Beijing in 2018 and point of interest data,the distribution of the permanent population in Beijing was estimated with a high precision of 200 m×200 m.Based on the spatialization results of the AQI and population of Beijing,the air pollution exposure levels in various parts of Beijing were calculated using the population-weighted pollution exposure level(PWEL)formula.The results show that the southern region of Beijing had a more serious level of air pollution,while the northern region was less polluted.At the same time,the population was found to agglomerate mainly in the central city and the peripheric areas thereof.In the present study,the exposure of different districts and towns in Beijing to pollution was analyzed,based on high resolution population spatialization data,it could take the pollution exposure issue down to each individual town.And we found that towns with higher exposure such as Yongshun Town,Shahe Town and Liyuan Town were all found to have a population of over 200000 which was much higher than the median population of townships of51741 in Beijing.Additionally,the change trend of air pollution exposure levels in various regions of Beijing in 2018 was almost the same,with the peak value being in winter and the lowest value being in summer.The exposure intensity in population clusters was relatively high.To reduce the level and intensity of pollution exposure,relevant departments should strengthen the governance of areas with high AQI,and pay particular attention to population clusters.
文摘Individuals spend 90% of their time indoors, primarily at home or at work. Indoor environmental factors have a significant impact on human well-being. It was a longitudinal study that assessed the major factors that reduce indoor air quality, namely particulate matter, and bio-aerosols, using low-cost sensors and the settle plate method, respectively also to determine the effect of atmospheric parameters and land use patterns in households of commercial, industrial, residential, slum, and rural areas of the city. PM2.5 concentration levels were similar in most parts of the day across all sites. PM10.0 concentration levels increased indoors in a commercial area. PM2.5 concentration showed a negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with relative humidity in some areas. Very high values of PM2.5 concentration and PM10.0 concentration have been observed in this study, inside households of selected rural and urban areas. Pathogenic gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, Aspergillus, and Mucor species were the most common bacterial and fungal species respectively found inside households. This study examined particulate matter concentration along with bio-aerosols, as very less studies have been conducted in Jaipur the capital of Rajasthan, a state in the western part of India which assessed both of these factors together to determine the indoor air quality. Rural households surrounding the periphery of the city were found to have similar pollution levels as urban households. So, this study may form the basis for reducing pollution inside households and also for taking suitable measures for the reduction of pollution in the indoor environment.
基金supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation of China (No. 20977075)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863) (No. 2010AA064902)
文摘The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.
文摘In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the number of deaths and people with health problems which were thought to be attributable to China's air pollution in the year of 2000. In order to estimate the corresponding economic impacts from the national point of view, the general equilibrium approach was selected as an analysis tool for this study. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was constructed involving 39 sectors and 32 commodities. The human capital approach (HCA) was also used for comparison. The economic burden of disease for people estimated by HCA was equivalent to 1.26‰ (ranging from 0.44‰ to 1.84‰) of China's gross domestic product (GDP). China's GDP loss estimated by the general equilibrium approach reached 0.38‰ (ranging from 0.16‰ to 0.51‰). The difference between the two approaches and the implications of the results were discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20977075)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863) (Nos. 2010AA064901, 2010AA064902)
文摘The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges(〈 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 〉 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.4210070867)the Foreign Young Talents Fund of the National Ministry of Science and Technology,China(No.31950410547)+1 种基金The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(NUIST),Nanjing,China(No.003080)the Jiangsu Distinguished Professor program of the People’s Government of Jiangsu Province,China.
文摘Ground-level ozone(O_(3)) aff ects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values,above which adverse eff ects are expected.Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O_(3)concentrations due to its unique position in the eastern Mediterranean,receiving air masses from Europe,African,and Asian continents,and experiencing a warm Mediterranean climate.In Cyprus,the spatiotemporal features of O_(3) are poorly understood and the potential risks for forest health have not been explored.We evaluated O_(3) and nitrogen oxides(NO and NO 2)at four regional background stations at different altitudes over 2014−2016.O_(3) risks to vegetation and human health were estimated by calculating accumulated O_(3)exposure over a threshold of 40 nmol mol^(−1)(AOT40)and cumulative exposure to mixing ratios above 35 nmol mol^(−1)(SOMO35)indices.The data reveal that mean O_(3)concentrations follow a seasonal pattern,with higher levels in spring(51.8 nmol mol^(−1))and summer(53.2 nmol mol^(−1))and lower levels in autumn(46.9 nmol mol^(−1))and winter(43.3 nmol mol^(−1)).The highest mean O_(3)exposure(59.5 nmol mol^(−1)) in summer occurred at the high elevation station Mt.Troodos(1819 m a.s.l.).Increasing(decreasing)altitudinal gradients were found for O_(3)(NO x),driven by summer–winter diff erences.The diurnal patterns of O_(3) showed little variation.Only at the lowest altitude O_(3) displayed a typical O_(3) diurnal pattern,with hourly diff erences smaller than 15 nmol mol^(−1).Accumulated O_(3) exposures at all stations and in all years exceeded the European Union’s limits for the protection of vegetation,with average values of 3-month(limit:3000 nmol mol^(−1)h)and 6-month(limit:5000 nmol mol^(−1)h)AOT40 for crops and forests of 16,564 and 31,836 nmol mol^(−1)h,respectively.O_(3) exposures were considerably high for human health,with an average SOMO35 value of 7270 nmol mol^(−1) days across stations and years.The results indicate that O_(3) is a major environmental and public health issue in Cyprus,and policies must be adopted to mitigate O_(3) precursor emissions at local and regional scales.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51378186)the National Science&Technology Supporting Program(No.2015BAJ03B00)the China Scholarship Council for financial support at the University of Cambridge(No.201806130150)。
文摘This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment(BM)in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation(DV)system and indoor air stability conditions(i.e.,stable and unstable conditions).The vertical temperature differences and the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration in the BM were measured.Results show that when DV is combined with the stable condition(DS),pollutant tends to accumulate in the BM,leading to a high pollutant concentration in this region.Whereas,when DV is combined with the unstable condition(DU),pollutant diffuses to a relatively wider area beyond the BM,thus the pollutant concentration in the BM is substantially reduced.Moreover,increasing the flow rate can reduce the pollutant concentration in the BM of the DS but yields little difference of the DU.In addition,personal exposure intensity increases with time,and the DS has a relatively higher increase rate than DU.The results suggest that indoor air stability will affect the performance of DV systems.DS will lead to a higher health risk for people when they stay in the indoor environment with pollutant sources,and DU is recommended for minimizing pollutant level in the BM in order to reduce the pollutant concentration and providing better air environments for the occupants.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50478012 and 50436040).
文摘This paper puts forward a novel concept, the spatial flow influence factor (SFIF), which provides a new insight into the airflow structure. This concept is very helpful in the control of indoor air pollutants since: (1) for a given indoor airflow and given sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the optimal arrangement of the VOC sources can easily be obtained; (2) for given positions of VOC sources and occupied regions (or target regions), the optimal indoor airflow pattern or organization can be determined; (3) the SFIF for an indoor space can also be regarded as the indoor air safety index of that space. To illustrate this concept, we present several examples of applying a SFIF to indoor air VOC control.