Structured Computational Modeling of Human Visual System for No-reference Image Quality Assessment

Objective image quality assessment(IQA)plays an important role in various visual communication systems,which can automatically and efficiently predict the perceived quality of images.The human eye is the ultimate evaluator for visual experience,thus the modeling of human visual system(HVS)is a core issue for objective IQA and visual experience optimization.The traditional model based on black box fitting has low interpretability and it is difficult to guide the experience optimization effectively,while the model based on physiological simulation is hard to integrate into practical visual communication services due to its high computational complexity.For bridging the gap between signal distortion and visual experience,in this paper,we propose a novel perceptual no-reference(NR)IQA algorithm based on structural computational modeling of HVS.According to the mechanism of the human brain,we divide the visual signal processing into a low-level visual layer,a middle-level visual layer and a high-level visual layer,which conduct pixel information processing,primitive information processing and global image information processing,respectively.The natural scene statistics(NSS)based features,deep features and free-energy based features are extracted from these three layers.The support vector regression(SVR)is employed to aggregate features to the final quality prediction.Extensive experimental comparisons on three widely used benchmark IQA databases(LIVE,CSIQ and TID2013)demonstrate that our proposed metric is highly competitive with or outperforms the state-of-the-art NR IQA measures.

Human Visual Attention Mechanism-Inspired Point-and-Line Stereo Visual Odometry for Environments with Uneven Distributed Features

Visual odometry is critical in visual simultaneous localization and mapping for robot navigation.However,the pose estimation performance of most current visual odometry algorithms degrades in scenes with unevenly distributed features because dense features occupy excessive weight.Herein,a new human visual attention mechanism for point-and-line stereo visual odometry,which is called point-line-weight-mechanism visual odometry(PLWM-VO),is proposed to describe scene features in a global and balanced manner.A weight-adaptive model based on region partition and region growth is generated for the human visual attention mechanism,where sufficient attention is assigned to position-distinctive objects(sparse features in the environment).Furthermore,the sum of absolute differences algorithm is used to improve the accuracy of initialization for line features.Compared with the state-of-the-art method(ORB-VO),PLWM-VO show a 36.79%reduction in the absolute trajectory error on the Kitti and Euroc datasets.Although the time consumption of PLWM-VO is higher than that of ORB-VO,online test results indicate that PLWM-VO satisfies the real-time demand.The proposed algorithm not only significantly promotes the environmental adaptability of visual odometry,but also quantitatively demonstrates the superiority of the human visual attention mechanism.

Rendering algorithms for aberrated human vision simulation

Vision-simulated imagery―the process of generating images that mimic the human visual system―is a valuable tool with a wide spectrum of possible applications, including visual acuity measurements, personalized planning of corrective lenses and surgeries, vision-correcting displays, vision-related hardware development, and extended reality discomfort reduction. A critical property of human vision is that it is imperfect because of the highly influential wavefront aberrations that vary from person to person. This study provides an overview of the existing computational image generation techniques that properly simulate human vision in the presence of wavefront aberrations. These algorithms typically apply ray tracing with a detailed description of the simulated eye or utilize the point-spread func-tion of the eye to perform convolution on the input image. Based on the description of the vision simulation tech-niques, several of their characteristic features have been evaluated and some potential application areas and research directions have been outlined.

Adaptive image enhancement algorithm based on fuzzy entropy and human visual characteristics

To overcome the shortcomings of the Lee image enhancement algorithm and its improvement based on the logarithmic image processing(LIP) model, this paper proposes what we believe to be an effective image enhancement algorithm. This algorithm introduces fuzzy entropy, makes full use of neighborhood information, fuzzy information and human visual characteristics.To enhance an image, this paper first carries out the reasonable fuzzy-3 partition of its histogram into the dark region, intermediate region and bright region. It then extracts the statistical characteristics of the three regions and adaptively selects the parameter αaccording to the statistical characteristics of the image’s gray-scale values. It also adds a useful nonlinear transform, thus increasing the ubiquity of the algorithm. Finally, the causes for the gray-scale value overcorrection that occurs in the traditional image enhancement algorithms are analyzed and their solutions are proposed.The simulation results show that our image enhancement algorithm can effectively suppress the noise of an image, enhance its contrast and visual effect, sharpen its edge and adjust its dynamic range.

