Analysis of Traffic Accidents in Vietnam

Understanding the causes and solutions of road traffic accidents is important for developing road and action plans in a country. In Vietnam, awareness of traffic participants is the main cause of serious traffic accidents. In recent years, the number of road traffic accidents in Tuyen Quang province with deaths has decreased, but the number of accidents has increased significantly. The article uses data on traffic accidents in Tuyen Quang over the (2016-2023) has been analytically reviewed. From there, analyze accident characteristics and causes of traffic accidents in Tuyen Quang province, and propose solutions to improve traffic safety in Tuyen Quang, Vietnam. The findings can be information for managers and researchers interested in studying the province of Tuyen Quang, Vietnam road traffic safety. Additionally, the findings have led the government to achieve national targets in reducing the number of accidents and serious injuries.

Air Traffic Volume and Air Traffic Control Human Errors

Navigable airspaces are becoming more crowded with increasing air traffic, and the number of accidents caused by human errors is increasing. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between air traffic volume and human error in air traffic control (ATC). First, the paper identifies categories and elements of ATC human error through a review of existing literature, and a study through interviews and surveys of ATC safety experts. And then the paper presents the results of an experiment conducted on 52 air traffic controllers sampled from the Korean ATC organization to find out if there is any relationship between traffic volume and air traffic controller human errors. An analysis of the experiment clearly showed that several types of ATC human error are influenced by traffic volume. We hope that the paper will make its contribution to aviation safety by providing a realistic basis for securing proper manpower and facility in accordance with the level of air traffic volume.

Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Induced by Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Traffic Inducer

This study investigated the changes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） induced by overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase traffic inducer （NOSTRIN） and its role in cellular injury. Recombinant NOSTRIN-expressing and empty vectors were transfected into cultured HUVECs, and factor Ⅷ-related antigen was examined by using immunohistochemical analysis. Growth curves were generated for both transfected and untransfected cells and these indicated that the prolifera- tive ability of cells overexpressing NOSTRIN was significantly decreased. The expression of NOSTRIN and eNOS proteins was detected by using Western blot analysis, endothelial NOS （eNOS） activity was assayed by using spectrophotometry, and NO2-/NO3- levels were measured usin~ nitrate reductase. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that all groups expressed NOSTRIN in the plasma mem- brane and cytoplasm, and Western blot analysis confirmed that NOSTR1N levels were significantly higher in cells transfected with the NOSTR1N plasmid （P〈0.01）. The activity of eNOS and the levels of NO2-/NO3 were significantly decreased in NOSTRIN overexpressing cells as compared with empty vector and untransfected cells （P〈0.01 and P〈0.01, respectively）. Morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed under light and electron microscopy, and it was found that NOS- TRIN-overexpressing cells were elongated with deformities of the karyotheca, injury to the plasma membrane, increased lipids in the cytoplasm, and shortened microvilli. This study showed that overex- pression of NOSTRIN had a significant effect on eNOS activity in HUVECs and resulted in significant cellular damage.

Ontology-Based Approach for Human Competency Gap Analysis in Air Traffic Management:A Case Study of Georgia

The Global Air Navigation Plan is a flexible global engineering approach that allows all States to advance their Air Navigation capacities based on their specific operational requirements.Aviation professionals have an essential role in the transition to,and successful implementation of the GANP.The research work is focused on the creation of methodology for the partial automation of the comparison competences of Air Traffic Management(ATM)personal and synthesis of training courses and modules,using a formal,ontology-based approach as a tool to solve these problems.One of the problems in the implementation of the GANP is that,on the one hand,there are currently no unified requirements for all categories of ATM personnel,and on the other hand,the development of ATM technologies is far ahead of the pace of training of personnel of appropriate qualifications.This problem becomes even more noticeable in countries that have just started an active modernization of ATC systems and do not have enough experience in this field.The paper describes the general methodological approach based on the education ontology modelling for human competency gap analysis in ATM and for gap analysis between the university curricula outcomes and the ATM requirements.The ontology of key personnel competencies issues for the design and integration of large-scale future ATM programmes is proposed.

