Beyond Morality:Han Fei’s Unconventional Insights Into Human Nature

Han Fei presented a thought-provoking perspective on human nature and its implications for governance.Departing from traditional moral doctrines,Han Fei’s“non-moralistic”philosophy posited that human nature is inherently self-interested and driven by personal gain.In this paper,we explore Han Fei’s keen insights into human nature and its practical application in political governance.His emphasis on aligning political strategies with human inclinations,rather than relying solely on moral preaching,highlights the complexity and pragmatism of his approach.However,we also examine the limitations of his philosophy,particularly in disregarding individual differences and idealism.By striking a balance between political expediency and moral considerations,Han Fei’s ideas continue to resonate with contemporary discussions on governance and human behavior.This study calls for a reflective and cautious assessment of the implications of Han Fei’s“non-moralistic”thought in today’s society.

A graph theory model using human nature structure

A graph theory model of the human nature structure( GMH) for machine vision and image/graphics processing is described in this paper. Independent from the motion and deformation of contours,the human nature structure( HNS) embodies the most basic movement characteristics of the body. The human body can be divided into basic units like head,torso,and limbs. Using these basic units,a graph theory model for the HNS can be constructed. GMH provides a basic model for human posture processing,and the outline in the perspective projection plane is the body contour of an image. In addition,the GMH can be applied to articulated motion and deformable objects,e. g.,in the design and analysis of body posture,by modifying mapping parameters of the GMH.

Human Nature, Personality, and Human Freedom in Feng Qi＇s On Wisdom

In creating his theory of wisdom, Feng Qi emphasizes that Chinese Marxist philosophy should move from the theory of knowledge to a discourse on wisdom and concentrate on Chinese people＇s living world and life existence, so as to provide a spiritual home for the Chinese people and thereby highlight the importance of human nature, personality, and human freedom in Chinese Marxist philosophy. In researching human nature, he expatiates on the problems of mind （xin） and human nature （xing）, natural instincts （tian xing） and virtues （de xing）, and general character and individual character; in emphasizing personality, he puts forward the idea that the ideal personality is ＂free personality as a member of ordinary people;＂ in probing into the problems of human freedom, he explains how to get freedom from the basis of practical materialism. This philosophical inquiry enriches Chinese Marxist philosophy＇s researches into the understanding of humanity and the connection of philosophy with the living world, which opens up a new area of development in the sinicization of Marxist philosophy.

Self-existence,Altru-existence and Human Nature

The question whether human nature is good or evil has been argued about throughout the history.This paper contends that man’s actions are driven by his needs for self-existence and altru-existence.Moral judgment is mostly determined by social norms,and different times may give different judgments to human actions.Whether man is good or evil depends on the actions taken in the situations and from the balance between self-existence and altru-existence in him.The balance point between self-existence and altru-existence may vary from person to person and from culture to culture.Even in the same person,at the different stages of his life or in different situations,the position of the balance point may change accordingly.This paper also applies the idea of balance point to the explanation of the formation of the Chinese national character.

On the Ancient Educational Thought under the Opposite View of Human Nature of the Pre-Qin Scholars--On its Value to Contemporary Higher Education

The pre-qin Scholars’views on human nature could be divided into two types:malleable human nature and immalleable human nature.Based on the theory of the malleability of human nature,Confucianism formed an educational concept aiming at shaping the ideal personality of Confucianism.The theory of immutability of human nature has become the root of the two distinct educational concepts of Taoism,which advocates letting nature take its course,and Taoism,which aims at reforming human behavior.Either idea has its reasonableness.All of these have a very important impact on our higher education today.