A ROBUST ADAPTIVE VIDEO ENCODER BASED ON HUMAN VISUAL MODEL

A Robust Adaptive Video Encoder (RAVE) based on human visual model is proposed. The encoder combines the best features of Fine Granularity Scalable (FGS) coding, framedropping coding, video redundancy coding, and human visual model. According to packet loss and available bandwidth of the network, the encoder adjust the output bit rate by jointly adapting quantization step-size instructed by human visual model, rate shaping, and periodically inserting key frame. The proposed encoder is implemented based on MPEG-4 encoder and is compared with the case of a conventional FGS algorithm. It is shown that RAVE is a very efficient robust video encoder that provides improved visual quality for the receiver and consumes equal or less network resource. Results are confirmed by subjective tests and simulation tests.

New algorithm for infrared small target image enhancement based on wavelet transform and human visual properties

The key to the wavelet based denoising teehniquea is how to manipulate the wavelet coefficients. By referring to the idea of Inclusive-OR in the design of circuits, this paper proposes a new algorithm called wavelet domain Inclusive-OR denoising algorithm（WDIDA）, which distinguishes the wavelet coefficients belonging to image or noise by considering their phases and modulus maxima simultaneously. Using this new algorithm, the denoising effects are improved and the computation time is reduced. Furthermore, in order to enhance the edges of the image but not magnify noise, a contrast nonlinear enhancing algorithm is presented according to human visual properties. Compared with traditional enhancing algorithms, the algorithm that we proposed has a better noise reducing performanee , preserving edges and improving the visual quality of images.

基于双层局部能量因子的红外小目标检测方法

红外小目标的检测一直是红外追踪系统的关键技术,针对现有红外小目标检测方法在复杂背景下易造成虚警、检测速度慢的不足,从人类视觉系统的角度出发,参考了多尺度局部能量因子检测方法(multiscale local contrast measure using a local energy factor,MLCM-LEF),提出了一种基于双层局部能量因子的红外小目标检测方法.从局部能量差异与局部亮度差异两个角度进行目标检测,使用双层局部能量因子从能量角度描述小目标与背景的相异程度,同时采取加权亮度差因子从亮度角度对图像进行目标检测,通过二维高斯融合上述二者的处理结果,最终利用图像均值和标准差进行自适应阈值分割,提取红外小目标.经过公开数据集实验测试,该方法在抑制背景噪声、减低虚警概率的表现上比主流的检测方法有所提升,与MLCM-LEF算法相比,基于双层局部能量因子的方法将单帧检测时间降低至三分之一.

空间科学实验数据可视化分析系统技术研究

为提升空间科学实验数据的分析效率与利用水平,设计以数据可视化为切入点,支持多领域、长周期空间科学实验数据交互分析的系统架构,对系统关键技术进行研究。设计分析算法动态扩展和服务映射流程,支持数据分析算法的扩展与更新,建立算法的快速处理模式和复杂分析模式,兼容与支持不同类型分析算法的处理流程。通过多可视化组件之间的数据联动,直观且同步呈现相关联数据之间的相关性。采用可视化视图交互调整和布局,支持不同数据、不同显示屏幕的个性可视化需求。系统应用表明:系统已集成了十余种空间科学实验数据分析算法,实现了多领域空间科学实验数据的可视化分析。

基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的星图弱小目标检测算法

为了解决局部对比度方法在用于星图空间目标检测时存在运算量大和去除背景噪声困难的问题,提出了一种基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的方法来检测目标。在对比度计算前、对比度计算中和对比度计算后3个环节,分别提高了算法实时性、对复杂背景的抑制和去除噪声。首先,通过中值滤波去除高频噪声;然后,通过快速局部极大值滤波确定目标区域,通过局部对比度计算抑制背景,突出目标成像特征;最后,根据目标成像特征,设置目标能量分布、目标能量集中和目标能量传递3个特征函数,通过设置特征阈值去除噪声,提取真实目标。实验结果表明,本文所提方法在检测率和时间消耗上均具有优越性,对于信噪比为1.5的目标有95%的检测率,平均耗时仅为某些对比方法的1/30~1/6。本文所提方法更适用于星图复杂背景条件下的目标快速检测,满足星图空间目标检测算法鲁棒性强、实时性高的要求。