Analysis of Road Traffic Accident Costs in Sudan Using the Human Capital Method

In this study, we used the Human Capital (HC) accident analysis method, to determine the road traffic accident costs in Sudan in two successive years (2010 and 2011) with slight modifications to the recommended and known framework in the way it handles currently and future accident cost components. We evaluated and compared the significance and impact of the economic loss caused by road traffic accidents in Sudan using detailed information on road traffic accident casualties, classified by severity level, vehicle type, and other key parameters such as discount rates and medical and insurance information for Sudan in its entirety. The total cost of road traffic accidents in Sudan in 2010 was estimated at US $391 million, which represents 0.57% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while in 2011 the cost was calculated to reach US $413 million, representing 0.62% of GDP. Findings show that the amount of accident costs is estimated to a certain extent at less than 1% of the total GDP of the country in the two estimation years, but we believe that the evaluation process used fulfilled the eligibility criteria of HC studies and that the produced values for Sudan are valid and reliable. Unit costs for each crash severity level were also estimated in the two years such as death, disability, serious injury, slight injury, and vehicle damage. Death or fatality was equal to US $38,932 and 39,508;disability was equal to US $43,113 and US $45,165;serious injury was equal to US $6963 and US $7596;slight injury was equal to US $2570 and US $3198 and vehicle damage only was equal to US $2268 and US $2579 in the assessment years 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Human Resource Management:A Case Study of the Air Traffic Controller Strike in 1981

The article discusses several hemispheres of human resource management based on a typical case review. The study presents the main problems of the case from both employees and organizations; the issued problems involve compensations and benefits,restructuring,job design,and training. Based on the analysis of the case,two alternative solutions state that the potential routes for the organizations to avoid serious negative results. The study introduces a number of recommendations that can be used as a reference for other organizations to avoid similar risks.

基于交通事故案例的3岁儿童乘员损伤机制研究

目的通过再现真实交通事故案例探究3岁儿童乘员碰撞损伤机制。方法应用车辆有限元模型和图斯特3岁儿童乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs 3YO-O),再现CIREN数据库中的交通事故案例,通过综合分析Δv、车辆质量和变形能反求碰撞前车辆的速度,设置碰撞仿真试验再现案例所描述的儿童乘员损伤,分析损伤机制。结果TUST IBMs 3YO-O模型完整地再现出碰撞事故中儿童乘员的损伤。儿童乘员头部运动学响应与生物力学响应表现出差异性,儿童乘员胸腔内部组织器官生物力学响应表明其没有出现损伤,但是胸部3 ms合成加速度达到54 g,超出阈值。结论未来乘员安全评价需要引入生物力学参数。应用高生物逼真度的人体生物力学模型再现交通事故中乘员损伤,不仅更加清晰观察事故中乘员的运动学响应,深度分析碰撞损伤机制,还为数字化评估提供参考依据,也将为儿童乘员保护装置研发和安全法规制定提供参考。

城市道路网联混驾车辆分阶段动态轨迹控制方法

随着城市的进步和不断发展,智能驾驶车辆逐渐代替路段中的部分人工驾驶车辆,但在未来较长时间内人工驾驶车辆并不会被完全取代,此时出现网联车与人工驾驶车辆的混驾环境,即目前以及未来时间内我们面临的驾驶环境。网联车与人工驾驶车辆驾驶行为在路段内相互干扰,造成混合车流行驶效率低下。为减弱2种车辆间的相互作用,提出一种分离混驾环境下网联车和人工驾驶车辆的分阶段动态车道引导算法(dynamic lane guidance algorithm for separating CAVs and HDVs in mixed traffic environment,SCHME)。通过该算法分离在交叉口上游路段的混合流车辆集合,调整智能驾驶车辆的行驶路线并进行实时动态更新,在满足运动学约束收敛的条件下,人工驾驶车辆根据网联车的动态路线进行相应调整,实现在每辆车广义安全损失成本最小的情况下提高路段内混驾环境下车辆运行效率。通过MATLAB模拟车辆在进入交叉口前的车辆运行状态,结果表明,SCHME算法可在广义安全损失成本最小的情况下提高路段内平均车辆通行效率(17.29%),同时当车辆优化数组越大,车辆集合距离交叉口越远时,智能驾驶车辆渗透率越低,每辆车的道路广义安全损失成本越低。