The Development of Managerial Assumptions about Human Nature in China： A Tale from Quanzhou

How managers’ knowledge and beliefs of human nature are formed and manifested has not been fully explored in the context of Chinese society going through rapid transition nowadays. And yet this could be the missing link in our discourse on Chinese managers. Based on a qualitative study conducted in Quanzhou, China, this study found certain assumptions of human nature that are deeply embedded in their managers’ intellectual framework, which in turn guide their managerial behaviours in diverse aspects of their work. Unless the managers are prepared to examine their own thoughts, especially those at the sub-conscious level, they would remain prisoners of their own thought, and all the efforts directed at transforming managers would be seriously compromised.

A Study of Dialogues about Human Nature in Lord of the Flies

Lord of the Flies is Golding’s most famous and representative novel,which contains many types of dialogues between the characters.Dialogue is a way to communicate and show one’s opinion on a certain topic,which reveals the characters’characteristics,ultimately the human nature.Based on Bakhtin’s three dialogic devices—the syncrisis,the anacrisis and the diatribe,this thesis analyses the dialogues between the characters in Lord of the Flies which reflect the end of innocence and the darkness of human nature.

Play,Human Nature,and Free Spirit

Since the birth of civilization,play has been an important part of human life,especially during childhood.Both traditional play and today’s electronic games are valuable for child development in multiple aspects.It is a classic research topic in child development to analyze the significance of different types of play for children and create activities and spaces that embody the spirit of play.Moreover,it is important to recognize that play encompasses various activities and extends into cultural phenomena.More insight can be gained into children’s culture in a specific historical period and the cultural development of the entire society by observing how they play.

The Exploration of Human Nature in Young Goodman Brown

Taking Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown as an example,this paper analyzes the Puritan thought of“inherently evil human nature”embodied by the main characters in the work.Through the analysis of characters,such as Brown,Faith,and the mysterious old man,it shows the evil under Brown’s loyal and kind appearance,the devilish nature under Faith’s angelic appearance,and the evil of human nature revealed by everyone’s participation in the devil’s appointment.At the same time,it is pointed out that the novel not only reveals the life of Puritans,but also prompts readers to think about how to redeem themselves in the case of inherently evil human nature and explore the dark side of human nature and the deep themes of the novel against the dark and mysterious background.

Human Rights Connotations and Its Legal Protection in the Harmonious Coexistence between Humans and Nature

Promoting the unity of human nature and sociality in practice is a fundamental path dependence for achieving people's well-rounded development.Within the context of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,the practice of the unity of human nature and sociality is allowed to be truly implemented,and people's well-rounded development moves from possibility to reality.Strengthening the protection of human rights for people's well-rounded development in the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature not only requires the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights from“the right to a healthy environment”to“the right to a beautiful environment”,but also necessitates the formation of a collaborative framework between environmental rights and development rights.For legal responses to the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights,it is necessary to implement such expansions in environmental legislation,enhance the underlying principles,and make progress in the development of systematic environmental legislation simultaneously.Regarding the legal promotion of the synergy between environmental rights and development rights,it is essential to follow the guidance of the“Two Mountains Theory,”take the coordinated functions of environmental and traditional legal departments as the basis,and build a legal mechanism for the realization of the value of ecological products and services.

From the Subjectivity of Human Rights to the Universality of Human Rights——A Preliminary Interpretation of the Theory on the Subjectivity of Human Rights

Universality is one of the essential characteristics of human rights, but there is a substantive difference between idealism and realism in understanding the concept of universality of human rights. The concepts of radical universality and strong universality based on the concept of natural human rights are too idealistic and thus have a high risk of being alienated into a tool of international re-pression in practice. On the contrary, the theory on the subjectivity of human rights can effectively defuse this risk brought about by radical universality and strong universality. Advocating a transition from the universality of human rights to the subjectivity of human rights not only keeps in line with the actual construction process of international human rights, but can also effectively interpret the practical difficul-ties in the realization process of international human rights. Therefore, it can be used as another alternative theory on human rights beyond the theory of natural human rights.