多模态医学图像融合图像质量评估

目前大多数的质量评估算法都应用于自然图像的融合场景,缺乏专用评价的医学图像数据集及多模态医学融合图像的质量评估算法。针对此问题,利用17种经典的医学图像融合方法构建医学图像主观数据集,解决无专用评价数据集的问题;提出一种基于色彩相似度(color similarity,CS)和信息相似度(information similarity,IS)的客观医学图像质量评价方法。将CS模块用于测量局部颜色失真,在传统的池化层上添加背景分离模块使其适用于医学图像多背景干扰特性;将IS模块用于衡量信息失真,改进图像熵的计算方法,添加过滤模块以剔除图像噪声。实验结果表明,所提方法的预测值和主观数据集客观评分具有更好的一致性,更符合人类视觉系统。

复杂背景下双邻域局部权重对比度红外小目标检测算法

为降低复杂背景中的干扰杂波对红外小目标检测的影响,提出一种双邻域局部权重对比度算法。首先,考虑到不同尺寸的红外小目标的背景特性,采用双邻域窗口策略有效捕捉目标与背景特性。其次,分别计算方向信息特征图和权重系数增强图,前者充分利用目标的弥散方向信息,后者结合区域灰度响应强度及离散程度生成权重信息,两者结合生成目标显著图。最后,采用自适应阈值分割从目标显著图中提取目标。在4组不同背景的公开数据集上与6种算法进行了比较,所提出的算法具备较强的抗干扰能力和准确的检测性能。

Rate Control Algorithm of Wireless Video Based on Visual Saliency Map Model

In order to further improve the efficiency of video compression, we introduce a perceptual characteristics of Human Visual System (HVS) to video coding, and propose a novel video coding rate control algorithm based on human visual saliency model in H.264/AVC. Firstly, we modifie Itti's saliency model. Secondly, target bits of each frame are allocated through the correlation of saliency region between the current and previous frame, and the complexity of each MB is modified through the saliency value and its Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) value. Lastly, the algorithm was implemented in JVT JM12.2. Simulation results show that, comparing with traditional rate control algorithm, the proposed one can reduce the coding bit rate and improve the reconstructed video subjective quality, especially for visual saliency region. It is very suitable for wireless video transmission.

Local field potentials,spiking activity,and receptive fields in human visual cortex

The concept of receptive field(RF) is central to sensory neuroscience. Neuronal RF properties have been substantially studied in animals,while those in humans remain nearly unexplored. Here, we measured neuronal RFs with intracranial local field potentials(LFPs) and spiking activity in human visual cortex(V1/V2/V3). We recorded LFPs via macro-contacts and discovered that RF sizes estimated from lowfrequency activity(LFA, 0.5–30 Hz) were larger than those estimated from low-gamma activity(LGA, 30–60 Hz) and high-gamma activity(HGA, 60–150 Hz). We then took a rare opportunity to record LFPs and spiking activity via microwires in V1 simultaneously. We found that RF sizes and temporal profiles measured from LGA and HGA closely matched those from spiking activity. In sum, this study reveals that spiking activity of neurons in human visual cortex could be well approximated by LGA and HGA in RF estimation and temporal profile measurement, implying the pivotal functions of LGA and HGA in early visual information processing.

Recent Advances and Challenges of Visual Signal Quality Assessment

While quality assessment is essential for testing, optimizing, benchmarking, monitoring, and inspecting related systems and services, it also plays an essential role in the design of virtually all visual signal processing and communication algorithms, as well as various related decision-making processes. In this paper, we first provide an overview of recently derived quality assessment approaches for traditional visual signals (i.e., 2D images/videos), with highlights for new trends (such as machine learning approaches). On the other hand, with the ongoing development of devices and multimedia services, newly emerged visual signals (e.g., mobile/3D videos) are becoming more and more popular. This work focuses on recent progresses of quality metrics, which have been reviewed for the newly emerged forms of visual signals, which include scalable and mobile videos, High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, image segmentation results, 3D images/videos, and retargeted images.