基于扇区开合的管制员排班优化

为提高管制员的利用效率和工作满意度,制定出更切合实际运行的管制员排班表,从管制工作的实际需要出发,以人员需求数量最少为目标,在符合民航局各种规章要求的基础上,建立管制员排班模型。在初始模型的基础上,又考虑了人员对工作及休息时间的个性化需求,对模型进行改进。最后以某空中交通管理局区域管制室管制员数据为例进行分析,使用LINGO求解器对模型进行求解。结果表明:与手工编制的排班时间表相比,通过排班优化模型制定出的排班方案减少了执勤人数,避免了人员浪费,并能较为充分地满足管制员的个性化需求。

车载用户界面功能卡片位置和展开方式对搜索和操作绩效的影响研究

目的针对车载交互界面,探索更符合驾驶人查看和操作的功能卡片摆放位置及展开方式。方法实验采用2(功能卡片位置:卡片在左侧/卡片在下方)×2(展开方式:窗口展开/全屏展开)的被试者内实验设计,运用眼动仪对16名被试采集相关眼动追踪数据,因变量为任务完成时间、平均注视持续时间、点击次数、注视次数、总注视时间。结果发现功能卡片位置、功能卡片位置和展开方式的交互作用对驾驶人视觉搜索和操作行为均无显著影响,但展开方式则对驾驶人视觉搜索和操作行为的完成时间有显著影响(方案一和方案二:P<0.001^(***),方案三和方案四:P<0.005^(***)),全屏展开方式能够显著降低任务完成时间。结论研究结果表明,车载交互界面中的功能卡片为全屏展开时,能显著地提高用户搜索和操作效率,从而最大限度地减少认知负荷避免分心,该研究结果能够为车载交互界面设计提供参考。

超高速公路设计标准研究综述与展望

从超高速公路概念与分级、驾驶适应性与人因、几何线形设计标准、沿线设施设计标准、交通组织与管理等方面的研究现状进行归纳和综述。结果表明:超高速公路最高设计速度取140~160 km/h时,通过提速改造或新建的方式满足当前普通小客车的思路,更适合当前的交通发展现状;超高速驾驶适应性、人因与驾驶行为方面的研究还未系统开展;几何线形设计标准方面相关研究普遍基于车辆动力学理论推荐,但结果存在一定的差异;缺少基于驾驶人和车辆超高速行驶适应性和稳定性的验证研究,缺少交通流基础规律和适应交通量标准研究;缺少互通式立交、隧道、服务设施、安全设施、路面条件等设施方面的研究,应进一步结合人因与驾驶行为、车辆动力学特性系统开展相关研究;缺少交通流组织与管理方式方面的研究,当前条件下,如何从空间上分离不同特性的车辆、降低干扰、保证超高速功能的发挥,需要从驾驶行为规则、限速管理、车道管理、车型管理等方面开展研究;应加强不良天气管理、应急救援管理、日常养护管理等方面的研究,确保超高速公路功能正常发挥;研究手段方面,考虑到驾驶人和车辆超高速行驶适应性、规律性和稳定性方面的问题,应该大量补充基于实车试验、驾驶模拟试验等手段的研究。

面向智能交通的人车识别无线感知方法研究

基于无线感知技术的人车识别方法,具有部署成本低、无侵入性等优点,是智能交通系统智慧水平提升的关键手段。然而,现存人车识别无线感知方法,多以2.4 GHz无线能量数据为基础,忽视sub-GHz在该领域中的应用,且鲜有工作探讨天线高度和人车识别性能内在联系。为此,旨在厘清载波频段、天线高度与算法性能关联关系,提出基于卷积神经网络的人车识别无线感知方法(Wireless Sensing-Based Human-Vehicle Recognition with Convolutional Neural Network,WsHVR-CNN),阐明人车识别无线感知方法设计依据与多参数影响机理。实验表明,sub-GHz与2.4 GHz无线能量数据均可为人车识别无线感知方法建构奠定基础,而基于2.4 GHz频段所构的WsHVR-CNN性能最优,在天线高度为0.8 m时准确度达到98.15%。此外,所开发的数据集公开于https://github.com/TZ-mx/WiParam,为相关工作深入研究提供基础。