Discussion on Action and Potential of Fenlong Megascience in the Symbiosis between Human and Nature

The fourth new farming model Fenlong is identified as megascience for the first time. Fenlong can be directly applied to farming of farmland, remoulding of mortar black soil and saline alkali land and development of degraded grassland. Deep loosening can create huge soil reservoirs, reduce fertilization, promote indi- rectly the improvement of river water fisheries and water sources and the upgrading of shaping and hydropower industry, thus making a new round of mobilization and pooling of natural resources. As a result, the nature is able to produce good food needed by human, the spatial dimension of the land is increased, the natural pre- cipitation storage is increased, the flood and drought disasters are reduced, the eco-environment is improved, and the economic benefits are increased. Fenlong is not restricted to global application by ecological region and crop variety and is not subject to the time-space constraints for a hundred thousand years. On the basis of utilizing the heaven and earth resources, it brings about a huge effect of mega- science. Compare with traditional farming, the depth under the mode of Fenlong is increased by 2-3 times, the contents of nutrient, water, oxygen and microorganism in the soil are increased by 10%-200%, the content of pale salt is increased by 20%-40%, the temperature is increased by 2-4 ~C, and the photosynthetic efficiency of crops is improved by 10%. Under the cultivation mode of Fenlong, the yield of crop applied with no fertilizers is increased by more than 10%, crop yield is still in- creased by more than 5% when the application amount of chemical fertilizer is re- duced by 10%-20%. Under the farming mode of Fenlong combined with no in- crease in fertilization, the crop yield, crop quality, farming efficiency, natural precipi- tation storage and air humidity are increased by 10%-50%, 5%, 15%, 100% and 5%, respectively, and the emissions of methane and other gases are reduced by more than 5%. Even in mortar black soil, saline alkali land and degraded grassland, the yield is still increased by 15%-50%. These improvement effects can last for many years, helping achieve the real harmonious coexistence between human and nature.

Beyond a Theory of Human Nature： Towards an Alternative Interpretation of Mencius＇ Ethics

By following the Wittgensteinian view that the sense of an ethical term such as ＂nature＂ （xing ＇~） should be understood through an examination of its function in its actual philosophical context, this article takes a look at the notion ofxing in the Mencius from an alternative perspective. Proceeding from this perspective, it re-examines the view that xing in the Mencius should be understood in biological terms. A discussion of xing in relation to the ＂Why be moral？＂ question follows. I then offer an alternative interpretation of Mencius＇ ethics by focusing on the meaning of the ethical particulars. Contrary to common perception, I argue that Mencius＇ theory of human nature （renxing）k ＇~） need not occupy a central place in his moral philosophy; the ultimate foundation of Mencius＇ moral philosophy lies in the meaning or sense of morality. Through participating in concrete, ethical thinking and by paying attention to the ethical particulars, human beings develop their grasp of moral and ethical meaning.

The Origin and Differentiation of the Theories of Human Nature in Pre-Qin China

In early China, views concerning human nature underwent significant development, with philosophers moving from seeing it as desire or instinct to seeing it as virtue or essence. Before Confucius＇s time, human beings＇ xing, or nature, was construed as desire and instinct, i.e., as a physical nature. The key problem faced by theorists of human nature at that time was how to manage nature with virtue, i.e., how to use virtue to both control and enrich nature. A later, wide-reaching development was the use of qi to explain human nature. Laozi began, taking de or virtue to be the internal essence of the human being; Confucius took de or virtue to be xing or nature. Following this development, the main current of the theory of human nature in the pre-Qin period divided into two branches. One, created by the later Confucius, inherited in part by Zisi, and developed by Mencius, took virtue as nature and insisted on the a priority of internal morality. The other branch, inherited in part by Zisi and developed by the author of Xing Zi Ming Chu and Xunzi, featured the development of the old tradition which took yu, or desire, as nature.

The Kindness of Human Nature

She and he met in an unusual way. He was impressed by her, but she was frightened by his way of introducing himself. Not until twelve years later did he have the chance to explain to her: cultural differences may lead to different ways of expressing feelings. But one thing is universal.