定制旗袍纸样的自动生成

为提高定制旗袍纸样的适体性,实现定制纸样的快速生成,探讨了基于人体尺寸差异的定制旗袍纸样生成方案。首先通过人体测量实验从118名初筛者中选出1名标准体样本和27名涵盖各种体型特征的样本,然后完成标准纸样的绘制并进行样衣试穿评价,再以27名涵盖各种体型的受试者与标准体之间的尺寸差异为基础,制定出纸样调整规则,对调整后的纸样进行样衣试穿评价,验证调整规则的可行性和普适性;最后依据纸样调整规则建立数学模型,利用Visual Basic编程软件,建立旗袍纸样自动生成系统,实现定制旗袍纸样的自动生成。研究结果表明,选择的测量项目和纸样调整规则适用于旗袍的个性化定制,所开发的定制旗袍纸样自动生成程序具有较好的可行性。

基于Visual Foxpro 6.0的人事管理系统设计

根据企事业单位人力资源管理的需要,利用Visual Foxpro 6.0数据库应用软件,在对职工各方面情况进行详细分类的基础上,经过系统分析与设计,开发了某单位的人事管理系统;该系统可对人员信息进行采集、存储、加工、维护和使用,并通过信息录入、查询、打印、更新等功能的运用,实现人员信息的计算机化管理,提高信息的准确性和工作效率。

智能化信息系统对飞行员视觉搜索特性的影响

为探究飞行员使用智能化信息系统的视觉搜索特性,设计以信息系统等级(交互系统和电子手册)为自变量、以视觉搜索特性(视觉搜索特征和绩效水平)为因变量的对比实验,记录20名航线飞行员在模拟机实验场景中所关注的各人机交互界面的眼动数据,通过统计分析、构建视觉搜索绩效评估模型,反映飞行员视觉搜索特征及绩效水平。结果表明:两组飞行员的注视总持续时间、注视总持续时间占比、注视次数等视觉搜索特征存在显著差异,且随着信息系统智能化等级的提高,飞行员在单发失效和襟翼卡阻故障场景中的视觉搜索绩效水平有效提高。由此,验证了信息系统智能化程度的提高在复杂场景下能对飞行员的工作绩效产生正效应,可为驾驶舱人机交互界面的设计、优化及迭代提供理论参考,保证飞行安全。

No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Method Based on Visual Parameters

Recent studies on no-reference image quality assessment (NR-IQA) methods usually learn to evaluate the image quality by regressing from human subjective scores of the training samples. This study presented an NR-IQA method based on the basic image visual parameters without using human scored image databases in learning. We demonstrated that these features comprised the most basic characteristics for constructing an image and influencing the visual quality of an image. In this paper, the definitions, computational method, and relationships among these visual metrics were described. We subsequently proposed a no-reference assessment function, which was referred to as a visual parameter measurement index (VPMI), based on the integration of these visual metrics to assess image quality. It is established that the maximum of VPMI corresponds to the best quality of the color image. We verified this method using the popular assessment database—image quality assessment database (LIVE), and the results indicated that the proposed method matched better with the subjective assessment of human vision. Compared with other image quality assessment models, it is highly competitive. VPMI has low computational complexity, which makes it promising to implement in real-time image assessment systems.

Clustering the Stations of Bicycle Sharing System

Bicycle sharing system has emerged as a new mode of transportation in many big cities over the past decade.Since the large number of bicycle stations distribute widely in the city,it is difficult to identify their unique attributes and characteristics directly.Oriented to the real bicycle hire dataset in Hangzhou,China,the clustering analysis for the bicycle stations based on the temporal flow data was carried out firstly.Then,based on the spatial distribution and temporal attributes of calculated clusters,visual diagram and map were used to vividly analyze the bicycle hire behavior related to station category and study the travel rules of citizens.The experimental results demonstrate the relation between human mobility,the time of day,day of week and the station location.

多终端联合下的远程人机交互仿真培训系统设计

针对气象雷达仿真培训系统丢包率较大、远程人机交互数据传输速率较低的问题,设计多终端联合下的远程人机交互仿真培训系统。通过多传感器终端联合数据采集模块采集并融合数据,依据用户指令、生成控制指令,经由伺服控制模块控制目标物运动轨迹,生成培训训练内容与故障信号。依据故障信号及测试资源,模拟部件故障,测试培训效果。利用人机交互界面呈现培训内容,通过视觉感知设计人机交互界面优化模型,利用遗传算法求解该模型,获取最优交互界面。实验结果证明,该系统可有效采集气象雷达数据,并有效融合采集的数据,提升人机交互仿真培训操作的熟练程度,最低资源交互输出幅值是82 dB,最低平均传输速率为3.82 MB/s。