高速公路人机共驾接管反应时间估计方法

为推进高速公路的智慧化建设,提升人机共驾的有效性和安全性,提出了一种高速公路人机共驾接管反应时间估计方法。以高速公路封闭道路直线段为驾驶模拟试验场景,选取驾驶行为特征变量,基于随机森林法对接管反应时间进行估计。研究结果表明:所提出模型的平均绝对百分比误差在13.56%以内,与其他回归模型相比,该模型的误差波动幅度和离散程度均处于较优水平;对特征变量的重要性进行排序后发现,接管反应时间预算对接管反应时间预测模型的影响最大,其次为驾驶员熟练程度和周围有无车辆。研究成果可为智慧高速公路的发展和驾驶控制权接管策略的评价、设计和改进提供参考。

基于智能驾驶场景的人机信任影响因素及作用机制研究

目的研究智能驾驶场景下人机环系统中的三个重要因素(系统预测准确率、环境可认知状态和驾驶经验)对驾驶员智能驾驶辅助系统人机信任的影响。方法采用三因素组内组间混合设计的人因学实验,招募了24名不同驾驶经验的被试在智能驾驶辅助系统的三种预测准确率(90%、76%、60%)及两种环境可认知状态(清晰认知和模糊认知环境)下进行模拟驾驶任务,并收集驾驶过程中被试的主观人机信任、驾驶行为绩效和生理数据等多维指标,采用重复测量的方差分析处理实验数据。结果不同驾驶经验下,被试的主观信任存在显著差异。系统预测准确率和驾驶经验对主观信任存在交互作用。不同环境可认知状态下,被试的瞳孔直径、眼跳次数和皮电波峰幅值均存在显著差异。环境可认知状态和驾驶经验对眼跳次数存在交互作用。人机环三因素对被试的驾驶行为绩效无明显影响。结论系统预测准确率、环境可认知状态和驾驶经验均可在不同程度上影响主观人机信任及其相关生理指标。环境可认知状态较差时驾驶员会增加对驾驶辅助系统的信任。随着驾驶员驾驶经验的增加,其对驾驶辅助系统的信任也会增加。

山区公路线形及天气对驾驶人生理及行为特性影响

目的探究山区公路线形与天气条件对不同熟练度驾驶人生理及行为特性的耦合影响。方法通过开展实车试验,采集20名驾驶人在山区公路驾驶过程中的生理及行为特性数据,以心率增长率和瞳孔面积变化率为生理指标,以速度均值和标准差为行为指标,分析不同熟练度驾驶人在山区公路不同线性及天气条件下的驾驶负荷变化规律,使用熵权TOPSIS法对驾驶负荷进行量化评价。结果降雨量、线形条件和熟练度对驾驶人生理变化和速度控制具有显著影响;此外,降雨和线形耦合作用下的驾驶负荷变化显著,非熟练驾驶人、大雨/中雨和回头曲线场景下的驾驶负荷相对较高,相对接近度均高于0.5。结论驾驶负荷与降雨量呈正相关关系,与熟练度呈负相关关系,回头曲线路段驾驶负荷高于直线段,研究结果可为山区公路安全预警防控及安全配套设施设置提供参考。

一起典型组合驾驶辅助智能汽车事故的案例分析

智能汽车在改善道路交通安全的同时,也带来新的安全隐患。文章分析了一起典型2级自动化智能汽车碰撞事故的事件数据记录系统(EDR)和行车数据,发现驾驶员在疲劳驾驶状态下长时间使用组合驾驶辅助系统,且在系统反复提醒下依然无法被唤醒并接管车辆,最后自动化系统降级退出,偏离车道发生事故。基于该案例建立了自动驾驶系统架构图和人机交互机制逻辑图,探讨了警告提示和最小风险策略在保障智能汽车运行安全中的重要性,总结了目前智能汽车的人机交互机制存在的不足并提出改进建议。