Interpreting the Evil Nature of the Human from Symbolism in The Destruc⁃ tors and Lord of the Flies

War has brought mankind a seething world,and the evil of war has brought western civilization and morality to a dead end.This paper discusses William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies and Graham Greene’s The Destructors.To have a better under⁃standing of the autho’s thought:war is rooted in the original evil of human nature.In the novel,there is no external binding force,such as ethical,moral,legal and religious control.The original evil of human nature is revealed,and the fierce conflict between civi⁃lization and barbarism is aroused,which are intertwined and manifest themselves through multiple symbolic meanings.Based on the theory of symbolism,the paper will classify the name,objects and characters with symbolic significance that appear in large numbers in two novels,and discuss its symbolic meaning and the function of these symbolic meanings to the development of the theme respectively.In order to better grasp the moral of the novel as a whole,ring the alarm bell for human beings,and cause peo-ple to ponder over the various evils of human beings.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE IN TRADITIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CONCEPTS OF CHINA AND WEST

As the process of economic globalization gathers momentum, dialogue between different cultures has become extremely important. There should be dialogue between the Chinese and Western cultures under the principle of equality and mutual respect and understanding to increase consensus for mutual development.

Ethics as an Active Self-construction of the Human

This paper will attempt to clarify the clear tendency, in our contemporary world, to look at ethics as something that ＂cures＂ all wrongs, all unbalance, and all evils from the political, environmental, to the business ones. For this reason, there is nothing better than to turn to ethics in order to ＂moralise＂ the system and the world, when the numerous news of fraud, injustice, and scandals are a part of everyday life in the business world and in our society. But, is this the role of ethics？ Can we reduce the aim of ethics to a mere technique？ In this paper, it is argued that ethics needs to be replaced in the epistemological scale of knowledge, where until now it has occupied a place at the top. Ethics needs to be repositioned in a different level of knowledge where we may find the roots of its foundation. It is also discussed that it is at the core of being that the experience of the action takes place and develops and in it, ethics takes root. Furthermore, it is suggested that understanding ethics from this point of view presupposes a new ethos around a relational poietics which privileges inter-subjectivity, self-creation, and an active and dynamic construction of the human and of the world.

Global Bioethical Prevention of the Collision of Biological and Cultural Evolution on Miserable Human Survival

With the cultural myth that science can only determine the way the world ＂is＂ （facts）, while humanities, social sciences, lawyers, philosophers, and theologians must determine the way the world ＂ought to be＂ （values）, those in position of global-, national-, and local-political power make major decisions of the use （or non-use） of scientific knowledge and technology. As a result, the human being has created a non-scientifically based cultural environment that is affecting his ability to survive. In effect, cultural evolution is occurring more rapidly than biological evolution that can adapt to the changes brought about in the physical and psycho-social environments. In a pluralistic cultural world, where each society has generated a different view of human nature and different ethical values, the use, misuse, or non-use of scientific and technological advances are derived from these unscientific views of human nature. Since all life depends on limiting interacting environmental and ecological factors, it is imperative that scientific information be used to govern how to minimize irreversible effects on life-sustaining ecological factors, but also scientific information bearing on understanding human nature ought to be integrated into a ＂global bioethics＂. While ethical values cannot be directly derived from scientific factors, it is also true that human values or our ＂ought＂ cannot be maintained in ignorance or defiance of the facts or the ＂is＂.

The Reflection on Spiritual Confusion and the Desire for Return to Humanity in T.S.Eliot's The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock

Although in the name of love,The Love Song is actually a middle-aged man's internal monologue of his courage and cowardice.This essay will analyze the stream of consciousness of Prufrock and the world in which he lives,the author's ruthless exposure to society's emptiness and ultimate concern for human development,and poetic techniques he utilizes including metaphor,repetition,and allusion,to express his reflection on spiritual confusion and desire for return to human nature.