降雨天气下人机混驾交通流跟驰特性研究

为揭示降雨天气下人机混驾交通流跟驰规律,从分析降雨对行车的影响入手,引入路面附着系数、驾驶能见度等参数,改进Gipps安全距离和行车加速度限制,针对不同跟驰模式建立元胞自动机模型,探寻降雨强度、渗透率双重影响的人机混驾交通流跟驰特性。数值仿真结果表明:雨天渗透率与通行能力呈正相关,但当渗透率低于0.25时,智能网联车对混合交通流平均速度、临界密度及通行能力的影响有限;当降雨强度高于0.3 mm/min时,随雨强度增大会加剧智能网联车跟驰退化,显著降低混合交通流的自由速度、临界速度及通行能力;小雨情况下,约0.1的渗透率可弥补降雨造成的通行能力损失;在中雨至大雨的降雨强度区间内,降雨强度每增加0.1 mm/min,相应提高渗透率0.1,路段通行能力可恢复到与晴天纯人工驾驶交通流相当的水平。

事故紧急度视角下人机混驾车流拥堵演化仿真

为提高事故路段通行效率,提出考虑事故紧急度的元胞自动机模型。首先,构建人工驾驶车辆(HVs)驾驶员与自动驾驶车辆(CAVs)的事故紧急度感知量化模型;其次,区分行驶车辆所在的车道位置,将量化后的事故紧急度加入车辆的换道和跟驰模型中,分析车辆在选择减速跟驰、变换车道或加速驶离等不同驾驶行为时,事故紧急度对交通流产生的4种影响情景;最后,在不同情景下,通过仿真验证车辆受到事故紧急度引导时,事故路段人机混合交通流组织的改善效果。结果表明:相较于第1种情景,第3种影响情景的总平均运行速度提高36.94%、上游车辆拥堵影响范围减少75%、最大排队长度改善10.56%、平均排队长度改善12.09%。

智能调度区段行调业务人机协同机制分析及优化对策研究

推进行调业务智能化是落实“智慧铁路”发展战略的重要举措。智能调度区段行调业务主体包含行车调度员和智能调度集中系统,行调业务智能化伴随着人机协同机制的革新。在技术装备阶段性发展的背景下,及时优化人机协同机制对于促进行调业务智能化高质量发展具有重要意义。以京张高速铁路智能调度集中系统开通以来的运用情况为基础,分析智能调度区段行调业务人机协同机制现状及面临的问题,立足当前技术水平发展阶段和行车调度员工作模式需逐步优化的客观事实,从多源异构信息智能展示、列车运行图智能调整、安全卡控方面进行分析并给出人机协同优化对策,着力加速智能调度集中系统技术演进,及时释放现阶段技术发展红利,最大化提升智能装备运用效果。

轰炸机舱室颜色优选实验研究

目的 研究轰炸机飞行员对飞机舱室的颜色需求,提出基于视觉工效的颜色设计方案,为飞机舱室的内部装饰颜色设计提供依据.方法 试验对象为151 名轰炸机飞行员,平均年龄26-40 岁.要求飞行员对飞机舱壁及主要控制设备的备选颜色进行选择排列,并与其日常喜欢的颜色进行对比.结果 (1)飞行员对座舱舱壁装饰浅色系按适合程度由高到低的排序为:E,B,D、F,C,A,J、I,H,G,K,L;(2)飞行员对座舱控制设备装饰深色系适合程度由高到低的排序为:E',H'、F',A',C',B',D',G',I',J',K',L';(3)飞行员对深、浅两个色系各12 种颜色的选择度并不相同,且均具有统计学意义(P<0.001);(4)飞行员日常生活中喜欢的颜色对于本次选择结果的影响不显著(P>0.05).结论 (1)飞行员对于轰炸机内饰颜色的选择不受日常颜色偏好的影响;(2)浅色系中最适合用于轰炸机舱壁的颜色为E(FS36463)、B(FS36495),其次为D(FS36628)、F(FS36492);(3)深色系中最适合用于轰炸机控制设备的颜色为 E'(FS36173)、H'(FS36176),其次为 F'(FS36152)、A'(FS36118).